Dos años después del inicio de la catastrófica pandemia de covid-19, el Índice de Percepción de la Corrupción (CPI) advierte que el nivel de corrupción se encuentra estancado en todo el mundo. A pesar de sus compromisos sobre el papel, 131 países no han registrado ningún avance significativo en la última década, y este año 27 países se encuentran en el nivel más bajo de su trayectoria. Al mismo tiempo, los derechos humanos y la democracia se ven amenazados en todo el planeta. Con una puntuación media de 43 por tercer año consecutivo, los países de las Américas están paralizados en la lucha contra la corrupción. A pesar de tener un amplio desarrollo legislativo y un compromiso regional para luchar contra este mal, la corrupción en las Américas continúa debilitando la democracia y los derechos humanos. Los resultados del IPC2021 para El Salvador, indican que se mantiene un estancamiento en la lucha contra la corrupción: desde el año 2012 no se superan los 40 puntos. El país se ubica por debajo del promedio global. La atención sanitaria por la COVID-19 ha facilitado un clima de opacidad y afectación al derecho de acceso a la información pública. De igual forma, durante el último año se ha continuado con las medidas de cooptación de las instituciones de control. En general, los resultados para el año 2021, revelan que los niveles de corrupción se han mantenido en los últimos diez años, en medio de un entorno de abusos a los derechos humanos y deterioro de la democracia. Este año, los resultados del Índice de Percepción de la Corrupción indican que los países que protegen adecuadamente las libertades civiles y políticas suelen controlar mejor la corrupción. Las libertades fundamentales de asociación y expresión son esenciales en la lucha por un mundo libre de corrupción.
The article aims to describe and analyse international relations debates, focusing on the contributions that feminisms make to the field as one of the dissident currents and reflectivist approaches -especially in its postcolonial/decolonial formulations. The methodology used is qualitative, and a specific bibliography is reviewed in order to examine the current discussions in the discipline, the confrontations within feminisms in IR, as well as their contributions. Moreover, we will look at the revision that Latin American and Caribbean decolonial feminism has instigated, considering the importance of intersectionality for expanding disciplinary boundaries. The text is articulated around the following questions: What debates run through the contemporary disciplinary field? What do the approaches of feminisms, within this framework, question and propose? What methodologies and notions do they introduce in IR studies? Which contributions are made by Latin American and Caribbean feminism? Thus, specific methodological and epistemological issues illuminated by feminisms in IR, such as the body politics,the micropolitics approach, and the focus on everyday practices,are given particular consideration. Solomon & Steele (2016) affirm that it "is only now — with increasing shifts to the micro — that academic IR has begun to (re)discover the lives and people of global politics, and to breathe life back into a field that grand theory mostly neglected". Every life of any person around the world should be recognized; there is no international system or society without the actions and practices of ordinary people. In this regard, feminisms have been key introductions into the field of IR, along with poststructuralism and postcolonialism, which are regular research instruments in disciplines like anthropology or sociology. For instance, ethnographic studies or participant observation are techniques that support the turns and innovations mentioned above. This framework is fundamental to make gender differences visible from an intersectional perspective. Postcolonial/decolonial feminism concentrates their studies on that difference, especially considering its links with other inequalities and concrete oppressions: e.g. in relation to race, ethnicity, religion, class, and nationality. In Latin America and the Caribbean, this perspective takes on an added relevance, and gives rise in this text to the problematization of its entanglement with human rights; the relationship between women, work and racialization; inequalities and violence; together with their links with global neoliberalism. In this respect, the article gives a comprehensive account of the main issues tackled by feminisms in the region, such as women's positions during the colonization period, and the multiple forms of violence related to their role. For instance, there is the importance of state responsibility in femicides, and the internal colonization and the neglect of diversity in national (plurinational) societies. These are performed by academia and social movements, particularly so in Western (white) feminist perspectives. The text is divided into three sections. Firstly, the framework of current IR debates is established, the differences between feminisms in IR and their classifications are described, and the theoretical contributions that these approaches have made to the discipline through methodological instruments such as micropolitics, corporeality and the practices of everyday life are elaborated. In the words of Enloe (2007, p.100) "Feminism is a multidimensional yet coherent worldview. Feminism is an achieved mosaic of understandings, yet it is still unfolding. […] feminism is a complex set of understandings about how power operates, how power is legitimized and how power is perpetuated". Regardless of which perspective within feminism is being highlighted, some fundamental common issues will appear: neoliberalism and patriarchy are two of them, but also violence against women, gender identities and rights, exploitation, public and private spheres distinctions, etc. Then, the particularities of