XII. JAHRGANG, 1907 Oberösterreichische Bauzeitung (-) XII. Jahrgang, 1907 (XII. JG., 1907) ( - ) Titelseite ( - ) Inhalts-Verzeichnis. ( - ) XII. Jahrgang, Nr. 1. Linz, 1. Jänner 1907. (Nr. 1. 1907.) ([1]) Inhalt. ([1]) Die neue Militär-Unterrealschule in Enns ([1]) Lokale Baunotizen. (2) Neujahrs-Refelxionen. Ein Wort in Lehrlingsangelegenheiten. Abgelehntes Bahnbauprojekt. Fabrikszubau. Zum Ausbaue der Steyertalbahn. Fabrikserweiterung. Keramische Fachschule. (2) Badhausbau. (2) Die Fortschritte der Bauarbeiten im Tauerntunnel. Straßenbau. Spitalbau. Eine internationale Ausstellung. Eine Resolution der Bautechniker Österreichs. (3) Aus den Gemeinderats-Sitzungen in Linz (Sitzung vom 19. Dezember.) (3) Vermischtes. (4) Kleinpflaster. (4) Wettbewerb zwischen elektrischen und Dampfbahnen in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika. (4) Der amerikanische Millionär als Kunstfreund. Marmorarbeiten für die Kapkolonie. Zu den Ausgrabungen in Pompeji. In zwei Stunden aus einem Baum eine Zeitung zu machen. (5) Patentliste. Vergebung von Bauarbeiten und Lieferung von Baumaterialien. Offene Stellen. (6) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. (7) Werbung (7) XII. Jahrgang, Nr. 2. Linz, 15. Jänner 1907. (Nr. 2. 1907.) ([9]) Wie baut man einen Eisberg? ([9]) Über Stadterweiterungen. (10) Lokale Baunotizen. (11) Ein Bauherr als Baumeister. Rückblick auf das Jahr 1906. Zur Sicherstellung der Bauforderungen und zum einzuschlagenden Verfahren bei Gemeinde-Offertvergebungen. Umbau des Staatsbahnhofes, Verlegung der Heizhäuser. Errichtung eines Sanatoriums. Villenprojekt. (11) Darlehen zu Bauzwecken. Kanalisierung. Bau eines Sparkassengebäudes. Erbauung eines Heilbades. Gründung einer oberösterreichischen Ziegler-Genossenschaft. Errichtung einer Knaben-Bürgerschule. Erbauung einer Turnhalle. Wasserreinigungsapparate. - Umbau des Wasserturmes. Lieferung von fugenlosen Fußböden. Kommunale Arbeiten. Bauprojekte. Eine nachahmenswerte Beschlußfassung. (12) Aus den Gemeinderats-Sitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 4. Jänner.) (12) Vermischtes. (13) Eine photogtaphische Riesenkamera. (13) Submissionen in Marokko. Pflasterplatten für städtische Straßen. Eine niedliche Illustration von dem Instanzenweg. (14) Die bestohlene Polizei. (14) Patentliste. Vergebung von Bauarbeiten und Lieferung von Baumaterialien. Bücherschau. (15) Werbung (15) XII. Jahrgang, Nr. 3. Linz, 1. Februar 1907. (Nr. 3. 1907.) ([17]) [Plan]: Die Besitzer einer Glasmalerei-Anstalt in Bayern beabsichtigen in Salzburg eine Kunstanstalt für Glasmalerei zu errichten, wozu ein Architekt aus Passau vorstehende Pläne verfaßt hat. ([17]) Zur Neuorganisation des Linzer Stadtbauamtes. ([17]) Die Regelung des Submissionswesens. (18) Sicherung von Bauforderungen. (18) Ideal-Patentfenster. (19) [3 Abb.]: (1)Villa mit Ideal-Patentfenstern. (Flügellose Fenster.) (2)Figur 1. (3)Figur 2. (20) [3 Abb.]: (1)Figur 3. (2)Figur 4. (3)Figur 5. (21) Lokale Baunotizen. (21) Bau einer Badeanstalt. (21) Zum Linzer Bahnhofumbau. (21) Bau eines Bahngebäudes in Linz. Schulhausbau. Zum Bau von Eisenbehältern. Errichtung einer Brettersäge. Hausbauten. Eingesendet. Bahnhofbau. Regulierung. Bau eines Marodenhauses. Baunachrichten aus Tirol. Kasernengebäude. Errichtung eines Elektrizitätswerkes. Aufnahmsgebäude. Bau eines Schutzhauses. Fortschritte der Bauarbeiten im Tauerntunnel. Ein köstliches Submissionsstückchen. (22) Zur Stellung der Techniker. Ein komischer Bericht. (23) Aus den Gemeinderats-Sitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 23. Jänner.) (23) Vermischtes. (24) Die Wasserversorgung von Newyork. (24) Städte, die in einem Tage erbaut wurden. (24) Patentliste. Vergebung von Bauarbeiten und Lieferung von Baumaterialien. Offene Stellen. (25) Bücherschau. (25) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. (26) Werbung (26) XII. Jahrgang, Nr. 4. Linz, 15. Februar 1907. (Nr. 4. 1907.) ([29]) Inhalt. ([29]) Wie sich die Menschen wärmen. ([29]) Neue Vorschriften zur Verhütung des Entstehens von Hausschwamm. (30) Lokale Baunotizen. (30) Zum Bau der Militär-Unterrealschule in Enns. (30) Maschinelle Anlagen und Werkstätteneinrichtungen. Errichtung eines Schwimmbades. Finanzgebäude in Gmunden. Bau eines Musik-Pavillons. Verein der Steinmetzmeister in Wien. Bau einer Tramwy. Bau eines Gymnasiums. Bahnhofbauten. Schulbau. Kirchenbau. Hängegerüste. Schädigung gewisser Gewerbe durch den modernen Stil. (31) Vermischtes. (31) Elektrisches Fernsehen. (31) Ein kulturelles Werk von außerordentlicher Bedeutung. (32) Patentliste. (32) Vergebung von Bauarbeiten und Lieferung von Baumaterialien. (32) Elektromotor. (32) Elektrische Beleuchtung. (32) Zugschranken und Läutewerke. Volksschulbauen. Elektrizitätswerk. Brückenköpfe. Stadtbeleuchtung. Straßen- und Brückenbau. (33) Offene Stellen. (33) Bücherschau. (33) Werbung (34) XII. Jahrgang, Nr. 5. Linz, 1. März 1907. (Nr. 5 1907.) ([37]) Inhalt. ([37]) Organisations-Statut des Stadtbauamtes der Landeshauptstadt Linz. ([37]) § 1. Wirkungskreis und Stellung des Stadtbauamtes. ([37]) § 2. Einteilung des Dienstes. ([37]) § 3. Unterabteilungen des Stadtbauamtes. (38) Wie sich die Menschen wärmen. (Fortsetzung.) (39) Lokale Baunotizen. Aus den Gemeinderats-Sitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 13. Februar.) (40) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. (41) [Tabelle]: Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. (42) Vergebung von Bauarbeiten und Lieferung von Baumaterialien. (42) Werbung (42) XII. Jahrgang, Nr. 6. Linz, 15. März 1907. (Nr. 6 1907.) ([45]) Inhalt. ([45]) Ein preisgekrönter Gaskandalaber. ([45]) [Abb.]: ([45]) Eine Wohnungseinrichtung im Empirestil. ([45]) Organisations-Statut des Stadtbauamtes der Landeshauptstadt Linz. (Schluß.) (46) § 4. Personal des Stadtbauamtes. (46) § 5. Stadtbauamtsleiter (Stadtbaudirektor). (46) § 6. Stellvertretung des Stadtbauamtsleiters (Stadtbaudirektors). § 