Official letter from Arturo M. Elías, Mexican consul in New York to Soledad González, Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles' personal secretary informing of the shipping of a translation of an article by Chester M. Wright, Editor of the International Labor News Service. Said article is entitled "Por que se permite que el mercantilismo dicte la política México-Americana" [Why is Mercantilism allowed to lead the Mexican American politics?] and it argues that every hostile attitude of the U.S. against Mexico affects the handling business with the rest of Latin America. It also argues that this political theory should take advantage to explore markets in this peaceful country rather than trying to incite an armed intervention. / Oficio de Arturo M. Elías, Cónsul de México en Nueva York a Soledad González, secretaria particular del Gral. PEC, informándole del envío de la traducción de un artículo de Chester M. Wright, Editor del International Labor News Service intitulado "Por que se permite que el mercantilismo dicte la política México-Americana", en el que sustenta que toda actitud hostil de Norteamérica hacia México repercute en el trato hacia toda América Latina y que en vez de intentar provocar una intervención armada, lo que debería aprovecharse es explotar los mercados que ofrece su territorio pacífico y hospitalario.
Esta publicación expone los acuerdos unilaterales y las relaciones exteriores, propuestos por los Estados Unidos para algunos países de América Latina.
El Derecho Ambiental Internacional constituye un conjunto de normas básicas de carácter ambiental destinadas a reglar las relaciones y los efectos jurídicos de esa relaciones, entre los diferentes sujetos del Derecho Internacional Público. El objetivo de dichas normas consiste en la incorporación de la variable ambiental al proceso de toma de decisiones en la política y gestión ambiental. ; International Environmental Law constitutes a body of basic environmental norms destined to rule relations and their juridical effects among the different Public International Law subjects. The aim of such norms is to incorporate the environmental variable to the decision making process in environmental management and politics. ; Dossier: Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo ; Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales
This article aims at sinthetizing different perspectives about the rol of internacional civil society (ICV) in the exercise of a global power. It refers to some anglosajon and european recent studies, both at theorical as empirical levels, in order to do an evaluation of the most critical results. Being esceptical about the very concept of ICV, it tries to analize it from different points of view, in order to respond the main problem: is it posible for the ICV to ejercize power at a global level, and which is its legitimity to resolve global issues. The analysis of the concept is based on some results of the classical theory of civil society at a national level, but also examines specific dificulties to define an ICV and its functions in a globalized world. Eventually, it presents some theoretical challenges which are linked with the relation between ICV and a global democratic order. ; Este artículo pretende sintetizar diferentes perspectivas en torno al papel de la Sociedad Civil Internacional (SCI) en el ejercicio de un poder global. Se refiere a distintos y recientes estudios anglosajones y europeos, tanto al nivel teórico como empírico, en aras a realizar una evaluación de sus principales resultados. Siendo escépticos respecto al mismo concepto de SCI, se busca analizarlo desde distintos puntos de vista, para contestar la principal interrogante: es posible para la SCI ejercer el poder al nivel global, y cuál es su legitimidad para resolver problemas globales? El análisis del concepto esta fundamentado en algunos aportes de la teoría clásica de la sociedad civil al nivel nacional, pero también examina las dificultades específicas que plantea el definir una SCI y sus funciones en un mundo globalizado. Finalmente, se presentan algunos retos teóricos que se refieren a la relación entre la SCI y un orden democrático global.