decolonial feminisms in Latin America and the Caribbean, along with their intersectional look at the field, are discussed: the question of subalternity, difference and neoliberalism, the concrete forms they acquire in the Global South and in the region. Moreover, the relevance of the link between neoliberalism and patriarchy is brought into consideration as a research topic shared by different feminist perspectives. In this respect, we name some authors form the region that propose feminist genealogic studies (Ciriza, 2015; Parra, 2021). As Marchand (2013, p.64) explains, the opportunities of a young middle-class woman with a university education are greater than those of a 65-year-old indigenous man with little formal education and a peasant life. While obviously not in a dominant position in society and the labour market, the young woman still has a privileged position with respect to the indigenous. These differences are invisible in the rational mainstream, and also in liberal -and some socialist or poststructuralist- feminisms. Some particular research is mentioned to show how the body politics, micropolitical approaches, and the practice turn are effectively used in IR studies, with innovative techniques oriented towards ethnographic studies and participated action. For instance, the examination of global women (and gender diversities), migration and mobility are illuminated by focusing in particular case: women from Guerrero in Texas (Muñoz y Mendoza, 2018). Also, the incidences of sexual violence in the conflict in Guatemala is brought to light through the voices of the Maya women survivors and thanks to the research of Fulchiron (2016). This research emphasises the use of the femininized body as a war instrument. In addition, this paper mentions the contribution that Latin American and Caribbean feminisms have made to the field of human rights, especially through the participation in international organizations such as OAS and UN. (Barrancos, 2021; Chiarotti Boero, 2021) Considering all the above mentioned, we state that critical and intersectional feminisms allow us to think IR as a diverse field, with true planetary scope, and capable of recovering the importance of the well-being and daily lives of people. Finally, the conclusions are presented with possible relevant lines for future research (ecofeminism and the Latin American approaches to it). Dissident contributions in IR, in general, call into question the mainstream, giving rise in recent years to alternative, peripheral and silenced voices through postcolonial studies (decoloniality) and the feminisms, amongst others. These voices of difference generate discussion beyond hegemonic perspectives, producing key contributions for the continued interrogation of the discipline. These voices, for instance from Latin America and the Caribbean, draw on their own worldviews, along with traditional and popular knowledge. This assists in the promotion of new approaches and value situated, plural, intersectional and corporeized knowledges. ; El artículo se propone describir y analizar los debates en la disciplina de las Relaciones Internacionales (RRII), focalizando en los aportes que los feminismos hacen al campo como corriente disidente, y en especial, en sus vertientes postcoloniales/decoloniales. Con una metodología cualitativa, se revisa bibliografía específica que permite dar cuenta de las discusiones actuales en la disciplina, las confrontaciones al interior de los feminismos en RRII y sus contribuciones, y, en ese plano, se repasan los aportes propios del feminismo decolonial latinoamericano y caribeño, considerando el señalamiento sobre la interseccionalidad realizada por este. Así, se examinan cuestiones metodológicas y epistemológicas concretas como la cuestión del cuerpo, los estudios desde la micropolítica y el foco en las prácticas cotidianas de las personas, iluminadas por los feminismos en las RRII. Ese marco es fundamental para visibilizar las diferencias de género desde una perspectiva interseccional, que desde el feminismo postcolonial/decolonial se concentra en sus vínculos con otras desigualdades y opresiones (raza, origen, clase social, entre otras). En América Latina y el Caribe esta mirada adquiere una relevancia distintiva y da lugar en este escrito a la problematización de sus vínculos con los derechos humanos, con las desigualdades y las violencias, y sus articulaciones con el neoliberalismo transnacionalizado. El texto se divide en tres apartados: primero, en el marco de los debates actuales del campo de estudio, se revisan los aportes de los feminismos en las RRII y se describen las diferencias al interior de estos. En particular, se indican como contribuciones teórico-metodológicas de los enfoques feministas a las RRII aquellos estudios basados en la micropolítica, la corporeidad y las prácticas de la vida cotidiana. Luego, se tratan las particularidades de los feminismos decoloniales en América Latina y el Caribe y su mirada interseccional en el campo: la cuestión de la subalternidad, la diferencia, la inequidad y el neoliberalismo, las formas concretas que adquieren en el Sur Global y en la región. Por último, se presentan las conclusiones con posibles líneas relevantes para futuras investigaciones. Los aportes disidentes en las RRII, en general, ponen en cuestión la corriente principal, dando lugar en los últimos años a voces alternativas, periféricas y silenciadas a través de los estudios postcoloniales (decolonialidad) y los feminismos, entre otros. Son esas voces de la diferencia las que presentan discusión a las perspectivas hegemónicas, produciendo contribuciones claves para continuar pensando la disciplina; en América Latina y el Caribe esto se realiza desde cosmovisiones propias, que buscan amalgamar saberes tradicionales y populares, propiciar nuevos enfoques y valorizar un conocimiento situado, interseccional, plural y corporeizado.
