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Contemporary international trademark management SUMMARY The objective of this master work is to analyze the globalization economy and how it influences the strategic trademark management, to show the main tendencies and effects of it. The chosen approach is the analysis of the trademark management aspects, such as global society, economical infrastructure and technological development of the market. This master work is written to show the most important evolution tendencies in the World, which influence international trademarks. Globalization and rapid Information Technology development are main reasons for trademarks becoming of a great importance. Present market situation show us that companies need to know, how to manage trademarks, and be able to leverage global markets and in this way to gain competitive advantages. It is one of the few strategic assets available to the company that can provide a long-lasting competitive advantage. There is also rediscovered that the best kind of loyalty is brand loyalty, not price loyalty or bargain loyalty, because in our materialistic societies, people want to give meaning to their consumptions. So, in this way, only brand that add value to the product and tell a story about the consumer, or situate their consumption in a ladder of immaterial values, can provide this meaning. Trademark management means systematic creation, processing, controlling and distribution of it, competence and expertise within the producer. The main features of the global trademark management are its innovative nature, openness, visual and dynamic. Consumers evaluate trademarks according to their image, value, notoriety, loyalty, because it expresses the main aim the trademark management – creating identity and unique. Trademark management is not the new sphere to the market. But now it has taken the main position in the World's political, economical, social, cultural evolution. It is caused by the informational, technological, innovations environment. Integrating into the global market, made the greatest influence national countries economical situation, it's trademark's management processes. Earlier they were concentrated on the local, national aspects, and now they have to be renewed with the international, global ones which give new potential for effective cooperation between: economics and science, public and private sectors all over the world. Trademark management plays an essential role in all global markets supporting new systems for business, social life, culture, increasing the effectiveness of the country's economy.

Contemporary international trademark management SUMMARY The objective of this master work is to analyze the globalization economy and how it influences the strategic trademark management, to show the main tendencies and effects of it. The chosen approach is the analysis of the trademark management aspects, such as global society, economical infrastructure and technological development of the market. This master work is written to show the most important evolution tendencies in the World, which influence international trademarks. Globalization and rapid Information Technology development are main reasons for trademarks becoming of a great importance. Present market situation show us that companies need to know, how to manage trademarks, and be able to leverage global markets and in this way to gain competitive advantages. It is one of the few strategic assets available to the company that can provide a long-lasting competitive advantage. There is also rediscovered that the best kind of loyalty is brand loyalty, not price loyalty or bargain loyalty, because in our materialistic societies, people want to give meaning to their consumptions. So, in this way, only brand that add value to the product and tell a story about the consumer, or situate their consumption in a ladder of immaterial values, can provide this meaning. Trademark management means systematic creation, processing, controlling and distribution of it, competence and expertise within the producer. The main features of the global trademark management are its innovative nature, openness, visual and dynamic. Consumers evaluate trademarks according to their image, value, notoriety, loyalty, because it expresses the main aim the trademark management – creating identity and unique. Trademark management is not the new sphere to the market. But now it has taken the main position in the World's political, economical, social, cultural evolution. It is caused by the informational, technological, innovations environment. Integrating into the global market, made the greatest influence national countries economical situation, it's trademark's management processes. Earlier they were concentrated on the local, national aspects, and now they have to be renewed with the international, global ones which give new potential for effective cooperation between: economics and science, public and private sectors all over the world. Trademark management plays an essential role in all global markets supporting new systems for business, social life, culture, increasing the effectiveness of the country's economy.

