The article is devoted to the analysis of the globalization values, namely tolerance as a necessary condition for the progressive progress of mankind in the XXI century. The research methodology is based on the complex use of general scientific and specific scientific methods: analytical, historical, and conceptual. Based on the work of S. Fedyunina, the manifestations of tolerance in the global space are described: integration of life opportunities, cultural integration; political integration. M. Walzer's scientific experience allowed to substantiate five "regimes of tolerance" in accordance with the social and state system. The difference between this phenomenon in the conditions of a multinational empire, nation state and immigrant society is shown. The notion of tolerance is distinguished from the notions of reconcilability. The study shows the difficulties in implementing absolute tolerance, which does not require any standards at all, because part of the political system is recognized as any cultural community or tradition. The necessity of overcoming psychological stereotypes that hinder tolerant attitude towards others is shown. The need for interaction of collective and personal aspects of formation of socio-cultural context of tolerance in international relations is substantiated. To do this, more attention should be paid to conceptualizing not only theoretical but also practical models of improving international policy, which will take into account both national and international processes of integration and disintegration, will take into account the history of a country, its peoples and various social groups.
Introduction. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant changes in labor markets around the world. Extraordinary political efforts have been made to overcome the effects of the corona crisis. Governments, together with trade unions, have taken immediate action to address the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, including the protection of jobs, including financial support for businesses and households experiencing sharp declines in income.Purpose. Justify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the international labor market.Methods. The following methods were used in the research process: decomposition – to form the purpose of the research and set tasks; theoretical and methodological – to reveal the theoretical aspects of the international labor market; economic analysis – to study the regional and sectoral aspects of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the international labor market; synthesis, comparison, analogy – to study the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for regional labor markets; logical generalization – to identify problems in the functioning of the international labor market caused by the COVID-19 pandemic; graphical method – to visualize the results of the study.Results. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on the participation of the population in the labor force, reducing employment in all regions of the world with different income levels, both men and women, as well as increasing unemployment. Empirical analysis has shown that the greatest decline in employment among both men and women is observed in countries with incomes below and above average. In 2020, compared to 2019, the total working time in the world decreased by about 8.8 %, which is equivalent to the full-time work of 255 million employees. The loss of working time was particularly severe in Latin America and the Caribbean (16.2 %), Southern Europe and South Asia, and the total loss of working time in North and South America was 13.7 %. Overall, the COVID-19 crisis affected global working hours by about ...
The article is devoted to the study of the problems of the application of law of unrecognized states in international law. The concept of application of foreign law in general and the legislation of unrecognized states in particular is defined. It is indicated that the relation to foreign law, as an actual circumstance or as a legal category, is determined by the method of foreign law application, which varies depending on the legal family to which a particular state belongs. Two main theories concerning recognition are investigated: declarative and constitutive. The notions of "unrecognized states" and "unrecognized governments" are delimited.The peculiarities of the application of the law of unrecognized states in international law are defined. Key words: application of foreign law, establishment of content of foreign law, qualification of foreign law, unrecognized states, unrecognized governments, international recognition, sovereignty. кандидат філологічних наук, доцент, Мясоєдова С. В., Комлик А. В. Проблеми застосування права невизнаних держав в міжнародному праві/ Національний юридичний університет імені Ярослава Мудрого, Україна, Харків;Стаття присвячена дослідженню проблем застосування права невизнаних держав в міжнародному праві. Визначено поняття застосування іноземного права загалом та невизнаних держав зокрема. Вказано на те, що відношення до іноземного права як до фактичної обставини чи як до правової категорії визначається методом застосування іноземного права, що різниться залежно від того, до якої правової сім'ї належить певна держава. Досліджено дві основні теорії щодо визнання: декларативну і конститутивну. Розмежовано поняття «невизнані держави» та «невизнані уряди». Встановлено особливості застосування права невизнаних держав в міжнародному праві.Ключові слова: застосування іноземного права, встановлення змісту іноземного права, кваліфікація іноземного права, невизнані держави, невизнані уряди, міжнародне визнання, суверенітет.