Cuando Cuba entra en el año 2022, se avecinan crisis económicas y tensiones sociales. Este capítulo hace un recorrido por las dificultades externas que interactúan con los asuntos domésticos de la isla y los refuerzan. Más allá de la situación inmediata, reflexiona sobre las restricciones y las presiones internacionales subyacentes que configurarán las opciones para la nación cubana durante la próxima década. El análisis abarca las relaciones de Cuba con los Estados Unidos y con la Unión Europea, así como con Venezuela, México, China, Rusia y Canadá, y plantea en qué medida las vacunas contra la COVID-19 fabricadas en Cuba pueden relanzar la proyección del poder blando del país. Desde una perspectiva comparada, el régimen isleño y su perfil internacional siguen siendo en muchos sentidos diferentes de cualquier otro, y los esquemas predictivos basados en analogías falsas corren el riesgo de inducir a errores.
The Anthropocene as a new epoch brings into question the traditional modes of conceptualising International Relations. We believe that it does this by forcing students and practitioners of International Relations to think through how the discipline works as a set of ideas and practices, in fact, as a way of understanding the nature of problems and policymaking per se. As a discipline, International Relations is particularly sensitive to the questioning of the problematics of human exceptionalism, rationalist problem-solving and liberal modernist imaginaries of progress, which have shaped the agendas of international peace, development and democracy. Beyond the dark days of the Cold War, when International Relations was essentially a strategic exercise of Realpolitik, the discipline has staked a lot on the basis that Enlightenment liberalism is the universal panacea to human ills and that irrational structures or agencies can be civilised or tamed to further the interests of humanity, both in national or global regimes of good governance and the rule of law. These dreams of liberal universal solutions appear to have run aground in the Anthropocene as the last decade has marked a shift away from universal, modernist or 'linear' understandings of power and agency. In a world, construed as more complex, contingent and relational and replete with crises and unpredicted 'tipping points', traditional assumptions are up-ended and unintended consequences seem more relevant than 'good intentions'. Concomitantly, the methodological focus has switched away from understanding the essence of entities and towards privileging the analysis of relations, networks and contexts. Key to this has been debates focused around climate change and global warming which explicitly cast policy problems not as external threats to the 'good life' (that requires securing) but as instead questioning the starting assumptions of separations between inside/ outside, humanity/ nature, solutions/ problems and referents/ threats. This elicits a very ...
For some time, the theoretical debate in international relations has occupied an ambiguous place in the discipline. For some, the remarkable diversity of theoretical production expresses the dynamism of a field that has grown thanks to its capacity for dialogue with a wide range of disciplines from the humanities and social sciences, and even the exact sciences. Others, however, see this process as a symptom of the decline of the discipline, reflected in its fragmentation and inability to produce a more or less coherent (or consensual) set of research problems. We could also mention a current of opinion that sees the supposed exhaustion of International Relations as a process that we should not regret, since the evolution of the field would be irremediably associated with a colonial power project that produced unequal and discriminatory world orders. For the latter, the theories of International Relations offer few possibilities for the construction of a critique of world politics and, therefore, would not deserve significant intellectual investment. This view echoes the controversial debate about the 'end of IR theory' waged in the pages of the European Journal of International Relations in 2013 (Dunne, Hansen, and Wight 2013). This declaration of death seems premature, yet the current state of the debate may suggest a fund of truth for pessimistic assessments. Had the 'critical turn' project fallen victim to its own success? Has the drive towards greater theoretical pluralism produced a fragmentation that impedes the evolution of the discipline? Has the critique of the limits of international studies - in particular its supposed universality - compromised our ability to think of the international as a planetary political space? This diffuse dissatisfaction with international theoretical work has a very broad scope, reaching both Anglo-American and continental European academic cultures and the many other continents where research in International Relations is conducted today, testifying to the increasingly ...