7. Unterabteilungsvorstände. § 8. Bearbeitung der Geschäftsstücke in den Bauamtsunterabteilungen. § 9. Verantwortung für die Geschäftsgebarung. § 10. Bau- und Betriebsleitung, Bauzulagen. (47) § 11. Abordnung zu Kommissionen. (47) § 12. Geschäftseinteilung der Bauamtsunterabteilungen. (48) Wie sich die Menschen wärmen. (Schluß.) (48) Wie soll ein guter Mörtel für feuchte Wände beschaffen sein? (49) Lokale Baunotizen. (50) Über die Fassadendekoration an unseren Villenbauten. (50) Grundabtretung und Eröffnung der Christian Coulinstraße. (50) Todesfall. Wert einer Diele. Dachdeckung. Villenbau. Villenbauten in Freidstadt. Renovierungsarbeiten. Adaptiertes Sparkassengebäude. Aufstellung eines Ventilators. Vergrößerung einer Irrenanstalt. Bau eines Staatsgymansiums. Preisausschreiben für einen Villengarten in moderner Gestaltung. Gesellschaft Österreichischer Architekten. Wer darf sich Architekt nennen? (51) Baunachrichten aus Tirol. Errichtung einer elektrischen Bahn. Erbauung eines Elektrizitätswerkes. Bau eines Schulgebäudes. Dachdeckung. Stegbau. (52) Vermischtes. Patentliste. (52) Vergebung von Bauarbeiten und Lieferung von Baumaterialien. (53) Bücherschau. (53) [Tabelle]: Anmeldungen für den Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (54) Werbung (54) XII. Jahrgang, Nr. 7. Linz, 1. April 1907. (Nr. 7 1907.) ([57]) Inhalt. ([57]) Zur Verbesserung der Baupolizei-Vorschriften. ([57]) Beseitigung des Schnees durch Salz. ([57]) Lokale Baunotizen. (58) Zum Beginn der Bausaison. Neues Sparkassengebäude. Lieferung eines eisernen Tragwerkes. Bau von zwei Pavillons für Geisteskranke. Zum Schutze der Arbeiter im Baugewerbe. Hotelbau. Erweiterungsbauten. Hotelbau. (58) Hafenbauten. Die Fortschritte der Bauarbeiten im Tauerntunnel. Vorsicht, unbestellte Waren. (59) Aus den Gemeinderats-Sitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 13. März.) (59) Vermischtes. (60) Patentliste. (60) Vergebung von Bauarbeiten und Lieferung von Baumaterialien. (61) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (2)Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz (62) Bücherschau. (62) Werbung (63) XII. Jahrgang, Nr. 8. Linz, 15. April 1907. (Nr. 8 1907.) ([65]) Inhalt. ([65]) Wie sollen unsere Wohnräume eingerichtet sein? ([65]) a) Das Schlafzimmer. ([65]) b) Das Speisezimmer. ([65]) c) Der Salon. d) Das Damenzimmer. e) Das Herrenzimmer. (66) Bauarbeiter-Verhältnisse in London. (66) Lokale Baunotizen. (67) Zur Erbauung von Arbeiterhäusern in Linz. (67) Bau von Arbeiterhäusern in Linz. Vom Bau der Militär-Unterrealschule in Enns. Wächterhausbauten. Anfrage über ein Fassadengerüst. Verbauung des Zellerbaches. Eine interessante Offertverhandlung. (68) Der Luxus und Komfort in einigen Wiener Neubauten (68) Bachverbauung. Hüttenbauten in Tirol. Errichtung einer Pappenfabrik. Rekonstruktions-Arbeiten in Tirol. Bahnbau. (69) Aus den Gemeinderats-Sitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 10. April.) (69) Vermischtes. (69) Ein Meisterwerk altdeutscher Skulptur aufgefunden. (69) Ein amerikanischer Schwindel. (70) Patentliste. (70) Vergebung von Bauarbeiten und Lieferung von Baumaterialien. (70) [Tabelle]: Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (71) Werbung (71) XII. Jahrgang, Nr. 9. Linz, 1. Mai 1907. (Nr. 8 1907.) ([73]) Aus der Mappe eines Münchener Architekten. Projekt für ein Vereinshaus eines katholischen Gesellenvereines in Bayern. ([73]) [3 Abb.]: (1)Fassade. (2)Parterre. (3)I. Stock. ([73]) [Abb.]: Souterrain. (74) Bauarbeiterverhältnisse in London. (Schluß.) (74) Die Rauchplage und die Mittel zu ihrer Beseitigung. (75) Chirurgische Selbsthilfe. (77) Inhalt. (78) Lokale Baunotizen. (79) Bemerkung über das Submissionswesen. Umpflasterung der Schmidtorstraße in Linz. Villenbauten. Bau einer Kinderbewahranstalt. Baunachrichten aus Ried. Neue Dachpappe. Kartell der Eisenfabriken. Reichskongreß der Baugewerbe Österreichs. Für Eisenbahn-Bauingenieure. Bau einer Schutzhütte. (79) Baunachrichten aus Tirol. Grundankauf. Alteisenverkauf. Straßenbauten in Bregenz. Turmbau. Submissionsschwindel im Auslande. (80) Aus den Gemeinderats-Sitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 17. April.) (80) Vermischtes. (80) Aluminiumpapier, (80) Dampfomnibus. (81) Patentliste. (81) Vergebung von Bauarbeiten und Lieferung von Baumaterialien. (81) Wasserleitung. Eisenbahnhochbauten. Linienverlegung. Bauarbeiten. (81) Eisenbahnarbeiten. Lieferung von Lagergehäusen. Wettbewerb für ein Schulhaus in Schwaz (Tirol). Lieferung von Eisenbahnmaterialien. Elektrische Beleuchtung. (82) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. (2)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (82) Bücherschau. (83) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. (83) Werbung (83) XII. Jahrgang, Nr. 10. Linz, 15. Mai 1907. (Nr. 10 1907.) ([85]) Inhalt. ([85]) Wie baut man billige Wohnungen? ([85]) Über Holzwolle. (86) Wie sind Sandsteine am besten vor Verwitterung zu schützen? (86) Wertschätzung des Titels "Handwerker". (87) Lokale Baunotizen. (88) Zur Hebung der Baulust. Zur Errichtung von Bedürfnisanstalten in Linz. Bau einer Badeanstalt. Neubauten in Bad Hall. (88) Wohnhausbau. (88) Resultat eines Wettbewerbes. Schloßumbau. Fortschritte der Bauarbeiten im Tauerntunnel. Die Längen der österreichischen Eisenbahnen. (89) Aus den Gemeinderats-Sitzungen in Linz (Sitzung vom 1. Mai.) (89) Patentliste. Vermischtes. (90) Vergebung von Bauarbeiten und Lieferung von Baumaterialien. (90) Wohnhausbau. Lieferung von Walzeneisenträgern. (90) Eisenbahnkonstruktions-Arbeiten. Lieferung von Eichenschwellen. (91) Offene Stellen. (91) Werbung (91) XII. Jahrgang, Nr. 11. Linz, 1. Juni 1907. (Nr. 11 1907.) ([93]) Inhalt. ([93]) Über die Wichtigkeit der Fachpresse. ([93]) Der Bau von Gewächshäusern. (94) Das Tönen der Wasserleitungen. (95) Lokale Baunotizen. (96) Einige Worte an den neuen Bürgermeister in Linz. Errichtung einer Kinderbewahranstalt. Promenadebänke