Contemporary international trademark management SUMMARY The objective of this master work is to analyze the globalization economy and how it influences the strategic trademark management, to show the main tendencies and effects of it. The chosen approach is the analysis of the trademark management aspects, such as global society, economical infrastructure and technological development of the market. This master work is written to show the most important evolution tendencies in the World, which influence international trademarks. Globalization and rapid Information Technology development are main reasons for trademarks becoming of a great importance. Present market situation show us that companies need to know, how to manage trademarks, and be able to leverage global markets and in this way to gain competitive advantages. It is one of the few strategic assets available to the company that can provide a long-lasting competitive advantage. There is also rediscovered that the best kind of loyalty is brand loyalty, not price loyalty or bargain loyalty, because in our materialistic societies, people want to give meaning to their consumptions. So, in this way, only brand that add value to the product and tell a story about the consumer, or situate their consumption in a ladder of immaterial values, can provide this meaning. Trademark management means systematic creation, processing, controlling and distribution of it, competence and expertise within the producer. The main features of the global trademark management are its innovative nature, openness, visual and dynamic. Consumers evaluate trademarks according to their image, value, notoriety, loyalty, because it expresses the main aim the trademark management – creating identity and unique. Trademark management is not the new sphere to the market. But now it has taken the main position in the World's political, economical, social, cultural evolution. It is caused by the informational, technological, innovations environment. Integrating into the global market, made the greatest influence national countries economical situation, it's trademark's management processes. Earlier they were concentrated on the local, national aspects, and now they have to be renewed with the international, global ones which give new potential for effective cooperation between: economics and science, public and private sectors all over the world. Trademark management plays an essential role in all global markets supporting new systems for business, social life, culture, increasing the effectiveness of the country's economy.

Contemporary international trademark management SUMMARY The objective of this master work is to analyze the globalization economy and how it influences the strategic trademark management, to show the main tendencies and effects of it. The chosen approach is the analysis of the trademark management aspects, such as global society, economical infrastructure and technological development of the market. This master work is written to show the most important evolution tendencies in the World, which influence international trademarks. Globalization and rapid Information Technology development are main reasons for trademarks becoming of a great importance. Present market situation show us that companies need to know, how to manage trademarks, and be able to leverage global markets and in this way to gain competitive advantages. It is one of the few strategic assets available to the company that can provide a long-lasting competitive advantage. There is also rediscovered that the best kind of loyalty is brand loyalty, not price loyalty or bargain loyalty, because in our materialistic societies, people want to give meaning to their consumptions. So, in this way, only brand that add value to the product and tell a story about the consumer, or situate their consumption in a ladder of immaterial values, can provide this meaning. Trademark management means systematic creation, processing, controlling and distribution of it, competence and expertise within the producer. The main features of the global trademark management are its innovative nature, openness, visual and dynamic. Consumers evaluate trademarks according to their image, value, notoriety, loyalty, because it expresses the main aim the trademark management – creating identity and unique. Trademark management is not the new sphere to the market. But now it has taken the main position in the World's political, economical, social, cultural evolution. It is caused by the informational, technological, innovations environment. Integrating into the global market, made the greatest influence national countries economical situation, it's trademark's management processes. Earlier they were concentrated on the local, national aspects, and now they have to be renewed with the international, global ones which give new potential for effective cooperation between: economics and science, public and private sectors all over the world. Trademark management plays an essential role in all global markets supporting new systems for business, social life, culture, increasing the effectiveness of the country's economy.

This work aims to evaluate the international legal status of Chechnya in different periods of its fight for independence on the basis of international legal norms and to determine a type of armed conflicts that took place in Chechnya as well as to review violations of human rights and the international humanitarian law made during these armed conflicts. Following international legal acts the work reveals contents of the freedom of national self-determination and its relation to the principle of territorial integrity. Also, the work reviews qualifications of persons of the international law with a particular attention given to the concept and attributes of the state and examines the most important aspects of the status of Chechnya. Also, this research presents the concept of the armed conflict and discusses features of international and non-international armed conflicts on which basis the type of conflicts that took place in Chechnya has been determined. The work overviews the case law of the European Court of Human Rights on which basis violations of the humanitarian law that were made during the armed conflicts in Chechnya have been determined. In 1991/1992 Chechnya had all main qualifications of the state: population, a defined territory and the government. According to the norms of the international law this meant its establishment as the state. The victory of Chechnya in the First Chechnya War has proved Chechnya statehood once again. Russia de facto confirmed independence of Chechnya by its subsequent actions. After examination of possible different assessments of the armed conflicts in Chechnya and on the basis of the conclusion that Chechnya is an unrecognised state, it has been determined that the above armed conflicts should be considered as international conflicts.