ADVOCATUS had the chance to interview Denise García, a Brazilian expert on international relations, about the development of international cooperation and the role that the Law plays in it. García is a PhD on International Relations by the Institut des Hautes Études Internationales et du Développement of Geneva, and currently holds tenure at Northeastern University in Boston, teaching in the Department of Political Science and the program of International Affairs. In the following lines, Dr. García develops her vision on the current international relations, the importance of international relations in the efforts to defeat the COVID-19 pandemic, the role that the private sector plays in the geopolitical scenario, the main challenges that the international community faces and how International Law is the underlying thread in the cooperation among the different actors, public and private. ; En la presente ocasión, ADVOCATUS tuvo la oportunidad de entrevistar a Denise García, experta brasileña en relaciones internacionales, sobre el desarrollo de la cooperación internacional y el rol que el Derecho juega en ella. García es doctora en Relaciones Internacionales por el Institut des Hautes Études Internationales et du Développement de Ginebra, y actualmente dicta en el Departamento de Ciencias Políticas y en el Programa de Asuntos Internacionales de Northeastern University en Boston, Estados Unidos. En las siguientes líneas, la doctora García desarrolla su visión sobre la actualidad de las relaciones internacionales, el papel que los privados juegan en el escenario geopolítico, la importancia de las relaciones internacionales en los esfuerzos para vencer la pandemia de la COVID-19, los principales desafíos que la comunidad internacional enfrenta y cómo el Derecho Internacional es el hilo conductor de la cooperación entre los diferentes actores, estatales y privados.
The main motivation that guides this article is the need to contribute to broadening and deepening the objects of study addressed by feminist perspectives in international relations. This is for two related reasons: firstly, to contribute to the process of ontological revisionism of the discipline that has been inaugurated by these kinds of approaches; and, secondly, to contribute to the visibility of international practices and dynamics that perpetuate logics of subordination and exclusion towards different corporeality based on the matrix of colonial, capitalist and patriarchal domination. This article departs from the premise that international cooperation is a complex and multidimensional object of study that has historically been approached by the liberal tradition of international relations (Pereyra Rodríguez, 2014). Gradually, different approaches to the discipline began to inquire about the motives, procedures and outcomes as a result of the growing importance that these interactions acquired as fundamental dynamics of international relations. In the framework of the academic literature on feminisms, international cooperation has received less attention with respect to another set of processes associated with development, conflicts, and peace and security. In this sense, the purpose of this article is to contribute to the problematization of international cooperation from feminist perspectives broadly, and from decolonial feminism in particular. This will be done in a systematic way based on the methodology of documentary review. It is important to state that in the field of international relations, feminist perspectives express a "set of ideas woven around the critique of patriarchal values and dynamics on which states and global societies were structured" (Villarroel Peña, 2007, p. 66). According to the author, the new approaches implied a series of disruptions in the ontological, epistemological and methodological dimensions that, consequently, motivated the formulation of new models of knowledge production. In such context of emergence, feminist perspectives were considered dissident proposals in relation to the traditional mainstream theoretical schools because they aimed to highlight the insufficiency of paradigmatic investigations of the discipline that had been based on a partial and not neutral approach of international dynamics and practices (Villarroel Peña, 2007; Salomón, 2002). In order to achieve the proposed aim, in the first section of this article, the general panorama in which gender studies in the Social Sciences was inserted shall be described. Likewise, the conditions of emergence and enunciation of feminisms in the discipline of international relations will be addressed, and their main ontological, epistemological and methodological contributions will be made explicit. In the second section, the specificity of the situated narrative of decolonial feminisms, understood as a disruption of the homogenizing and falsely universalistic postulates of hegemonic feminisms, will be analyzed. Based on the guidelines offered by the first two sections, the third section will inquire into the implications of international cooperation for feminisms in general, and decolonial feminisms in particular. The goal here is to elucidate to what extent a perpetuating mechanism of asymmetries is expressed, and how it is possible to overcome patriarchal logics from an emancipatory perspective. Finally, brief conclusions will be shared. In summary, some relevant conclusions have been found through the elaboration of the article. In the first place, it is important to note that, although international cooperation does not represent the object of study most in-depth analyzed by feminist perspectives in international relations, this focus is fundamental for the same two reasons that justify this article. That is, due to the need to contribute to the ontological revisionism of the discipline, and