im Linzer Volksgarten. Zum Gerichtshausbau in Urfahr. (96) Bahnaussichten in Stadt Steyr. Errichtung einer Seidenspinnerei in Steyr. Schulhausbau. Krankenhausbau. Errichtung einer Parkettenfabrik. Hotelbau. Brückenverstärkung. Schutzhüttenbauten. Errichtung eines Gaswerkes. Brückenbau. (97) Vermischtes. Patentliste. (97) Vergebung von Bauarbeiten und Lieferung von Baumaterialien. Literatur. (98) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (2)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. (98) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. (99) Werbung (99) XII. Jahrgang, Nr. 12. Linz, 15. Juni 1907. (Nr. 12 1907.) ([101]) Projekt für ein Sparkassenlokal in einem Markte Oberösterreichs. ([101]) [3 Abb.]: (1)Ansicht (2)Parterre. (3)I. Stock. ([101]) Wetterfahnen und Flaggenmasten. (102) Inhalt. (103) Lokale Baunotizen. (103) Von den Villenbauten auf dem Lande. Errichtung einer Zementfabrik. Vorkonzession. Fabriksbau. Bautätigkeit in Salzburg. (103) Villenbauten. (103) Baunachrichten aus Tirol und Vorarlberg. Das Alter des Wortes "Ingenieur". Die höchste Bequemlichkeit. Nachahmenswert. (104) Aus den Gemeinderats-Sitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 29. Mai.) (104) Vermischtes. Patentliste (105) Vergebung von Bauarbeiten und Lieferung von Baumaterialien. (105) Hafendammbau. (105) Verbrauchsmaterialien. Schiffbarmachung der Moldau in Prag. Lieferung einer Dampfstraßenwalze. Elektrische Beleuchtung. Kasernbau. (106) Offene Stellen. Literatur. (106) Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (106) Werbung (107) XII. Jahrgang, Nr. 13. Linz, 1. Juli 1907. (Nr. 13 1907.) ([109]) Inhalt. ([109]) Eine Besteigung des Ulmer Münsterturmes durch Linzer Techniker. ([109]) Zerstörer von Mauerwerk. (110) Lokale Baunotizen. (110) Der Wert der Grundstücke in Linz. (110) Hausbauten in Lembach. Donauuferwerke. Aus dem Gmundner Gemeinderate. Bau einer Knabenbürgerschule. Waggonbrückenwage. Bau einer neuen Brücke. Errichtung einer Turnhalle. Schulzubau. Errichtung einer Wasserleitung. Errichtung einer Fischzuchtanstalt. Baunachrichten aus Meran. Armenhausbau. Kasernenbau. Schulbau in Vorarlberg. (111) Bauherr und Geldgeber. (112) Aus den Gemeinderats-Sitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 12 Juni.) (112) Vermischtes. (113) Patentliste (113) Vergebung von Bauarbeiten und Lieferung von Baumaterialien. Offene Stellen. (114) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. (114) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (2)Ausweis über die Umschreibungen von Immobilien in Linz. (115) Werbung (115) XII. Jahrgang, Nr. 14. Linz, 15. Juli 1907. (Nr. 14 1907.) ([117]) Inhalt. ([117]) Protokoll der am 9. Juni 1907 im Gasthause "zur Austria" in Linz, Harrachstraße, abgehaltenen Generalversammlung des Vereines der Baumeister in Oberösterreich. ([117]) Arbeiter-Wohnungsverhältnisse in Amerika. ([117]) Über den Bau der Katakomben. (119) Lokale Baunotizen. (120) Zum Bau der Militär-Unterrealschule in Enns. Armierte Asphaltblocks. Vergebene Bauarbeiten. Auszeichnung. Blitzableiteranlagen. Installationsarbeiten. Kanalisierung. Donau-Regulierungsarbeiten. Industrie- und Gewerbeausstellung in Steyr. Aus Amstetten. (120) Projektierter Kirchenbau. Maschinelle-Werkstätten-Einrichtung. Bau von Hotels. Die Fortschritte der Bauarbeiten im Tauerntunnel. (121) Aus den Gemeinderats-Sitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 26. Juni.) (121) Patentliste (121) Vergebung von Bauarbeiten und Lieferung von Baumaterialien. (122) Volksschulbau. Mauerrekonstuktion. (122) Bau von Wasserstraßen etc. (122) Offene Stellen. (123) Werbung (123) XII. Jahrgang, Nr. 15. Linz, 1. August 1907. (Nr. 15 1907.) ([125]) Die Bauglaserei einst und jetzt. ([125]) [Abb.]: Mosaikbild. ([125]) Etwas über die Gemeindeverwaltung in Frankreich. (126) Inhalt. (127) Lokale Baunotizen. (127) Zur Umpflasterung der Schmidtorstraße in Linz. Errichtung eines Automobildepots. Hausumbau. Bau eines Gewerbemuseums. Mündliche Aufträge bei öffentlichen Arbeiten. Vom Schulbau in Vöcklabruck. (127) Hochbauten der Tauernbahn. (127) Feuersichere Anstrichmassen. Bau einer Wasserleitung. Kirchenbau. Eisenfachwerkskonstruktion, Pflasterungen, Asphaltierungen, Betonfußböden. (128) Aus den Gmeinderats-Sitzungen in Linz. Sitzung vom 10. Juli 1907. (128) Vermischtes. (129) Patentliste (129) Vergebung von Bauarbeiten und Lieferung von Baumaterialien. Offene Stellen. (130) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (2)Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. (131) Werbung (131) XII. Jahrgang, Nr. 16. Linz, 15. August 1907. (Nr. 16 1907.) ([133]) Inhalt. ([133]) Zur Arbeiter-Wohnungsfrage. ([133]) Eine billige Art und Weise der Straßenerweiterung. (134) Lokale Baunotizen. (136) Bau-Inspizierung. Bildhauerarbeiten an Spekulationsarbeiten. Spitalzubau. (136) Wichtig für Baumeister. (136) Lieferung für Brennmateriale. Kasernenerweiterung. Schulhausbau. Internationale Baukunst-Ausstellung Wien 1908. Baunachrichten aus Salzburg. Schulhausbau. Wettbewerb für den Neubau des Museums für tirolische Volkskunst und Gewerbe in Innsbruck. (137) Vermischtes. (137) Patentliste. Vergebung von Bauarbeiten und Lieferung von Baumaterialien. Offene Stellen. (138) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. (138) [Tabelle]: Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (139) Werbung (139) XII. Jahrgang, Nr. 17. Linz, 1. September 1907. (Nr. 17 1907.) ([141]) Inhalt. ([141]) Einiges über die Bausteinsorten in Österreich. ([141]) Wohngebäude aus Eisen. (142) Lokale Baunotizen. (143) Ein Hausbau par excellence. Vom Neubau Funke & Loos. Ein Neubau in deutscher Renaissance. Villenbau in Enns. Bau einer Kinderbewahranstalt. Straßenpflasterung Bau eines Amtsgebäudes (143) Folgen eines billigen Offertes. (143) Bau einer Wasserleitung. Bau einer Fachschule. Flußregulierung. Glühlampen-Installation. Metallwarenlieferung. Prüfung für den Betrieb