El artículo plantea en primer lugar un acercamiento a la problemática global de las migraciones a nivel mundial y su relevancia en la coyuntura actual, para poder centrarse en la segunda parte al caso de África. Debido a la complejidad de la cuestión, el trabajo se limita solamente al análisis de la migración laboral. El continente africano azotado por la pobreza, la sequía, las hambrunas y los conflictos políticos conoce una ola sin precedente de movimientos migratorios. En nuestro estudio analizamos en primer lugar el factor económico, como la Inversión Extranjera Directa, como un elemento central para detener el flujo migratorio. Sin embargo, la inestabilidad continental, no permite atraer las inversiones necesarias. La tendencia migratoria en África, como también en el caso de América latina, se ha incrementado drásticamente en la última década y podemos prever un incremento aún más fuerte en los próximos decenios. Los fenómenos socio-políticos ponen de manifiesto que el continente Africano presenta muchos cambios en los patrones que se habían estado viviendo por años. Por mencionar algunos, destacan transformaciones que van desde el cambio de destinos clásicos para la migración, hasta la nueva dinámica de inserción al mercado laboral de los países receptores. El VIH también marca nuevos patrones modificando el estilo de vida de la sociedad. Desgraciadamente la mayoría de ellas presenta un panorama negativo, por lo que se pone de realce que el continente tiene una infinidad de retos que afrontar en pro de un desarrollo que permita mejorar las condiciones de vida de sus habitantes. ; The article first proposes to analyse the global theme of world migrations and their relevance within the present world situation in order to focus in the second part on the African case. Due to the complexity of the question, the paper only deals with work migration. The African continent, hit by poverty, draughts, famine and political conflicts, presents an unprecedented migration. In our paper we seek to analyse first the economic factor, such ad Direct Foreign Investment, as a central element in order to stop migration flux. However, continental lack of stability does not make it possible to attract the necessary investments. The African migratory trend, as well as the Latin American case, has drastically increased over the last decade and we can foresee an even grater increase in the coming years. Socio-political phenomena show us that the African continent shows many changes in the patterns which had been commonplace in the previous years. Just to mention a few, there are transformations that range from the typical migration destinations to the new dynamics of labour market insertion in the receiving countries. HIV also shows new patters by modifying social lifestyles. Unfortunately, most of them present a negative pattern, and this is why it is highlighted that the continent faces a number of challenges in order to develop and improve its inhabitants standard of living. ; Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales
Research in bean economics includes production, marketing and consumption, and policy studies. Production research focuses on 2 mutually reinforcing themes: (1) assessment of the spread of new var. recently released to farmers by national programs; and (2) assessment of farmers' current production systems and problems. Consumption and marketing of beans remain important research topics because most beans in Latin America are produced for the market, thus making consumer acceptability, price, and ease of market entry, critical factors in determining farmer adoption of new bean var. Case studies of policies affecting bean production and markets are undertaken when they have an important impact on the environment for which the new technology is being developed. A great deal of the research on all these issues is conducted in collaboration with national programs. Strengthening their research capacity through training and collaborative projects is an important activity. (AS) ; La investigacion en economia de frijol incluye estudios en produccion, mercadeo, consumo y politicas. La investigacion en produccion se enfoca en 2 esquemas que se refuerzan mutuamente: 1) evaluacion de la diseminacion de las nuevas var. recientemente liberadas a los agricultores por los programas nacionales y 2) evaluacion de los sistemas y problemas de produccion actuales de los agricultores. El consumo y el mercadeo del frijol siguen siendo importantes topicos de investigacion, debido a que la mayor parte del frijol en America Latina se produce para el mercado; por lo tanto, la aceptabilidad del consumidor, el precio y la facilidad de entrar al mercado son factores criticos que determinan la adopcion de la nueva 186 var. de frijol por el agricultor. Se realizan estudios de casos de las politicas que afectan la produccion y el mercadeo del frijol cuando estas tienen un impacto importante en el ambiente en el cual se esta desarrollando la nueva tecnologia. Una gran cantidad de la investigacion sobre todos estos temas se realiza en colaboracion con los programas nacionales. El fortalecimiento de su capacidad de investigacion mediante la capacitacion y los proyectos colaborativos es una actividad importante. (RA-CIAT)