The article discloses the formation, development and modern state of private international law in the European Union. The concept of "European private international law", including an analysis of the term in a narrow, wide and broadest sense is revealed in the article. The author analyses three main stages in the development of the private international law in the EU, in particular: formation (1957 ‒ 1999); active development ‒ after the entry into force of the Amsterdam Treaty (1999 ‒ 2009); modern period ‒ after the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty (2009 ‒ present). This article examines the limits of EU legislation as the source of a single law and highlights the difficulties associated with projects on the codification of private law in the EU. Such an approach may be appropriate in the current state of EU integration if it is limited by the rules of binding contract law and the provisions of private international law. Further harmonization of private law in Europe also requires significant changes in the institutional structure for the creation of uniform rules and the development of new methods of regulation. There are three features of the development of the private international law in the EU: 1) the gradual transition from internationalization to Europeanization; 2) evolution to reduce the "flexibility" of conflict regulation of contractual relations through greater certainty in application; 3) if in 1999 the international convention was the source of unification of the private international law, then after this date the regulation becomes the standard source of unification. Private international law in the EU can be defined as the interconnection and interaction between the systems of national law of the EU Member States and the system of uniform (unified) legal norms aimed at regulating private legal relations with a foreign element within the EU. European private international law can be seen in a narrow sense (conflict of law), broad sense (covers conflict and conflict law) and the broadest ...
Глобалізація світової економіки, вплинула і на розвиток туристичного сектору. Сучасний туризм відкриває особливості масового туристичного продукту разом із його стандартизацією та серійним виробництвом, спеціалізацією та різноманітністю його пропозицій, а також із сучасним продажем та рекламою, часто віртуальною. Розвиток світової економіки туризму є результатом задоволення людських потреб, починаючи з потреби на відпочинок та дозвілля, відновлення фізичних сил, споживацьких потреб і закінчуючи розумовими потребами: новий досвід, сприйняття та пізнання. Було визначено поняття глобалізації, що це є сукупність процесів інтенсифікації економічних, політичних, соціокультурних відносин, що розгортаються поверх державних кордонів. Систематизовано статистичну інформацію, яка є невід'ємним доказом розвитку глобалізації в міжнародному туризмі. Виявлено проблеми, які існують на сучасному етапі розвитку міжнародного туризму та процесів глобалізації. Систематизовано основні риси процесу глобалізації бізнесу. Визначено значення процесу глобалізації для розвитку міжнародного туризму. Розглянуто процес утворення глобальних туристських об'єднань. Подано поняття турпродукту та місце ТНК в міжнародному туризмі. Турпродукт, як відомо, представляє комплекс послуг, що надаються туристу, і часто споживається за кордоном. Глобалізацію в туризмі можна визначити як процес різкого посилення туристичних потоків, а також потоків послуг, капіталу, інформації та технологій, як правило, не потрапляють під регулювання національних урядів. Глобалізація має довготривалий характер, а її рушійною силою є, перш за все, революція у сфері інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій, лібералізація ринків і загострення міжнародної конкуренції. ; The globalization of the global economy also influenced the development of the tourism sector. Modern tourism opens the peculiarities of the mass tourist product along with its standardization and serial production, the specialization and variety of its offers, as well as with modern sales and advertising, often virtual. The development of the world economy of tourism is the result of satisfaction of human needs, from the need for rest and leisure, the restoration of physical strength, consumer needs and ending with mental needs: new experience, perception and knowledge. The concept of globalization was defined, this combination of processes of intensification of economic, political, socio-cultural relations, unfolding floor of state borders. Statistical information is systematized, which is an inalienable proof of the development of globalization in international tourism. The problems that exist at the present stage of the development of international tourism and the processes of globalization are revealed. The main features of the process of globalization of business are systematized. The importance of the globalization process for the development of international tourism has been determined. The process of formation of global tourist associations is considered. The concept of tourist products and the place of TNCs in international tourism is presented. Tourist products are known to represent a complex of services to tourists, and are often consumed abroad. Globalization in tourism can be defined as a process of sharpening the flow of tourism flows, as well as flows of services, capital, information and technology, as a rule, do not fall under the control of national governments. Globalization has a long-term character, and its driving force is, first of all, the revolution in the field of information and communica tion technologies, market liberalization and the exacerbation of international competition.