bestimmter Baugewerbe. Wie sind die Straßen in den Hauptstädten zu pflastern? (144) Vermischtes. (144) Der Verkehr in London. (144) Guter Zement. (145) Patentliste. Offene Stellen. (145) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. (2)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (146) Vergebung von Bauarbeiten und Lieferung von Baumaterialien. (147) Werbung (147) XII. Jahrgang, Nr. 18. Linz, 15. September 1907. (Nr. 18 1907.) ([149]) Projekt für eine Wartehalle auf den niederösterreichisch-steirischen Alpenbahnen. ([149]) [Abb.]: ([149]) Trockene Wohnräume. ([149]) Das Kunstgewerbe als Beruf. (150) Inhalt. (151) Lokale Baunotizen. (151) Eisenabgüsse, Metalle, Metallwaren. Bau eines Bankgebäudes. Ein Villenprojekt in Urfahr. (151) Aus Wels. Verputzen einer Fassade. Errichtung einer Feilenfabrik. Elektrische Straßenbahn. Einweihung einer Kapelle. Bau eines Schulhauses. Zum Wettbewerb für den Museumsbau in Innsbruck. Kirchenbau. Reichsverbandstag der Maurermeister Österreichs. (152) Vermischtes. (152) Kinematographenbilder in natürlicher Farbe. (152) Die zwölf Zeichen des Tierkreises Der Staubzähler von John Aitken. Das größte Geschäftshaus der Welt. (153) Eine auf Höhlen gebaute Stadt. (153) Luftdichte Ofentüren. Aus der "Jugend". (154) Patentliste (154) Vergebung von Bauarbeiten und Lieferung von Baumaterialien. (154) Eisenkonstruktion. (154) Maurerarbeiten. (154) Offene Stellen. (155) [Tabelle]: Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (155) Werbung (155) XII. Jahrgang, Nr. 19. Linz, 1. Oktober 1907. (Nr. 19 1907.) ([157]) Inhalt. ([157]) Gesellschaft zur Bekämpfung der Rauch- und Staubplage. ([157]) a) Die Pechschotterstraßen. b) Das Ölen der Straßen. ([157]) c) Das Teeren der Straßen. ([157]) d) Das Westrumit und andere derartige Mittel. (158) Sanitäre Verhältnisse in den Schulen. (158) Konstituierung einer Zentralstelle für Wohnungsreform in Österreich. (159) Preußens Fürsorge für das Unterrichtswesen. Aus den Gemeinderats-Sitzungen in Linz. (160) Lokale Baunotizen. (160) Ein ausländisches Urteil über die Bauart der neuen Schulgebäude in Linz. Schleppgeleise. Gemeindehausbau. (160) Preisausschreiben. Zum Bau der Lokalbahn Krems - Grein. Bau eines Elektrizitätswerkes. Errichtung einer Hochquellenleitung. Bau eines Amtsgebäudes. Wasserleitung. Erbauung eines Schulhauses. Bau einer Turnhalle. Kanalisation. Bau einer Dachpappefabrik. Kasernbau. Fortschritte der Bauarbeiten im Tauerntunnel. (161) Patentliste (161) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. (2)Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. (162) Vergebung von Bauarbeiten und Lieferung von Baumaterialien. (163) Werbung (163) XII. Jahrgang, Nr. 20. Linz, 15. Oktober 1907. (Nr. 20 1907.) ([165]) Inhalt. ([165]) Das Heizen und Kochen mit Leuchtgas. ([165]) Rauch- und Staubplage. ([165]) Unsere Eisenindustrie. (166) Aus den Gemeinderats-Sitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 2. Oktober.) (167) Lokale Baunotizen. (168) Zur Markthallenfrage. Erbauung einer Kinderbewahranstalt und eines Doppelwohnhauses. Zum Bau der Trainkaserne. (168) Offertausschreibungen. (168) Konkurs eines Maurermeisters. Erster österreichischer Dachdeckertag. Adaptierungsarbeiten. Zum Bau der Hatschek'schen Zementfabrik in Altmünster. Zum Bau der Stadtpfarrkirche in Vöcklabruck. Bei einer Doppelschule. Bau eines Fabriksgebäudes. Bau eines Elektrizitätswerkes. (169) Patentliste (169) Vergebung von Bauarbeiten und Lieferung von Baumaterialien. Offen Stellen. Bücherschau. (170) Werbung (170) [Tabelle]: Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (171) Werbung (171) XII. Jahrgang, Nr. 22. Linz, 15. November 1907. (Nr. 22 1907.) ([181]) Inhalt. ([181]) Ein Urteil über das Holzpflaster. ([181]) Zum 60jährigen Regierungsjubiläum Seiner Majestät des Kaisers. ([181]) Bauplatz für das neue Spital. (182) Lokale Baunotizen. (183) Zum Schluß der Bausaison 1907. (183) Aus dem Staatsvoranschlage für das Jahr 1908. (183) Kanalherstellung. Glaserarbeiten. Bau eines Armenhauses. Flußregulierung. Errichtung von Elektrizitätswerken. Wettbewerb für den Umbau und die Erweiterung des Palais Taxis (Postgebäude) in Innsbruck. Kanalisierungsprojekt. (184) Kirchenbau in Tirol. (184) Bau von Arbeiterwohnungen. Projekt für ein Kranken- und Versorgungshaus. Druckfehlerberichtigung. (185) Vergebung von Bauarbeiten und Lieferung von Baumaterialien. Offene Stellen. (185) Patentliste (186) Bücherschau. (186) Werbung (187) XII. Jahrgang, Nr. 23. Linz, 1. Dezember 1907. (Nr. 23 1907.) ([189]) Inhalt. ([189]) Dreistöckige Arbeiterhäuser zu je 4000 Mark. ([189]) Heizeinrichtungen in England. ([189]) Über Holzzementdachungen. (190) Lokale Baunotizen. (191) Projekt einer oberösterreichischen Bauunternehmung. Maschinelle Einrichtungen. Wasserleitung. (191) Fortschritte der Arbeiten beim Bau der Militär-Unterrealschule in Enns. (191) Elektrizitätswerkanlage. Krankenhausbau. Flußregulierungen. Anstreichmaschine. Vom Bau der neuen Fachschule in Hallein. Errichtung einer Wasserkraftanlage. Errichtung eines Elektrizitätswerkes. Zum Umbau des Palais Taxis in Innsbruck. Regulierungsarbeiten. (192) Aus den Gemeinderats-Sitzungen in Linz. (192) Vermischtes. (193) Patentliste (193) [Tabelle]: Anmeldungen für den Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (194) Werbung (194) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz (195) Werbung (195) XII. Jahrgang, Nr. 24. Linz, 15. Dezember 1907. (Nr. 24 1907.) ([197]) Inhalt. ([197]) Pränumerations-Einladung. ([197]) Schwindel mit Kunstschmiedearbeiten. ([197]) Drei praktische Mittel gegen Hausschwamm. (198) Amerikanische Arbeiter. (199) Lokale Baunotizen. (199) Baufortschritt beim Bau der Trainkaserne in Linz. Schlußbericht über den Bau der neuen Militär-Unterrealschule in Enns. Projektierung. (199) Ein origineller Bauauftrag. (199) Filiale der oberösterreichischen Baugesellschaft. Preisausschreibung. Krankenhausbau. Wettbewerbsausschreibung. Sillregulierung und Bahnhofumbauung in Innsbruck. (200) Wettbewerb für das Speckbacher-Denkmal in Innsbruck. (200) Kasernenbau. Bau von Arbeiterhäusern. Bretterlieferung. Habet Achtung! Verjährung. Gesetzentwurf über die Sicherung der Bauforderungen. (201) Aus den Gemeinderats-Sitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung am 4. Dezember.) (201) Vermischtes. Patentliste. Offene Stellen. (202) Bücherschau. (202) [Tabelle]: Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke (203) Werbung (203)