Economics research in the bean program continues to concentrate on production studies, marketing issues, policy analysis, and training. Diagnostic studies of current production systems and problems were conducted in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Peru. Results of preadoption evaluations in Peru and of adoption studies in Guatemala are included. To assess the distribution of benefits of alternative technologies biased towards small or towards large farmers, both among producer groups as well as among consumers of different income strata, a demand and supply model of beans was constructed for Brazil. The model shows that benefits to small farmers are highly sensitive to the degree of technology bias. Most of this research is conducted in collaboration with national programs, and strengthening their research capacity through training and joint projects is a major objective. (CIAT) ; La investigacion sobre aspectos economicos en el programa de frijol sigue concentrandose en estudios de produccion, mercadeo, analisis de politicas y capacitacion. Se llevaron a cabo estudios sobre el diagnostico de los actuales sistemas y problemas de produccion en Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Republica Dominicana, El Salvador, Nicaragua y Peru. Se incluyen los resultados de evaluaciones de preadopcion en Peru y de estudios de adopcion en Guatemala. Para evaluar la distribucion de beneficios de tecnologias alternas orientadas tanto hacia los pequenos agricultores como a los en gran escala, dentro tanto del grupo de productores como del de consumidores de diferentes estratos de ingresos, se construyo para Brasil un modelo de oferta y demanda de frijol. El modelo muestra que los beneficios para los pequenos agricultores son altamente sensibles al grado de predileccion por la tecnologia. La mayoria de esta investigacion se realiza en colaboracion con los programas nacionales, y el objetivo fundamental es fortalecer su capacidad de investigacion a traves de la capacitacion y de proyectos conjuntos. (CIAT)
The purpose of this symposium was to prepare recommendations for the Colombian Government so that they can follow a definite course of action with regard to the planning of cassava cultivation and to ensure that the technology being generated by the research institutions is transferred to the farmer for the economic welare of the country. The conclusions reached by the 2 work groups on production and industrialization are given. (CIAT)
With: Patent and trade-mark laws of the Spanish-American republics, Brazil, and the Republic of Haiti. Washington : G.P.O., 1904. ; At head of title: Oficina Internacional de las Repúblicas Americanas, Wáshington, D.C. ; "Revisado hasta Agosto de 1904." ; Mode of access: Internet.
The Industrial Revolution having been well under way by the mid-19th century, epidemics of pestilential diseases, severe and affecting many people (bubonic plague, yellow fever and Asian cholera) were still spreading freely given that many countries either had no preventive laws at all or enforced them chaotically, whilst even the simplest information concerning the health situation was not made known to other neighboring States, thus favoring the epidemic's spread. Therefore, there was an almost anxious desire among most Nations to come up with an acceptable way of putting an end to the confusion and ignorance of all the many different laws governing each country, even each individual port, with regard to the preventive health treatment to be imposed upon ships, passengers and goods, which mean a truly depressing confusion for both commerce and travellers. Following several different failed attempts, the French Government managed to get a plan under way which was generally well-accepted and which served as the basis for the First International Sanitary Conference, which opened on July 23, 1851 in Paris, in which all of the Nations having maritime interests in the Mediterranean had previously been invited to take part. ; Sí
Developing States have contracted many debts; especially since the early 1980s; with creditors. These can be either States or international financial institutions. However; whoever the public debtor is; the latter will intervene more or less directly; increasingly becoming an interlocutor in any attempt to renegotiate or even totally pay the debt itself. This ubiquity arises many questions about its purpose and nature. This is particularly true of the political regimes of indebted states. Indeed; the democratization of these states has become both a means and an end for financial institutions; as the Initiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries. Therefore; the question is whether the payment is possible or an illusion.
There's always been two histories to tell about International Relations. One that explains structures and processes and another that understands individual and collective actions. But the first one has always been predominant in our discipline, forgetting what International Relations truly means for the states and for global political actors. ; Siempre habrá dos historias que contar de las relaciones internacionales. Una que explique estructuras y procesos, y otra que comprenda las acciones de los individuos y de los agregados sociales. Pero siempre ha sido la primera de estas historias la que ha dominado la disciplina, olvidando los significados que las relaciones internacionales tienen para los Estados y para otros actores de la política mundial.