the need to make visible the ways in which international practices and dynamics perpetuate logics of subordination and exclusion towards different corporeality based on the matrix of colonial, capitalist and patriarchal domination. Secondly, the study of international cooperation from perspectives –like feminism- that seek to contribute to the transformation of unequal and hierarchical gender social relations is fundamental not only in academic terms, but also in a practical way. Indeed, the combination of research and political activism promulgated by feminisms should radiate in the elucidation of the practices and dynamics of international cooperation because it is precisely in this field that important opportunities can be detected to make visible and socialize conditions of existence, resistance and struggle shared between different social groups located in different places. In effect, research must be thought of as an inessential component of political practices inasmuch as it offers horizontal action guidelines, and as it contributes to identifying the perpetuation of mechanisms that reproduce asymmetric logics in an androcentric, cisgeneric and colonial way. Thirdly, intersectionality -such a significant category for feminist approaches- can become a central hermeneutical perspective to formulate instances of international cooperation that are devised in a respectful way with the particularities of local identities, interests and expectations. Likewise, it can be shown that it allows for the provision of pragmatic content to the decolonial strategy of building alliances between social groups to promote demands that were historically invisibilized. In short, it has been demonstrated that international cooperation itself does not represent a sign of progress, evolution or emancipation. On the contrary, we state that it is a mere interaction whose content and planning must be based on the capacity of agency of local actors, and whose development must be in accordance with the particularities expressed by each social group. In addition, feminist criticisms of the ways in which international cooperation was traditionally conducted should not be limited to advocating a greater incorporation of female officials as the ultimate goal of the demands. Indeed, recovering the criticism directed towards hegemonic feminism, particular attention should be paid to promoting pinkwashing initiatives that in no way contribute to dismantling the underlying problems that emerge from the matrix of colonial, capitalist and patriarchal domination. On the contrary, it is emphasized that international cooperation should only be a possibility in so far as it is structured on the basis of the demands of the groups involved. In this sense, initiatives must be bottom-up, and should be respectful of local identities and expectations. Lastly, we can conclude that as long as international cooperation initiatives are not structured in a situated and contextual way, it will be very unlikely that collective emancipation strategies can be articulated. Moreover, this will only contribute to reaffirming the reproductive mechanisms of gender asymmetries in the international system. Contributions from decolonial feminisms, therefore, are essential to generate limitations to the reproduction of unequal and hierarchical gender social relations both in the areas of international cooperation policy formulation, and that of theory formulation. ; La motivación principal que orienta el presente artículo está justificada por la necesidad de contribuir a ampliar y profundizar los objetos de estudio abordados por las perspectivas feministas en Relaciones Internacionales por dos motivos: en primer lugar, para coadyuvar al proceso de revisionismo ontológico de la disciplina inaugurado por esta clase de enfoques; y, en segundo lugar, para aportar a la visibilización pragmática de prácticas y dinámicas internacionales que perpetúan lógicas de subordinación y exclusión hacia distintas corporalidades en base a la matriz de dominación colonial, capitalista y patriarcal. Se parte de la premisa de que la cooperación internacional representa una interacción básica de las relaciones internacionales y que, en el marco de la literatura académica de los feminismos recibió menor atención con respecto a otro conjunto de procesos asociados con el desarrollo, los conflictos, la paz y la seguridad. En tal sentido, el propósito del presente artículo consiste en contribuir a la problematización de la cooperación internacional desde las perspectivas feministas de manera general y de los feminismos decoloniales de modo particular de forma sistematizada a partir de una metodología de revisión documental. Para poder dar cuenta de ello, en la primera sección se describirá el panorama general en el que se insertaron los estudios de género en las Ciencias Sociales. Asimismo, se abordarán las condiciones de emergencia y enunciación de los feminismos en la disciplina de las Relaciones Internacionales y se explicitarán sus principales aportes ontológicos, epistemológicos y metodológicos. En la segunda sección, se analizará la especificidad de la narrativa situada de los feminismos decoloniales entendida como una ruptura hacia los postulados homogeneizantes y falsamente pretendidos universalistas de los feminismos hegemónicos. En base a los lineamientos ofrecidos por las dos primeras secciones, en la tercera sección se indagará acerca de las implicancias de la cooperación internacional para los feminismos de manera general y de los feminismos decoloniales de modo particular con el propósito de dilucidar en qué medida se expresa un mecanismo perpetuador de asimetrías y de qué forma es posible lograr una superación de las lógicas patriarcales en clave emancipatoria. Finalmente, se compartirán unas breves conclusiones.
