This paper looks at conceptual approaches to digital sovereignty from an international political economy perspective, focusing on the state level. We consider the implications of the rise of the data economy and analyze different economic policy approaches to restoring and preserving Europe's digital sovereignty from market liberal and industrial policy perspectives. We conclude that networked sovereignty can optimally be attained by supporting the emergence and success of homegrown technology companies in a globalized data economy. Digital sovereignty can best be achieved by policy makers using a mix of market liberal and more proactive industrial policy instruments. The liberal focus on framework conditions is useful in refocusing policy makers' efforts on deepening the EU single market, while the industrial policy approach can be a suitable way of funding pilot projects in early-stage technology areas in partnership with industry and setting rules for newly emerging markets. State action is also necessary to avoid monopolies.
Rapid climate change is exposing subsistence farmers to enormous challenges, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. Several foreign aid programs have been set up to cope with these issues, many of which have focused on technical solutions. However, there seems to be a large gap between scientific research and the needs of local communities. Besides focusing on new ways to improve the resilience of local food production, there is also an urgent need to adapt available knowledge to the local context. Based on experiences from a project to co-create community networks in Togo in 2020, we aim to empower local stakeholders, including farmers and scientists, to adapt existing knowledge of sustainable crop farming to current practices. New modes of knowledge exchange can be established with the help of participatory design. These methods may help to foster a collective approach to learning that enables people to cope with global challenges on a local level, all while valuing the traditional practices of local farmers and enriching them with scientific knowledge.
Effective and rights-respecting hate speech interventions should encourage cohesion more than hate and inclusion more than division. Importantly, they should also guarantee the right to be and to express. Unfortunately, most countries, including Nigeria, lack effective hate speech interventions. This chapter considers specific ways to make hate speech interventions in Nigeria more effective while guaranteeing the protection of the right to freedom of expression, especially in the digital age. Thus, this chapter considers international human rights law and ideas on hate speech interventions, various hate speech interventions in Nigeria, and Nigeria's obligation to comply with international human rights instruments to achieve better results. It concludes that one of the best ways to ensure these interventions' effectiveness is combining alternative methods, such as strategic training, education, public awareness, and a multistakeholder approach.
This book is the result of a conference that could not take place. It is a collection of 26 texts that address and discuss the latest developments in international hate speech research from a wide range of disciplinary perspectives. This includes case studies from Brazil, Lebanon, Poland, Nigeria, and India, theoretical introductions to the concepts of hate speech, dangerous speech, incivility, toxicity, extreme speech, and dark participation, as well as reflections on methodological challenges such as scraping, annotation, datafication, implicity, explainability, and machine learning. As such, it provides a much-needed forum for cross-national and cross-disciplinary conversations in what is currently a very vibrant field of research.
While classes become more heterogeneous and children grow up as digital natives, instruction is still characterized by an emphasis on middle-class children and analogue media. Moreover, national and international comparative studies have repeatedly shown that Germany in OECD comparisons often ranks last in terms of the level of digital learning opportunities in schools. A gap exists between children's lifeworld experiences and informal learning processes in a digital world on the one hand and digital learning opportunities at school on the other. Thus, schools do not offer content and digital infrastructure that links to students' informal digital knowledge. Therefore, there is a need to discuss how schools can integrate the emancipatory power of digitalization.
The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected communities already marginalized in pre-coronavirus societies, aggravated by socio-political technologies of racialization, sexism, homo- and transphobia. Dear Chaemin (directed by Bae, 2020) is an autofictional documentary series of three video letters sent from The Hague to the director's sister in Seoul amid isolation. The film juxtaposes the Korean and Dutch contexts of state surveillance, entangled with the b/ordering technologies against queer communities in Seoul and Asian communities in Europe. This paper explores autofictional documentary as an audiovisual method to engage with contemporary dynamics of international politics. First, I summarize the arguments made in the three chapters of the film Dear Chaemin. Second, I propose autofictional documentary as an effective cinematic mode that accounts for situated knowledges and critiques collective memories. Finally, I explore how the autofictional mode is further contextualized through the use of unconventional, non-lens-based audiovisual material.
This study introduces a cross-country comparative analysis of the institutional mechanisms, legislative and regulatory procedures for allocating and distributing state institutional advertising to private news media organisations across nine European countries. I provide an assessment of the extant frameworks in Austria, Denmark, Germany, Finland, France, Norway, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland, based on an extensive review of the academic literature. This cluster of countries represents the two models for media systems conceptualised by Hallin and Mancini (2004): the Polarised Pluralist and the Democratic Corporatist media systems. Various research questions are raised in relation to the main variables identified for the comparative analysis: legal and regulatory frameworks; the competent authorities; tender preparation and awarding; monitoring and enforcement; and transparency. Data was collected from multiple publicly national and international sources. Results show significant variations between countries in the level of institutional transparency regarding the allocation and distribution of state institutional advertising.