This work aims to evaluate the international legal status of Chechnya in different periods of its fight for independence on the basis of international legal norms and to determine a type of armed conflicts that took place in Chechnya as well as to review violations of human rights and the international humanitarian law made during these armed conflicts. Following international legal acts the work reveals contents of the freedom of national self-determination and its relation to the principle of territorial integrity. Also, the work reviews qualifications of persons of the international law with a particular attention given to the concept and attributes of the state and examines the most important aspects of the status of Chechnya. Also, this research presents the concept of the armed conflict and discusses features of international and non-international armed conflicts on which basis the type of conflicts that took place in Chechnya has been determined. The work overviews the case law of the European Court of Human Rights on which basis violations of the humanitarian law that were made during the armed conflicts in Chechnya have been determined. In 1991/1992 Chechnya had all main qualifications of the state: population, a defined territory and the government. According to the norms of the international law this meant its establishment as the state. The victory of Chechnya in the First Chechnya War has proved Chechnya statehood once again. Russia de facto confirmed independence of Chechnya by its subsequent actions. After examination of possible different assessments of the armed conflicts in Chechnya and on the basis of the conclusion that Chechnya is an unrecognised state, it has been determined that the above armed conflicts should be considered as international conflicts.

Analysis of this Master's Paper is developed in three directions: firstly, the author summarized the issues of the international and national criminal law. Attention is drawn to the place of the international treaties in the Lithuanian law, focusing on the national criminal law implications of such treaties; attempting to determine the possibility of direct application of the treaties in the criminal law. The author concludes that international treaties regulating the matters that are relevant to criminal justice should be transferred to national laws. The second part of the Paper analyses the significance of the treaties on the protection of universal human rights and freedoms, such as the Universal Charter on Human Rights, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECPHRFF) and of the conventions adopted by the United Nations Organization in general, to the criminal law of Lithuania. The author does not aim at defining the importance of the particular rules of law to the national criminal law, and distinguishes instead the trends of the national criminal law implications. Analyzing the ECPHRFF, the author emphasizes the special character of this international treaty also drawing attention to the problem of interaction between the blanket dispositions constructed in the Lithuanian criminal law and the principle of nullum crimen sine lege guaranteed by the Convention. The Master's Paper concludes that implementation of the international legal acts guaranteeing the protection of personal rights in terms of criminal law of Lithuania is being implemented with sufficient accuracy. In the final part of the Master's Paper the relevance of the European Union (EU) law with regard to the national criminal law is summarized. In the first instance the author draws attention to the issue of relevance of the primary EU law to the national criminal law, which practically has not been analyzed by the Lithuanian scientists. Analyzing separate types of the secondary legislation passed by the EU authorities, in the first instance the features of each legal act – regulation, directive, decision, framework decision, general actions, recommendations, opinions, guidelines and conventions – are distinguished. The author aims at disclosing the manner in which the features of each secondary legal act of the EU influence the national criminal law. Also, the possibilities of the direct application of regulations, directives and decisions in the national law are elaborate. The author concludes that it is the secondary legislation by means of which the criminal law of the Member States is being approximated, whereas appropriate implementation of the secondary legislation of the EU, as a rule, requires corrections of the criminal law.