After the fall of the Cold War, many theories tried to explain the changes that the world was experiencing. One of the most fruitful was the one posed by G. John Ikenberry, stipulating the victory of an international liberal order. The author deemed back then, that the order was greatly expanding and would have a promissory future. However, different perspectives and facts have emerged over time, justifying a revision of the main tenets of the order as well as the way it could evolve in light of current experiences and visions. ; Luego del fin de la Guerra Fría numerosas teorías trataron de explicar los cambios que el mundo estaba experimentando. Una de las más fructíferas fue la presentada por G. John Ikenberry, la cual estipulaba la victoria de un orden liberal internacional. El autor estimaba en ese entonces que el orden estaba en expansión y que tendría un futuro promisorio. Sin embargo, diferentes perspectivas y hechos emergieron con el paso del tiempo, justificando una revisión de los postulados principales de este orden, así como de la manera en la que puede evolucionar a la luz de las experiencias y visiones del presente.
The aim of the article is to discuss the methodological problems and foundations of private international law. The existence of legislative diversity imposes the needto find an adequate solution to factual assumptions with foreign elements; throughout history and Comparative Law it has been possible to give answers, but they are not the same everywhere, therefore, it hasbeen sought to achieve a unification which has not been easy. As for the content, the research is based on legal texts such as the National Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela(1999), the Venezuelan Private International Law Law Law Law, and the doctrine of authors such as Guerra (2007), among others. From the methodological point of view, the research is ofa documentary type, since it was based on the collection, analysis and interpretation of the data contained in legal documents and doctrine. The results showed that, at present, there is a predominance of the bilateral method, which derives from the functioning of bilateral conflictrules. ; El objetivo del artículo consiste en debatir los problemas metodológicos y los fundamentos del derecho internacional privado. La existencia de la diversidad legislativa impone la necesidad de encontrar una solución adecuada a los supuestos de hecho con elementos extranjeros; a través de la historia y del Derecho Comparado ha sido posible dar respuestas, pero las mismas no son iguales en todas partes, por lo tanto, se ha buscado lograr una unificación la cual no ha sido fácil. En cuanto al contenido, la investigación se apoya en textos legales como la Constitución Nacional de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela (1999), Ley de Derecho Internacional Privado Venezolana, y la doctrina de autores como Guerra (2007), entre otros. Desde el punto de vista metodológico la investigación es de tipo documental, ya que se basó en la recolección, análisis e interpretación de los datos contentivos en documentos legales y en la doctrina. Los resultados demostraron que, en la actualidad, hay un predominio del método bilateral, el cual deriva del funcionamiento de las normas de conflictos bilaterales.
Premio extraordinario de Trabajo Fin de Máster curso 2018/2019. Máster en Traducción Especializada (Inglés / Francés / Alemán - Español) ; La traducción agrícola es un campo que cada día se extiende más derivado de las relaciones comerciales entre países; sin embargo, no cuenta con estudios traductológicos suficientes que puedan auxiliar a los traductores, intérpretes o profesionales del derecho interesados en ampliar sus conocimientos en el ámbito agrícola. En el presente trabajo nos hemos permitido realizar una propuesta para definir «la traducción agrícola», se ha analizado la estructura y el lenguaje de los Reglamentos en el área del Derecho Agrícola Internacional elaborados por el Parlamento Europeo y el Consejo de la Unión Europea utilizando un corpus paralelo (inglés – español) con la finalidad de proporcionar una mejor comprensión de los apartados que los conforman y, del mismo modo, facilitar un glosario de la terminología especializada utilizada en su redacción. Aunque es poca la información al respecto, con un buen trabajo de documentación en sitios web, glosarios, tesauros y sobre todo textos paralelos fue posible la creación del glosario de terminología agrícola. Es importante mencionar que este trabajo no representa la solución a la falta de estudios sobre la traducción agrícola pero sí se espera contribuir en el campo, además de concienciar a otros traductores o expertos en cuanto a la necesidad de profundizar en el tema. ; Agricultural translation is a field that every day extends more derived from trade relations between countries; however, it does not have sufficient translation studies that can help translators, interpreters or legal professionals interested in expanding their knowledge in the agricultural field. In this work we have allowed ourselves to make a proposal to define "Agricultural Translation"; likewise, we have analyzed the structure and terminology of the Regulations in the area of International Agricultural Law elaborated by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union using a parallel corpus (English - Spanish) in order to provide a better understanding of the sections that make them up and, by the same token, provide a glossary of the specialized terminology used in its writing. Although there is little information about it, with a good documentation work on websites, glossaries, thesauri and especially parallel texts it was possible to create a glossary of "Agricultural Terminology". It is important to mention that this work does not represent the solution to the lack of studies on agricultural translation but it is expected to contribute in the field and also contribute to raise awareness of other translators or experts regarding the need to deepen the subject.