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and has a strong heritable basis. We report a genome-wide association analysis of 34,627 CRC cases and 71,379 controls of European ancestry that identifies SNPs at 31 new CRC risk loci. We also identify eight independent risk SNPs at the new and previously reported European CRC loci, and a further nine CRC SNPs at loci previously only identified in Asian populations. We use in situ promoter capture Hi-C (CHi-C), gene expression, and in silico annotation methods to identify likely target genes of CRC SNPs. Whilst these new SNP associations implicate target genes that are enriched for known CRC pathways such as Wnt and BMP, they also highlight novel pathways with no prior links to colorectal tumourigenesis. These findings provide further insight into CRC susceptibility and enhance the prospects of applying genetic risk scores to personalised screening and prevention. ; At the Institute of Cancer Research, this work was supported by Cancer Research UK (C1298/A25514). Additional support was provided by the National Cancer Research Network. In Edinburgh, the work was supported by Programme Grant funding from Cancer Research UK (C348/A12076) and by funding for the infrastructure and staffing of the Edinburgh CRUK Cancer Research Centre. In Birmingham, funding was provided by Cancer Research UK (C6199/A16459). We are grateful to many colleagues within UK Clinical Genetics Departments (for CORGI) and to many collaborators who participated in the VICTOR, QUASAR2 and SCOT trials. We also thank colleagues from the UK National Cancer Research Network (for NSCCG). Support from the European Union [FP7/207–2013, grant 258236] and FP7 collaborative project SYSCOL and COST Action in the UK is also acknowledged [BM1206]. The COIN and COIN-B trials were funded by Cancer Research UK and the Medical Research Council and were conducted with the support of the National Institute of Health Research Cancer Research Network. COIN and COIN-B translational studies were supported by the Bobby Moore Fund from Cancer Research UK, Tenovus, the Kidani Trust, Cancer Research Wales and the National Institute for Social Care and Health Research Cancer Genetics Biomedical Research Unit (2011–2014). We thank the High-Throughput Genomics Group at the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (funded by Wellcome Trust grant reference 090532/Z/09/Z) and the Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility (ECRF) Genetics Core, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, for the generation of genotyping data. We thank the Lothian Birth Cohorts' members, investigators, research associates, and other team members. We thank the Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility (ECRF) Genetics Core, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, for genotyping. Lothian Birth Cohorts' data collection is supported by the Disconnected Mind project (funded by Age UK), and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC, for genotyping; BB/F019394/1) and undertaken within the University of Edinburgh Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (funded by the BBSRC and Medical Research Council RC as part of the LLHW [MR/K026992/1]). ET was supported by Cancer Research UK CDF (C31250/A22804). This research has been conducted using the UK Biobank Resource under Application Number 7441. Generation Scotland received core support from the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health Directorates [CZD/16/6] and the Scottish Funding Council [HR03006]. Genotyping of the GS:SFHS samples was carried out by the Genetics Core Laboratory at the Clinical Research Facility, University of Edinburgh and was funded by the Medical Research Council UK and the Wellcome Trust (Wellcome Trust Strategic Award "STratifying Resilience and Depression Longitudinally" (STRADL) [104036/Z/14/Z]). CFR was supported by a Marie Sklodowska-Curie Intra-European Fellowship Action and received considerable help from many staff in the Department of Endoscopy at the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford. In Finland, this work was supported by grants from the Academy of Finland [Finnish Center of Excellence Program 2012–2017, 250345 and 2018–2025, 312041], the Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation, the Finnish Cancer Society [personal grant to K.P.], the European Research Council [ERC; 268648], the Sigrid Juselius Foundation, SYSCOL, the Nordic Information for Action eScience Center (NIASC), the Nordic Center of Excellence financed by NordForsk [project 62721, personal grant to K.P.] and State Research Funding of Kuopio University Hospital [B1401]. We acknowledge the computational resources provided by the ELIXIR node, hosted at the CSC–IT Center for Science, Finland, and funded by the Academy of Finland [grants 271642 and 263164], the Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland. V.S. was supported by the Finnish Academy [grant number 139635] and the Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research. J.-P.M. was funded by The Finnish Cancer Foundation and The Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation. Sample collection and genotyping in the Finnish Twin Cohort has been supported by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, ENGAGE—European Network for Genetic and Genomic Epidemiology, FP7-HEALTH-F4–2007; [grant agreement number 201413], the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism [grants AA-12502 and AA-00145; to R.J.R. and K02AA018755 to D.M.D.] and the Academy of Finland [grants 100499, 205585, 265240 and 263278 to J.K.]