The article is devoted to the analysis of legal, medical, moral and ethical aspects of the principle of donor anonymity. The principle of anonymity has a legal framework and appropriate regulation in international documents. These are: Directive on standards of quality and safety of human organs intended for transplantation, WHO Guiding Principles on Human Cell, Tissue and Organ Transplantation, Convention for the protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine: Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine and the Additional Protocol etc. This principle is the basis of the legislative regulation of donation in many countries, including Ukraine. The normative approaches to the legal regulation of donation and the principle of anonymity in accordance with national legislation are investigated. The Law of Ukraine "On the Application of Transplantation of Anatomical Materials to Man" bylaws and the application of the principle of anonymity depending on the type of donation: posthumous and lifetime are analyzed. The international experience of applying the principle of anonymity is characterized. The principle of absolute anonymity is enshrined, in particular, in the legislation of the Netherlands, Sweden. Accordingly, such regulatory approaches exclude any contact between the donor and the recipient. According to the principle of conditional anonymity (in particular, the United States and the United Kingdom), the exchange of information between the donor and the recipient is permitted, surely at the will. The advantages and disadvantages of direct communication between the donor and the recipient are described. The expediency of applying the principle of conditional anonymity in national practice is substantiated regarding moral, ethical, and psychological aspects. In order to implement this, it is proposed to consolidate the right of the donor and the recipient to approve or deny the data exchange at the legislative level. It is suggested to assign the appropriate functions aimed at facilitating the parties' interaction to the transplant coordinator.
The article is devoted to the analysis of legal, medical, moral and ethical aspects of the principle of donor anonymity. The principle of anonymity has a legal framework and appropriate regulation in international documents. These are: Directive on standards of quality and safety of human organs intended for transplantation, WHO Guiding Principles on Human Cell, Tissue and Organ Transplantation, Convention for the protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine: Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine and the Additional Protocol etc. This principle is the basis of the legislative regulation of donation in many countries, including Ukraine. The normative approaches to the legal regulation of donation and the principle of anonymity in accordance with national legislation are investigated. The Law of Ukraine "On the Application of Transplantation of Anatomical Materials to Man" bylaws and the application of the principle of anonymity depending on the type of donation: posthumous and lifetime are analyzed. The international experience of applying the principle of anonymity is characterized. The principle of absolute anonymity is enshrined, in particular, in the legislation of the Netherlands, Sweden. Accordingly, such regulatory approaches exclude any contact between the donor and the recipient. According to the principle of conditional anonymity (in particular, the United States and the United Kingdom), the exchange of information between the donor and the recipient is permitted, surely at the will. The advantages and disadvantages of direct communication between the donor and the recipient are described. The expediency of applying the principle of conditional anonymity in national practice is substantiated regarding moral, ethical, and psychological aspects. In order to implement this, it is proposed to consolidate the right of the donor and the recipient to approve or deny the data exchange at the legislative level. It is suggested to assign the appropriate functions aimed at facilitating the parties' interaction to the transplant coordinator.
Subject of this article investigation is theoretical and methodological aspects of institutional support of international economic cooperation in the sphere of renewable energy. Objective of the article is to highlight the core and do research into the common factors and newest trends concerning institutional support of international economic cooperation in the sphere of renewable energy. Method. When in use for article preparation the following general scientific research methods were used: historical and logical methods are applied while investigating into international experience and analysis of international economic cooperation evolution in energy area; abstract and specific methods as well as methods of analysis and synthesis are used for justification of priorities, rules and goals of institutional support of international economic cooperation in the sphere of renewable energy and definition of international organizations role while their implementing. Causal (cause-and-effect) method of scientific research is employed to determine priorities and challenges regarding institutional support of international economic cooperation in the sphere of renewable energy development as an essential part of the sustainable development transition processes. Results. The development of renewable energy in XXI century has become a strategic priority of world energy market modernization, promotes the solution to the problem of global warming, reduces the risks of CO2 emissions as well as related risks of increase in climate refugees, world countries' coastal areas flooding, so reduces a risk of famine and incidence of poverty among the Earth population. Institutional support of renewable energy development is provided by such international organizations as UN, UNDP, UNEP, URS, BASE, UNIDO, IRENA etc. UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Kyoto Protocol (expired), Paris Agreement on Climate Change were adopted. According to UNDP forecasts, scenarios for the share of renewables in world supplies by 2050 in ...