Analysis of this Master's Paper is developed in three directions: firstly, the author summarized the issues of the international and national criminal law. Attention is drawn to the place of the international treaties in the Lithuanian law, focusing on the national criminal law implications of such treaties; attempting to determine the possibility of direct application of the treaties in the criminal law. The author concludes that international treaties regulating the matters that are relevant to criminal justice should be transferred to national laws. The second part of the Paper analyses the significance of the treaties on the protection of universal human rights and freedoms, such as the Universal Charter on Human Rights, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECPHRFF) and of the conventions adopted by the United Nations Organization in general, to the criminal law of Lithuania. The author does not aim at defining the importance of the particular rules of law to the national criminal law, and distinguishes instead the trends of the national criminal law implications. Analyzing the ECPHRFF, the author emphasizes the special character of this international treaty also drawing attention to the problem of interaction between the blanket dispositions constructed in the Lithuanian criminal law and the principle of nullum crimen sine lege guaranteed by the Convention. The Master's Paper concludes that implementation of the international legal acts guaranteeing the protection of personal rights in terms of criminal law of Lithuania is being implemented with sufficient accuracy. In the final part of the Master's Paper the relevance of the European Union (EU) law with regard to the national criminal law is summarized. In the first instance the author draws attention to the issue of relevance of the primary EU law to the national criminal law, which practically has not been analyzed by the Lithuanian scientists. Analyzing separate types of the secondary legislation passed by the EU authorities, in the first instance the features of each legal act – regulation, directive, decision, framework decision, general actions, recommendations, opinions, guidelines and conventions – are distinguished. The author aims at disclosing the manner in which the features of each secondary legal act of the EU influence the national criminal law. Also, the possibilities of the direct application of regulations, directives and decisions in the national law are elaborate. The author concludes that it is the secondary legislation by means of which the criminal law of the Member States is being approximated, whereas appropriate implementation of the secondary legislation of the EU, as a rule, requires corrections of the criminal law.

Analysis of this Master's Paper is developed in three directions: firstly, the author summarized the issues of the international and national criminal law. Attention is drawn to the place of the international treaties in the Lithuanian law, focusing on the national criminal law implications of such treaties; attempting to determine the possibility of direct application of the treaties in the criminal law. The author concludes that international treaties regulating the matters that are relevant to criminal justice should be transferred to national laws. The second part of the Paper analyses the significance of the treaties on the protection of universal human rights and freedoms, such as the Universal Charter on Human Rights, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECPHRFF) and of the conventions adopted by the United Nations Organization in general, to the criminal law of Lithuania. The author does not aim at defining the importance of the particular rules of law to the national criminal law, and distinguishes instead the trends of the national criminal law implications. Analyzing the ECPHRFF, the author emphasizes the special character of this international treaty also drawing attention to the problem of interaction between the blanket dispositions constructed in the Lithuanian criminal law and the principle of nullum crimen sine lege guaranteed by the Convention. The Master's Paper concludes that implementation of the international legal acts guaranteeing the protection of personal rights in terms of criminal law of Lithuania is being implemented with sufficient accuracy. In the final part of the Master's Paper the relevance of the European Union (EU) law with regard to the national criminal law is summarized. In the first instance the author draws attention to the issue of relevance of the primary EU law to the national criminal law, which practically has not been analyzed by the Lithuanian scientists. Analyzing separate types of the secondary legislation passed by the EU authorities, in the first instance the features of each legal act – regulation, directive, decision, framework decision, general actions, recommendations, opinions, guidelines and conventions – are distinguished. The author aims at disclosing the manner in which the features of each secondary legal act of the EU influence the national criminal law. Also, the possibilities of the direct application of regulations, directives and decisions in the national law are elaborate. The author concludes that it is the secondary legislation by means of which the criminal law of the Member States is being approximated, whereas appropriate implementation of the secondary legislation of the EU, as a rule, requires corrections of the criminal law.