. The work of the Colon Cancer Family Registry (CCFR) was supported by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under Award number U01 CA167551. The CCFR Illumina GWAS was supported by the NCI/NIH under Award Numbers U01 CA122839 and R01 CA143237 to G.C. The content of this manuscript does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the NCI or any of the collaborating centres in the CCFR, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the US Government or the CCFR. The CORSA study was funded by FFG BRIDGE (grant 829675, to A.G.), the "Herzfelder'sche Familienstiftung" (grant to A.G.) and was supported by COST Action BM1206. We kindly thank all individuals who agreed to participate in the CORSA study. Furthermore, we thank all cooperating physicians and students and the Biobank Graz of the Medical University of Graz. The DACHS study was supported by grants from the German Research Council (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, BR 1704/6–1, BR 1704/6–3, BR 1704/6–4, BR 1704/6–6 and CH 117/1–1), and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (01KH0404, 01ER0814, 01ER0815 and 01ER1505A, 01ER1505B). We thank all participants and cooperating clinicians, and Ute Handte-Daub, Ansgar Brandhorst, Muhabbet Celik and Ursula Eilber for excellent technical assistance. The Croatian study was supported through the 10,001 Dalmatians Project, and institutional support of University Hospital for Tumours, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center. James East and Simon Leedham were funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). The views expressed not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. We acknowledge use of genotype data from the British 1958 Birth Cohort DNA collection, which was funded by the Medical Research Council Grant G0000934 and the Wellcome Trust Grant 068545/Z/02. A full list of the investigators who contributed to the generation of the data is available from http://www.wtccc.org.uk. The BCAC study would not have been possible without the contributions of the following: Manjeet K. Bolla, Qin Wang, Kyriaki Michailidou and Joe Dennis. BCAC is funded by Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10118, C1287/A16563). For the BBCS study, we thank Eileen Williams, Elaine Ryder-Mills, Kara Sargus. The BBCS is funded by Cancer Research UK and Breast Cancer Now and acknowledges NHS funding to the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) and the National Cancer Research Network (NCRN). We thank the participants and the investigators of EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition). The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by: Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany); the Hellenic Health Foundation, the Stavros Niarchos Foundation (Greece); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); Health Research Fund (FIS), PI13/00061 to Granada, PI13/01162 to EPIC-Murcia, Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, ISCIII RETIC (RD06/0020) (Spain); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom). We thank the SEARCH and EPIC teams, which were funded by a programme grant from Cancer Research UK (C490/A10124) and supported by the UK NIHR BRC at the University of Cambridge. We thank Breast Cancer Now and the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) for support and funding of the UKBGS, and the study participants, study staff, and the doctors, nurses and other health-care providers and health information sources who have contributed to the study. Genotyping of the PRACTICAL consortium OncoArray was funded by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) [U19 CA 148537 for ELucidating Loci Involved in Prostate cancer SuscEptibility (ELLIPSE) project and X01HG007492 to the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR) under contract number HHSN268201200008I]. Additional analytic support was provided by NIH NCI U01 CA188392 (PI: Schumacher). The PRACTICAL consortium was supported by Cancer Research UK Grants C5047/A7357, C1287/A10118, C1287/A16563, C5047/A3354, C5047/A10692, C16913/A6135, European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme grant agreement n° 223175 (HEALTH-F2–2009–223175), and The National Institute of Health (NIH) Cancer Post-Cancer GWAS initiative grant: No. 1 U19 CA 148537–01 (the GAME-ON initiative). We would also like to thank the following for funding support: The Institute of Cancer Research and The Everyman Campaign, The Prostate Cancer Research Foundation, Prostate Research Campaign UK (now Prostate Action), The Orchid Cancer Appeal, The National Cancer Research Network UK, The National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) UK. We are grateful for support of NIHR funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, the Spanish Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) an initiative of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Innovation (Spain), and the Xunta de Galicia (Spain).