This book contains reports written by scientists from the German Centre of Gerontology (DZA) on the situation of people in the second half of life during the Covid-19 pandemic. The focus is on the first two waves of the pandemic, summer 2020 and winter 2020/2021, in Germany. The analyses are based on the German Ageing Survey (DEAS), a longitudinal study that has been running since 1996 and, hence, allows us to compare the pre-pandemic situation with the situation after the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic. The findings concern people aged between 46 and 90 living in private households (residents of long-term care facili-ties could not be included in these analyses; see Kaspar et al. (2023) for more information on this topic). The book describes different facets of the living situ-ations of people in the second half of life, from work and income to subjective well-being and social support to societal participation. Although the book was originally written in German for the public discourse in Germany, we felt it was important to also publish our findings in English to contribute to international research discussions on ageing and policies for older people. In this introductory chapter, we describe (1) the epidemiological, social and political situation in Ger-many at the beginning of the pandemic, (2) the research questions that guided our reporting, (3) the German Ageing Survey (DEAS), which forms the basis of our empirical analyses, and (4) central findings of the chapters in this book.
Reciprocity is a key principle governing the negotiations under the GATT/WTO agreement, which calls for a balance of concessions among the WTO members. In recent years, however, various politicians across the world have voiced concerns about their country's excessive obligations under the WTO and a lack of reciprocation by their trading partners. The objective in the first chapter is to evaluate the degree to which the pattern of applied tariffs across WTO members deviates from a balanced-concession condition. To this end, we employ a quantitative trade model and use alternative definitions of reciprocity (based on market access or welfare) to measure the concessions received and given by each country during 1995-2011 for a large set of 64 economies and 20 sectors, relative to the counterfactual of unilateral optimal tariffs. We characterize how the balance of bilateral and multilateral concessions have shifted over time due to changes in applied tariffs and in market sizes, and how they systematically differ across developed WTO members, old developing members, and new developing members. The World Trade Organization disciplines regulatory protectionism by the principle of national treatment, which prohibits discrimination between imported and domestic "like" products. In the second chapter, we provide the first empirical analysis on how product likeness, approximated by elasticity of substitution, affects trade frictions associated with non-tariff barriers that are subject to national treatment. Regression results using both product- and firm-level trade data are consistent with the hypothesis that technical barriers to trade create more frictions when the corresponding market and product have a smaller elasticity of substitution. We also construct a model that features heterogeneous terms and production relocation to illustrate the role of product likeness under national treatment. In the third chapter, we demonstrate that treating trade imbalance as gifts (discrepancies between local income and expenditure, ...
Understanding the world and Humanity changes due the Globalization phenomenon allows to identify the special conditions created that promote the implementation and the dissemination of the International Organized Criminality, in short time, affecting the International Community in all dimensions. As one of the most serious threats to the Rule of Law, violating the national legal systems and the International Law, being especially dangerous to the states and human lives in a global context. The International, regional and (most of) national juridical and judicial systems recognize the International Organized Criminality as a emergent problem that needs to be in the top of the political agenda and of the action by the Institutions aiming to prevent and fight their evolution, their dangerous damages and consequences to all their target – human and institutional. Although all difficult but effective legal, political, economic, and social work in this fight, mainly by the United Nations in cooperation with International Organizations and States, the Council of Europe (CoE) assumed their responsibility to protect their State Members, their citizens, and the rest of the world by inherence. There is an enormous political and legal work, with a straight position based on their main structure document, the European Convention on Human Rights, but with the specialized work teams, understanded as need in each case. Consequently, the CoE has a continuous production of legislation and management of procedures and activities, as well as International political and governance diplomatic relations in networks, in compliance with the International Law facing the challenge that context obliges permanently. Since 1959, with the Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, the strategic action promoted is the multidimensional International Cooperation between all "actors" in the International Community, preventing the violation of the International Law, generated conditions to apply the International Penal Law and developing policymaking articulated with the real contexts and needs. Within International Community, the Cooperation is the best key to join procedures to transcend the difficulties and constraints to achieve to the prevention and fight against the International Organized Criminality. This scientific research is being developed based on juridical, criminal, and political methodology, mainly qualitative, but presenting statistic data to demonstrate the results discussed. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Understanding the world and Humanity changes due the Globalization phenomenon allows to identify the special conditions created that promote the implementation and the dissemination of the International Organized Criminality, in short time, affecting the International Community in all dimensions. As one of the most serious threats to the Rule of Law, violating the national legal systems and the International Law, being especially dangerous to the states and human lives in a global context. The International, regional and (most of) national juridical and judicial systems recognize the International Organized Criminality as a emergent problem that needs to be in the top of the political agenda and of the action by the Institutions aiming to prevent and fight their evolution, their dangerous damages and consequences to all their target – human and institutional. Although all difficult but effective legal, political, economic, and social work in this fight, mainly by the United Nations in cooperation with International Organizations and States, the Council of Europe (CoE) assumed their responsibility to protect their State Members, their citizens, and the rest of the world by inherence. There is an enormous political and legal work, with a straight position based on their main structure document, the European Convention on Human Rights, but with the specialized work teams, understanded as need in each case. Consequently, the CoE has a continuous production of legislation and management of procedures and activities, as well as International political and governance diplomatic relations in networks, in compliance with the International Law facing the challenge that context obliges permanently. Since 1959, with the Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, the strategic action promoted is the multidimensional International Cooperation between all "actors" in the International Community, preventing the violation of the International Law, generated conditions to apply the International Penal Law and developing policymaking articulated with the real contexts and needs. Within International Community, the Cooperation is the best key to join procedures to transcend the difficulties and constraints to achieve to the prevention and fight against the International Organized Criminality. This scientific research is being developed based on juridical, criminal, and political methodology, mainly qualitative, but presenting statistic data to demonstrate the results discussed. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Interpreting at international institutions refers to the interpreters' work in contexts with relatively stable sets of related norms and rules that pertain to the international system, the actors in the system and their activities (Duffield 2007). Interpreting is a common practice in this context, and involves organisational, ideological and historical aspects of the institution where the interpreting takes place and the impact of the institution on interpreters (Moore 2018). In this entry, the focus will be on global intergovernmental organisations (IGOs), such as the United Nations and the European Union. This entry provides a survey of the characteristics of interpreting in this context, through a summary of the research carried out thus far, and drawing on my own experience as an interpreter at international organisations. It will examine different aspects of the issue, such as language combinations, interpreting modalities, admission exams and challenges faced by the interpreter. Interpreters are indeed faced with manifold challenges that have been driven by new realities, including the following: the combined increase of speeches written to be read and textual material in meetings, and the reduction of speaking time allocated to speakers have resulted in an increase in delivery rate. The growing use of English as a lingua franca in international fora and the fact that speakers come from different parts of the world results in a growing palette of non-native accents. The rise of paperless work has reconceptualised the processes of preparation, documentation and information management. In addition, organisations are keen to save on travelling costs, which, together with the need for interpreters with rare languages, has led to the increasing use of videoconferences and remote interpreting. The entry concludes with some general remarks on potential avenues for research.
With an estimated number of approximately 213 million, SMEs are the backbone of economies in many countries. They account for the majority of businesses and are important job creators by creating over 50% of employment worldwide. Therefore, SMEs play a critical role in forming democratic welfare of societies especially in developing countries. For this reason, International Business, particularly with a special emphasis on internationalisation of SMEs needs to be an integral aspect of higher education. International Business students need to learn that internationalisation is not only a business of big multinationals but also a challenge for SMEs.
Introduction: "Anforce the law, or the world will be destroyed" is an appropriate expression for environmental law enforcement. Many treaties have regulated the environment, mainly deforestation, and many countries have ratified these treaties. However, implementing these regulations did not necessarily stop countries from deforesting.Purposes of the Research: Furthermore, in this research, steps that could be implemented to tackle deforestation internationally were given.Methods of the Research: This research was normative juridical research that examined an international law regulation, using qualitative analysis, and using secondary data.Results of the Research: Based on international data, many countries still carried out desertification, which amounts to thousands of hectares per year. One of the reasons for the weak implementation of treaties relating to environmental protection was the absence of coercive power from international conventions over the State's sovereign authority in forest management.Weak international environmental enforcement is caused by inadequate supervision and control as well as strong authority based on state sovereignty over forest management and utilization which depends on government policies, and the system of settlement and imposition of fines that still originate from a lawsuit
This week's guests are panelists from The Faces of Trade panel discussion held at the Montana World Trade Center's Investment Day Conference. The panel included Heather McDowell, VP of Legal, Environmental and Government Affairs for Sibayne-Stillwater, the South-African owned operator of the Stillwater and East Boulder Mines; Patrick Flanagan, Chief Commercial Officer at Administrate, a software firm based in Scotland; Cassidy Marn, Executive Vice President of the Montana Wheat & Barley Committee; and Michelle Huie, the founder and CEO of Vim&Vigr. In this discussion we hear about the global forces that affect production worldwide, hear from panelists on the challenges within their industries and learn what excites panelists looking toward the future. ; https://scholarworks.umt.edu/anewangle_podcasts/1247/thumbnail.jpg