Analysis of this Master's Paper is developed in three directions: firstly, the author summarized the issues of the international and national criminal law. Attention is drawn to the place of the international treaties in the Lithuanian law, focusing on the national criminal law implications of such treaties; attempting to determine the possibility of direct application of the treaties in the criminal law. The author concludes that international treaties regulating the matters that are relevant to criminal justice should be transferred to national laws. The second part of the Paper analyses the significance of the treaties on the protection of universal human rights and freedoms, such as the Universal Charter on Human Rights, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECPHRFF) and of the conventions adopted by the United Nations Organization in general, to the criminal law of Lithuania. The author does not aim at defining the importance of the particular rules of law to the national criminal law, and distinguishes instead the trends of the national criminal law implications. Analyzing the ECPHRFF, the author emphasizes the special character of this international treaty also drawing attention to the problem of interaction between the blanket dispositions constructed in the Lithuanian criminal law and the principle of nullum crimen sine lege guaranteed by the Convention. The Master's Paper concludes that implementation of the international legal acts guaranteeing the protection of personal rights in terms of criminal law of Lithuania is being implemented with sufficient accuracy. In the final part of the Master's Paper the relevance of the European Union (EU) law with regard to the national criminal law is summarized. In the first instance the author draws attention to the issue of relevance of the primary EU law to the national criminal law, which practically has not been analyzed by the Lithuanian scientists. Analyzing separate types of the secondary legislation passed by the EU authorities, in the first instance the features of each legal act – regulation, directive, decision, framework decision, general actions, recommendations, opinions, guidelines and conventions – are distinguished. The author aims at disclosing the manner in which the features of each secondary legal act of the EU influence the national criminal law. Also, the possibilities of the direct application of regulations, directives and decisions in the national law are elaborate. The author concludes that it is the secondary legislation by means of which the criminal law of the Member States is being approximated, whereas appropriate implementation of the secondary legislation of the EU, as a rule, requires corrections of the criminal law.

This work subscribes how right to individual petition is implemented in two main and most effective international organizations – United Nations and Council of Europe – and their international institutions which may consider individual petitions: the Human Rights Committee established according to 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination established according to 1965 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the Committee Against Torture established according to 1984 Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and European Court of Human Rights established according to 1950 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Right to individual petition was first acclaimed by Council of Europe in 1950 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. European Court of Human Rights is one of the main and most effective institution considering individual petitions. Its case-law is really important and deserves much attention in this work too. Requirements for the individual petitions according to the above mentioned conventions are broadly explained in this work. It is possible to say that requirements for the individual petitions to UN treaty bodies and to the European Court of Human Rights are similar or almost the same, only a few differences can be named: ratione temporis requirement (individual petition to UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination and European Court of Human Rights can be submitted within the period of six months from the date on which the final decision was taken), possible claimant (to all UN treaty bodies individual petitions may be submitted by any person or group of individuals only the European Court of Human Rights also accepts petitions from non-governmental organizations) and requirement that the same individual petition is at the same time submitted to another procedure of international investigation or is already solved by it (only individual petitions to UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination do not have to fulfill this requirement). The system of individual petitions is compared with the system of collective complaints established within the framework of the Council of Europe by 1995 Additional Protocol to the European Social Charter Providing for a System of Collective Complaints. It gives opportunity to name peculiarities of each system. Complaints to EC European Committee of Social Rights may bring up a question in general that general situation in a state-party does not comply in law or practice with European Social Charter of 1961 or the European Social Charter (revised) of 1996. This leads to that "victim" and exhaustion of interim measures requirements cannot be applied to collective complaints though these requirements are to be considered one of the main applied to individual petitions. Analysis of these two systems only emphasize that system of individual petitions seeks to implement justice in each single case and afford just satisfaction to the injured party. In the case of collective complaints individual remedies are not applied.