The Nancy N. Boothe papers, 1980-2009 [bulk 1990-1997], are composed of articles, notes, reports and a wide variety of feminist publications. Much of the material documents the U.N. Fourth World Conference on Women, which Ms. Boothe attended as Executive Director of Atlanta's Feminist Women's Health Center. Artifacts, artwork and textiles relate to the conference and to other women's and health issues. ; Born in Battles Wharf, Alabama (1948), Nancy N. Boothe graduated from the University of South Alabama as a registered nurse (1971). She received a B.S. in nursing from the Medical College of Georgia (1976), and a master's degree in Counseling from Troy State University [Florida Region] (1981). Boothe served in the U.S. Nurse Corps in the U.S. and Korea (1970-1984), and worked as clinical director and consultant at a number of health facilities in Louisiana and Florida. She became Executive Director of the Atlanta Feminist Women's Health Center in 1994. In 1995, she attended the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, China, where she taught the workshop, ""GYN Self-Help."" Boothe has served on the boards of All Women's Health Services in Portland and Eugene, Oregon; the Sexual Assault Center, Atlanta, Georgia; and the Jeanette Rankin Foundation, Athens, Georgia. She is also a member of the Feminist Majority Foundation's ""Women's Commission for Congressional Oversight"" and A.P.D. Citizen Review Panel.; Founded in California in 1971 by Carol Downer (1933-) and Lorraine Rothman (1932-2007), the Feminist Women's Health Center was established to empower women through self-knowledge, education and self-help groups. The Atlanta Feminist Women's Health Center was established in 1977. Its mission is to ""provide accessible, comprehensive gynecological healthcare to all who need it without judgment. As innovative healthcare leaders, [they] work collaboratively within [their] community and nationally to promote reproductive health, rights and justice. [They] advocate for wellness, uncensored health information and fair public policies by educating the larger community and empowering [their] clients to make their own decisions.""; The United Nations convened the Fourth World Conference on Women, September 4-15, 1995, in Beijing, China, with a Platform for Action that aimed at achieving greater equality and opportunity for women. Three previous World Conferences were held in Mexico City (International Women's Year, 1975), Copenhagen (1980) and Nairobi (1985). 189 governments and more than 5,000 representatives from 2,100 non-governmental organizations participated in the Beijing Conference. The principal themes were the advancement and empowerment of women in relation to women's human rights, women and poverty, women and decision-making, the girl-child, violence against women and other areas of concern. The resulting documents of the Conference are The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. The U.N. Fourth World Conference on Women manifested a global women's movement for change and has been called ""the Woodstock of the women's movement.""; The World Conference on Women was also accompanied by an informal meeting (August 30-September 8) of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). This NGO Forum on Women, Beijing '95, brought together thousands of women from around the world to exchange information and ideas, celebrate women's achievements and contributions and draw attention and develop solutions to discrimination facing women world-wide.
El embajador Ortiz de Rozas analiza los cambios notables que produjo en el escenario internacional los acontecimientos trágicos producto de los atentados terroristas del 11 de setiembre pasado. Resaltando sobre todo los ocurridos en la politica exterior norteamericana, en particular las relaciones con Rusia, China y la India. Finalmente se resalta las consecuencias que para el permanente conflico de Medio Oriente tuvo el discurso del presidente Bush ante Naciones Unidas. ; Ambassador Ortiz de Rozas analyses the remarkable changes in the international scene since the tragic events involved in the terrorist attack of last 11 September. In doing so, he particularly highlights American foreign policy, especially as it comes to its connection with Russia, China and India. Finally, he mentions the consequences of Bush´s speech at the UN in relation to the permanent conflict in the Middle East. ; Sección Estudios. ; Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales (IRI)
Les Etats en développement ont consenti de nombreuses dettes, surtout depuis le début des années 1980, à l'égard des créanciers publics. Ceuxci peuvent être soit des Etats soit des Institutions Financières Internationales. Cela étant, quelque soit ce débiteur public, ces dernières vont intervenir de manière plus ou moins directe, en devenant progressivement des interlocuteurs incontournables de toute tentative de renégociation, voire d'annulation de la dite dette. Cette omniprésence n'est pas sans susciter de nombreuses interrogations quant à son objet et sa nature. C'est particulièrement le cas de la nature politique des régimes des Etats endettés. En effet, la démocratisation de ces Etats est devenue, de manière discutable, à la fois un moyen et une finalité de l'intervention des Institutions Financières, comme le montre l'Initiative Pour les Pays Pauvres Très Endettés. Dès lors, la question est de savoir si l'annulation totale est envisageable ou une chimère? DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22518/16578953.739