El presente artículo realiza un estudio de los condicionamientos formales y materialesque impone la Constitución cubana respecto a la celebración de tratados internacionales. Con este propósito se examinan los límites establecidos para la conclusión de todotipo de acuerdos por parte del Estado cubano valorando las causas de la existencia yaplicación de tales condicionamientos, así como los efectos que generan y su relativacorrespondencia con los principios internacionalmente reconocidos por el Derecho deTratados. El punto de partida es histórico pero interesa esencialmente el sistema de laactual Constitución vigente desde 1976, por medio del análisis de contenido categorialde sus normas, que permite su interpretación en relación con el contexto de la disposición jurídica en sí misma y con su contexto social específico. ; The present article realizes a study of the formal and material conditionings thatthe Cuban Constitution imposes with regard to the celebration of internationalagreements. With this intent the established limits are examined for the conclusionof all kinds of agreements on the part of the Cuban State valuing the reasons ofthe existence and application of such conditionings, as well as the effects thatthey generate and its relative correspondence with the principles internationallyrecognized by the Law of Treaties. The point of item is historical but the essentialinterest is to concentrate on the system of the current in force Constitution from 1976by means of the analysis of content of its procedure that its interpretation allows inrelation with the context of the juridical disposition and its social specific context.
International anti-corruption missions are a novel tool for those countries affected by corruption and the infiltration of illicit networks in the public sector. These missions are established upon an agreement between a State and an international organization for the identification and dismantling of illicit networks, as well as to receive international technical support in the fight against corruption. This research examines the failures of institutionalization of anti-corruption public policies that were diffused by international missions and, therefore, tests the causal relationship through the design of public policies and process tracing. The theoretical causal mechanism consists, first, in the analysis of the configuration of the anti-corruption agenda; second, the formulation of the anti-corruption public policy; third, the failure of institutional change to disarticulate networks; fourth, the dilemmas in political interactions in transparencyand therefore, the result is the failure of policy institutionalization and the deficit of accountability. In particular, the case of the International Commission Against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG) established by the government of Guatemala and the United Nations from 2007 until its dissolution in 2019 will be discussed in this work. This case is significant for analyzing the role and impact of international missions as an anti-corruption tool for States. This research shows that these missions have a dilemma of institutionalization of policies in the beneficiary country due to problems of continuity with respect to the design and context of policies, mutation of corruption networks in the public system and their limits of intervention in restructuring the State. ; Las misiones internacionales contra la corrupción son una herramienta novedosa para países afectados por graves casos de corrupción y por la infiltración de redes ilícitas en el sector público. Estas misiones se establecen tras un acuerdo entre un Estado y una organización internacional para la identificación y la desarticulación de las redes ilícitas, así como para recibir apoyo técnico internacional en la lucha contra la corrupción. En esta investigación se examinan las fallas de institucionalización de las políticas públicas anticorrupción difundidas por las misiones internacionales y se comprueba la relación causal a través del diseño de políticas públicas y process tracing. El mecanismo causal teórico consiste, primero, en el análisis desde la configuración de la agenda contra la corrupción; segundo, la formulación de la política pública anticorrupción; tercero, el fallo en el cambio institucional para desarticular redes; cuarto, los dilemas en interacciones políticas en transparencia; lo anterior da como resultado la falla en la institucionalización de políticas y el déficit de controles democráticos. En particular, se trata el caso de la Comisión Internacional Contra la Impunidad en Guatemala (CICIG) establecida por el gobierno de Guatemala y las Naciones Unidas desde el año 2007 hasta su disolución en 2019. Este caso es significativo para analizar el rol e impacto de misiones internacionales como una herramienta anticorrupción para los Estados. En esta investigación se demuestra que estas misiones poseen un dilema de institucionalización de políticas en el país beneficiario por problemas de continuidad respecto al diseño y el contexto de políticas, mutación de las redes de corrupción en el sistema público y por sus límites de intervención en la reestructuración institucional del Estado.