The article examines the features of international relations in the context of the migration crisis at the present stage. The main objectives of the study were to characterize the historical causes of the current migration crisis in the field of international relations, assess the regulatory framework of migration policy of the European Union, recommendations for improving international relations in the context of the current migration crisis in European countries. The methodology of scientific research is based on the dialectical method, which summarizes all the phenomena and processes that take place in the field of international relations in its relationship and interdependence. In the process of writing the article there were used methods of analysis and synthesis – in the study of the peculiarities of the system of international relations; monographic – when presenting consistent material related to the specified research topic; historical – in describing the causes of the migration crisis; comparison – when assessing the situation in the EU and Ukraine; abstract-logical – in substantiating the logical sequence of events in the international arena, which caused the migration crisis at the present stage of development of society. The result of the study was the generalization of proposals to improve the situation in the field of international relations, the development of recommendations for a common migration policy of European countries and the possibility of involving Ukraine in solving these problems. As conclusions, it is stated that the relationship between European countries is imperfect, and this encourages the leadership of European countries to seek new ways of cooperation in the context of resolving the migration crisis. The significance of the study lies in understanding the need for joint action by Ukraine and the EU to address the migration problem.
The purpose of the article is to analyze and summarize the current requirements of international legal standards in the field of protection prisoners' rights and their treatment with regard to selecting and training the personnel of penal bodies and institutions; recommendations concerning their incorporation into the current legislation of Ukraine have been developed. The relevance of the chosen topic is explained by the importance of the international and legal component of selecting and training the personnel of penal bodies and institutions in the context of modern integration processes of world and European level, including the sphere of penitentiary activity. Investigating the problem of selecting and training qualified personnel for the penitentiary system of Ukraine, taking into account the requirements of international and legal standards should contribute to strengthening the legitimacy in the activities of the personnel of penal bodies and institutions, strengthening the discipline, stimulating the development of employees' professionally important qualities. Domestic and foreign scholars, in particular V.A. Anishchenko, V.A. Badyra, V.V. Vasylevych, V.B. Dvortsov, O.I. Ivankov, V.A. Lovochkin, S.V. Pietkov, O.B. Ptashynskyi, M.S. Puzyrov, V.M. Synov, O.O. Tymofieieva, V.O. Utkin studied specific aspects of the problem of influence of international and legal standards on selecting and training the personnel of penal bodies and institutions. The purpose of the article is to prove the fact that the basic provisions of international and legal standards in the field of protection prisoners' rights and their treatment serve as legal guidelines for reforming not only the national penal system, but are the basic values, which the penitentiary systems of most modern civilized states seek for. 1. In accordance with the essence of international and legal standards, the personnel of penal bodies and institutions shall include specialized staff, in particular social workers, medical staff, psychologists, senior ...
The article is devoted to the problem of tolerance in various spheres of social life and especially in international practice it contributes to the solution of many social problems emerged within society. The urgency of the study is to use the most accepted tolerant practices for the manifestation of new cultural communication in international practice, as well as to show how diplomatic measures can prevent world conflicts. The purpose of the paper is to consider and analyse the concept of "tolerance", its limits of application are established. In today's world, the problem is aggravated in the context of social conflicts, social tension in the international community, and the diplomatic platform in various types of societies. The problem of tolerance covers all spheres of social life of any state: social, political, religious, and personal. The concept of tolerance is an antithesis of antipathy, hatred, and hostile attitude. The article reveals the typology of tolerance in all social spheres of its existence. Along with the notion of "tolerance" in society there is also the concept of "intolerance". Intolerance has often a hidden position, an implicit one. In particular, tolerance is studied as a universal condition of man existence and the interconnection of people in the space of intercultural relations. The methodological approaches to resolving conflicts by diplomatic methods and sociological-analytical analysis of tolerant practices are revealed. There is no need for Ukraine to resort to tolerance level reduction as this can lead to a negative impact on the international image as a European legal democratic state. It may cause a potential threat to the peaceful coexistence of national and ethnic minorities, as well as to civil society formation and the Ukrainian political nation development.