One hundred per cent of the natural units of analysis will continue to be negatively affected, with a concomitant decrease in natures contributions to people, given current trends (business as usual), though the magnitude and exact mechanism of the individual drivers will vary by driver and unit of analysis (established but incomplete){5.4}. For example, tropical moist and dry forest and coastal mangroves will continue to exhibit a decline due to land use change regardless of the scenarios considered, but different local factors (agriculturalization and urbanization, respectively) will be involved (well established) {5.4.1, 5.4.11}. Additionally, some drivers will affect units of analysis differently. Empirical evidence indicates differential effects of climate change: boreal forest is extending northward {5.4.2}, while tundra is diminishing in land area (established but incomplete) {5.4.3}. Thus, some drivers, and their relative roles, will need to be further refined on a local scale and with respect to their proximate factors.2. Multiple drivers will act in synergy and further produce biodiversity loss and impact nature?s contributions to people in most of the units of analysis for the Americas (established but incomplete){5.4}. Climate change, combined with other drivers, is predicted to account for an increasingly larger proportion of biodiversity loss in the future, in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems {5.3}. Forest fragmentation, climate change and industrial development increase risk of biodiversity and nature?s contributions to people loss i.e. dry forest unit of analysis {5.4.1.2}. Predictions on invasive species and climate change indicates an increase in habitable areas and their potential impacts on different units of analysis {5.3}.3. Changes in temperature, precipitation regime and extreme climate events are predicted to impact all units of analysis in the Americas (well established) {5.4}. Climate change and the potential impacts on tropical dry forests by changing the frequency of wildfires; change in forest structure and functional composition in the Amazon tropical moist forest; extreme drought events changing nature?s contributions to people in the Amazon region; insect outbreaks and changes in albedo are predicted to significantly impact temperate, boreal and tundra units of analysis, affecting society and indigenous communities and well-being {5.4}.4. Thresholds, or tipping points (conditions resulting in rapid and potentially irreversible changes) may have already been exceeded for some ecosystems and are likely for others (established but incomplete). For instance, it is considered more likely than not that such a threshold has already been passed in the cryosphere with respect to summer sea ice (established but incomplete) {5.4.12}. Model simulations indicate changes in forest structure and species distribution in the Amazon forest in response to global warming and change in precipitation patterns (forest die-back) (established but incomplete) {5.4.1}. So too, a 4oC increase in global temperatures is predicted to likely cause widespread die off of boreal forest due to greater susceptibility to disease {5.4.2} and global temperature increases may have already started persistent thawing of the permafrost {5.4.3}. Under 4°C warming, widespread coral reef mortality is expected with significant impacts on coral reef ecosystems {5.4.11}. Sea surface water temperature increase will cause a reduction of sea grass climatic niche: those populations under seawater surface temperature thresholds higher than the temperature ranges required by the species could become extinct by 2100 with concomitant loss of ecosystem services.IPBES/6/INF/4/Rev.15415. Changes in nature and nature?s contributions to people in most units of analysis are increasingly driven by causal interactions between distant places (i.e. telecouplings) (well established) {5.6.3}, thus scenarios and models that incorporate telecouplings will better inform future policy decisions. Nature and nature?s contributions to people in telecoupled systems can be affected negatively or positively by distant causal interactions. Provision of food and medicine from wild organisms in temperate and tropical grasslands, savannas and forests of South America is being dramatically reduced due to land-use changes driven by the demand of agricultural commodities (e.g. soybeans) mainly from Europe and China. Conservation of insectivorous migratory bats in Mexico benefits pest control in agroecosystems of North America, resulting in increased yields and reduced pesticide costs. Trade policies and international agreements will thus have an increasingly strong effect on environmental outcomes in telecoupled systems.6. Policy interventions have resulted in significant land use changes at the local and regional scales and will continue to do so through 2050. These policies have affected nature?s contributions to people both positively and negatively, and provide an opportunity to manage trade-offs among nature?s contributions to people (well established) {5.4}. Land use changes are now mainly driven by high crop demand, big hydropower plans, rapid urban growth and result in a continued loss of grasslands {5.4.4, 5.4.5}. However, strategies for establishing conservation units have helped in reducing deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon from the period of 2004 to 2011 (well established) {5.4.1}. Similarly, wetland protection policies and regulation have helped reduce the conversion of wetlands in North America {5.4.7}. Policies based on command and control measures may be limited in providing effective reduction in ecosystem loss and should be complemented with policies acknowledging multiple values {5.6.3}.7. Policy interventions at vastly differing scales (from national to local) lead to successful outcomes in mitigating impacts to biodiversity (established but incomplete){5.4}. For instance, long-established governmental protections of wetlands in North America have significantly slowed and may have stopped wetland loss based on acreage {5.4.7}. In South America, where mangrove loss continues at a rate of one to two per cent, different stakeholders such as local communities and/or governments have been successful in protecting mangroves based on empowerment and shared interests in their preservation {5.4.11}.8. Pressures to nature are projected to increase by 2050, negatively affecting biodiversity as indicated by a potential reduction of the mean species abundance index. However, the magnitude of the pressures by 2050 are expected to be less under