This paper describes the evolution and challenges of international accounting regulation from a personal reflection. A documentary review of the international accounting regulation was carried out based on the content analysis technique through a qualitative methodological strategy with a descriptive and reflective approach (Galeano, 2018). The main challenges include the issuance of high-quality standards for the disclosure of sustainability in organizations, the establishment of a single set of global accounting standards, and the accounting education in a fourth industrial revolution background. Such challenges require the political will of the actors involved (regulators, governments and academia) to assume relevant regulatory developments to meet the demands of organizations, countries and society. ; Se describe la evolución y retos de la regulación contable internacional, desde una reflexión personal. Mediante estrategia metodológica de carácter cualitativo, con enfoque descriptivo y reflexivo (Galeano, 2018), se realizó una revisión documental de la regulación contable internacional, con base en la técnica de análisis de contenido. Los principales retos incluyen la emisión de estándares de alta calidad para la revelación de la sostenibilidad en las organizaciones, el establecimiento de un único conjunto de normas de contabilidad globales, formación de los contadores públicos en un entorno de cuarta revolución industrial. Tales retos requieren voluntad política de los actores involucrados (emisores, reguladores regionales, gobiernos y academia) para asumir desarrollos normativos pertinentes a las exigencias de organizaciones, países y sociedad en general.
This paper combines reference point techniques and econometric analyses to provide the profile of non-life insurers that simultaneously optimize the strategic growth, profitability, and risk goals. The econometric analyses provide the relevant relations among the variables. Non-life insurers from 33 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries over a six-year period are analyzed. A cluster analysis allows forming groups of countries according to the non-life insurance penetration ratio. Several scenarios, which are characterized by the maturity of the market and the crisis/non-crisis situation, are studied. The results indicate that the highest level of profitability (growth) is linked to scenarios with a medium (low) level of maturity and booming times. They also show that the lowest level of risk that is representative of good performance is associated with scenarios where markets have a high level of maturity and crisis times. We find that a higher recommendable size is associated with more mature markets. The results also indicate that reinsurance utilization is linked to a crisis time. We additionally find that the recommendable level of capitalization differs significantly among scenarios. ; This research was partially funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness(Project PID2019-104263RB-C42), the Spanish Ministry of Science, Technology, and Universities (Project RTI2018-097620-B-100), the Regional Government of Andalucía (Project P18-RT-1566),and by the EU ERDF operative program (Project UMA18-FEDERJA-065).The Open Access publication has been funded by the University of Málaga (Spain) and by theCBUA.
International Relations has been developed on a set of well-known narrative myths. On the one hand, there is the formal beginning of the discipline in 1919, its universal character, the organization of theoretical discussions around four great debates, and the recent end of great theories. On the other hand, there is the formation of the international system based on sovereign states, its anarchic condition, the difference between the international sphere and domestic politics, and the distancing of the social world characterized by situations of class, race, and gender. These components constitute the core of the standard Western narrative on which the discipline is based. Some critics of Western and Westphalian centrism in International Relations have emerged with increasing frequency in the literature, making themselves explicit in numerous evaluations drawn up within the framework of the supposed centenary of the discipline. However, due to the predominantly Anglo-Saxon character of the discipline, these debates have not equally spread over the Spanish-speaking academy. Recognizing this pending challenge, this article intends to organize some of the recent discussions on the subject and to incorporate some considerations about the main conditions of knowledge production in the International Relations field. To do this, it is based on the premise of the imposition of the dominant academic and intellectual Atlantic order (Arenal, 2004). To achieve the proposed objectives, tools of qualitative methodology are used. Specific and recent bibliography related to discussions in the discipline, dedicated to question the foundations of International Relations and their current challenges, is reviewed. Moreover, some relevant approaches to the main components of the standard Western narrative, the central core of the discipline's mainstream, are systematized. In turn, the recent theoretical contributions of Acharya (2012) and Rosenberg (2016) are introduced, which propose alternative categories to define "the ...