Introduction. International trade is closely related to environmental sustainable development, while promoting trade growth and environmental sustainable development are also the goals pursued by mankind. China's environmental sustainability is affected by both severe shortages of natural resources and severe environmental pollution. In addition, growing populations and rapid economic growth, as well as weak environmental controls, have increased demand for natural resources and affected their pollution. In the past year, in conditions of the complex international situation and the severe impact of COVID-19 pandemic, China's foreign trade imports and exports have been significantly better than expected, and the scale of foreign trade has once again set a record high. However, how to ensure the growth of international trade while ensuring environmental protection? Sustainable development is one of the problems that the Chinese government needs to solve.Methods. The methodological basis of the study is a set of fundamental provisions of crisis theory, international trade theory, theory of foreign trade of national ecological and economic systems, as well as modern concepts of post pandemic development. The solution of the set tasks was carried out by using a set of general scientific research methods: analysis of scientific literature, method of analogy and comparison, theoretical synthesis, classification, methodological generalization, economic and statistical analysis, expert assessments and scientific abstraction. The authors use the Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment, the General Administration of Customs, Baidu academic papers, and relevant documents in the CNKI database as data sources.The purpose of research – to prove the environmental sustainability in the context of China's international trade development.Results. The research proved the environmental sustainability in the context of China's international trade development. The research substantiates environmental sustainability in the context of China's international trade development. Related factors of international trade in the context of environmental sustainability have been identified. The formation of modern international trade in the conditions of changing the ecological environment of China is analyzed. Countermeasures on environmental sustainability in the context of China's growing international trade are proposed. Through the summary of research, it is found out the relevance and causality between trade and the environment, analyze and study the changes in relevant data, and summarize the main imbalances in the process of China's response to international trade and environmental sustainable development, so as to put forward corresponding problems in response to these issues solution.Prospects. The results of the research discover the environmental sustainability in the context of China's international trade. The prospect of further research is to apply the impact of the China's international trade development on its environmental sustainability for the development of domestic foreign trade policy.
The analysis of modern threats to international security is made in the qualification work. The preconditions and content of the transformation of international security after the end of the Cold War are shown. The characteristics of political, economic, military, informational, demographic and ecological threats are given. The analysis of internal and external threats to modern international security and national security strategy of Ukraine is made. ; У кваліфікаційній роботі зроблено аналіз сучасних загроз міжнародній безпеці. Показано передумови та зміст трансформації міжнародної безпеки після закінчення холодної війни. Подано характеристику політичних, економічних, військових, інформаційних, демографічних та екологічних загроз. Зроблено аналіз внутрішніх та зовнішніх загроз сучасній міжнародній безпеці та стратегії національної безпеки України.
The author analyzes the norms of national legislation, namely the Law of Ukraine "About Tourism", the Civil Code, the Commercial Code as well as the international experience of France, Malaysia, Turkey, Spain and other countries. The author defines the main directions of tourist activity and subjects which provide tourist services. The subjects, which provide tourist services, are travel operators and travel agents. The author analyzes the difference between travel operators and travels agents. Furthermore, the author explored procedure for granting licenses as a kind of state regulations of economic activity. New requirements for obtaining a tourist license were investigated. Particular attention is paid to financial guarantees. This guarantee depends on different factors (office location, tourists' destination). Also, legislation declares additional responsibilities to tour operates and tour agents. The author analyzed national system of state and local self-government bodies and special bodies (agency), and international system of government and no government bodies. The author points out the importance of interaction between public authorities and the private sector. Moreover, the article pays attention to the importance of public control over tourism activities. Finally, the author proclaims indication of directions for improvement of national legislation.