This work subscribes how right to individual petition is implemented in two main and most effective international organizations – United Nations and Council of Europe – and their international institutions which may consider individual petitions: the Human Rights Committee established according to 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination established according to 1965 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the Committee Against Torture established according to 1984 Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and European Court of Human Rights established according to 1950 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Right to individual petition was first acclaimed by Council of Europe in 1950 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. European Court of Human Rights is one of the main and most effective institution considering individual petitions. Its case-law is really important and deserves much attention in this work too. Requirements for the individual petitions according to the above mentioned conventions are broadly explained in this work. It is possible to say that requirements for the individual petitions to UN treaty bodies and to the European Court of Human Rights are similar or almost the same, only a few differences can be named: ratione temporis requirement (individual petition to UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination and European Court of Human Rights can be submitted within the period of six months from the date on which the final decision was taken), possible claimant (to all UN treaty bodies individual petitions may be submitted by any person or group of individuals only the European Court of Human Rights also accepts petitions from non-governmental organizations) and requirement that the same individual petition is at the same time submitted to another procedure of international investigation or is already solved by it (only individual petitions to UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination do not have to fulfill this requirement). The system of individual petitions is compared with the system of collective complaints established within the framework of the Council of Europe by 1995 Additional Protocol to the European Social Charter Providing for a System of Collective Complaints. It gives opportunity to name peculiarities of each system. Complaints to EC European Committee of Social Rights may bring up a question in general that general situation in a state-party does not comply in law or practice with European Social Charter of 1961 or the European Social Charter (revised) of 1996. This leads to that "victim" and exhaustion of interim measures requirements cannot be applied to collective complaints though these requirements are to be considered one of the main applied to individual petitions. Analysis of these two systems only emphasize that system of individual petitions seeks to implement justice in each single case and afford just satisfaction to the injured party. In the case of collective complaints individual remedies are not applied.

The collective bargaining is necessary to protect the employee's, as a weeker part of labour relationships, interests and to make working conditions and social guarantees better. The parties of the collective bargaining are employers, their groups or organizations and employees' organizations or their representatives. The procedure of collective bargaining is regulated by national law, depending on each state conditions and expirience concerning collective bargaining. Very important are principles of collective bargaining, because collective bargaining are iniciated freely, voluntary and independent and about the content parties decide themselves without the intervention of the state. One of the most important principle is right to organise collective bargaining. This principle fixes employers and employees rights. Collective bargaining is very important to make labour relationships steady and to solve collective disputes. Collective bargaining is regulated bu international law, European community international law and national law. International labour organisation (ILO) adopted Conventions and recommendations are one of the most important source in International labour law concerning collective bargaining. In these conventions and recommendations are fixed most important provisions and and directions to the member states concerning above-mentioned bargaining. Lithuanian has ratified these Convenctions and must keep their provisions. The European law the most important is European social charter Intenational legislation and European community creatided law fixed mostly common provisions concerning collective bargaining. The provisions fixed the rigt of collective bargaining, the states are obliged to promote collective bargaining, the basic principles, parties of collective bargaining and content are fixed in above-mentioned legislation. The work examines the question about Lithuanian national law adjustice to the Interntional labour law and European labour law and why the collective bargaining mechanism is not regulated in the national law.

The collective bargaining is necessary to protect the employee's, as a weeker part of labour relationships, interests and to make working conditions and social guarantees better. The parties of the collective bargaining are employers, their groups or organizations and employees' organizations or their representatives. The procedure of collective bargaining is regulated by national law, depending on each state conditions and expirience concerning collective bargaining. Very important are principles of collective bargaining, because collective bargaining are iniciated freely, voluntary and independent and about the content parties decide themselves without the intervention of the state. One of the most important principle is right to organise collective bargaining. This principle fixes employers and employees rights. Collective bargaining is very important to make labour relationships steady and to solve collective disputes. Collective bargaining is regulated bu international law, European community international law and national law. International labour organisation (ILO) adopted Conventions and recommendations are one of the most important source in International labour law concerning collective bargaining. In these conventions and recommendations are fixed most important provisions and and directions to the member states concerning above-mentioned bargaining. Lithuanian has ratified these Convenctions and must keep their provisions. The European law the most important is European social charter Intenational legislation and European community creatided law fixed mostly common provisions concerning collective bargaining. The provisions fixed the rigt of collective bargaining, the states are obliged to promote collective bargaining, the basic principles, parties of collective bargaining and content are fixed in above-mentioned legislation. The work examines the question about Lithuanian national law adjustice to the Interntional labour law and European labour law and why the collective bargaining mechanism is not regulated in the national law.