transition pathways to sustainability in comparison to the business as usual scenario (established but incomplete), {5.5}. The Global Biodiversity model projected that under the business as usual scenario mean species abundance had decreased in the Americas by approximately 30 per cent by 2010 compared to its values prior to European settlement of the New World, with historical losses primarily attributed to land transformation to agricultural uses. Using the Global Biodiversity model, there is an additional projected loss of 9.6 per cent by 2050, primarily attributed to some additional land use changes , and especially to climate change, which will steadily increase relative to other drivers considered in the model. However, under the transition pathways to sustainability of global technologies, decentralised solutions, and consumption change pathways, the projected losses are 6 per cent, 5 per cent, and 5 per cent, respectively,IPBES/6/INF/4/Rev.1542achieving a relative improvement of approximately 30 per cent to 50 per cent compared to the business as usual scenario. Under these pathways, climate change mitigation, the expansion of protected areas and the recovery of abandoned lands would significantly contribute to reducing biodiversity loss.9. Participative scenarios have proven to be a successful tool for envisioning potential futures and pathways and to embrace and integrate multiple and sometime conflicting values and their role in promoting bottom-up decision making in the face of futures uncertainties (well established) {5.3}. The use of participative approaches to develop scenarios has increased during recent years in the Americas. The inclusion of different stakeholders and their knowledges in the process of constructing potential futures has promoted a better understanding of the complexity of the social-ecological systems in which they are embedded. This has enhanced co-learning processes between all actors involved, even those normally under-represented in decision-making activities. As a result, several participative scenario exercises have motivated community-based solutions and local governance initiatives all pointing towards the development of adaptive management strategies {5.3}.10. Pathways that consider changes in societal options will lead to less pressure to nature (established but incomplete) {5.6.3}. An example is the indirect impact that shifts in urban dietary preferences have on agricultural production and expansion, and food options that are expected to continue growing into the future. Therefore, not only is there a strong connection between urbanization and economic growth, but also between affluence (and urban preferences) and the global displacement of land use particularly from high-income to low-income countries.11. Available local studies informing regional futures of nature and natures benefit to people do not allow scalability as of yet (well established) {5.3}. The challenge in expanding the findings from local studies resides in the fact that a number of comparable local studies are still not available. Information is scattered throughout the region by the use of different units, methods and scales, which prevents a local-to-regional generalization. The list of nature indicators used in studies at local scales is large and heterogeneous (well established). Even for the same indicator (e.g. biodiversity), different metrics are used (e.g. species-area curve, mean species abundance) {5.5}. In other cases, multiple indicators are used to describe different aspects of biodiversity and ecosystem services. In this latter case, synergies and trade-offs are explicitly mentioned with a clear pattern in which increasing the provision of some indicators result in the detriment of others {5.3}. For example, agriculture expansion leading to loss in biodiversity illustrates a common trend from local studies expected to continue into the future.12. There is a significant research gap in the development of models and scenarios that integrate drivers, nature, natures contributions to people and good quality of life (well established){5.3}. Models and scenarios can be powerful tools to integrate and synthesize the complex dynamics of coupled human and nature systems, and to project their plausible behaviors into the future. Most existing models and scenarios focus on the link between drivers and its impacts on nature. Few cases exist in which models or scenarios integrate the relationships between changes in nature and changes in natures contributions to people and good quality of life {5.3}. Inter-and trans-disciplinary modeling efforts will be required to address this research gap {5.3}. ; Fil: Klatt, Brian. Michigan State University; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Ometto, Jean Pierre. National Institute For Space Research; Brasil ; Fil: García Marquez, Jaime. Universität zu Berlin; Alemania ; Fil: Baptiste, María Piedad. Instituto Alexander Von Humboldt; Colombia ; Fil: Instituto Alexander von Humboldt. Independent Consultant; Canadá ; Fil: Acebey, Sandra Verónica. No especifíca; ; Fil: Guezala, María Claudia. Inter-american Institute For Global Change Research; Perú ; Fil: Mastrangelo, Matias Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina ; Fil: Pengue, Walter Alberto. Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento; Argentina ; Fil: Blanco, Mariela Verónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones Laborales; Argentina ; Fil: Gadda, Tatiana. Universidade Tecnológica Federal Do Paraná; Brasil ; Fil: Ramírez, Wilson. Instituto Alexander Von Humboldt; Colombia ; Fil: Agard, John. University Of West Indies; Trinidad y Tobago ; Fil: Valle, Mireia. Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí; Ecuador
After an initial boom in the early years of the millennium, global land-based investments, also called Large-Scale Land Acquisitions (LSLAs), have slowed in recent years, but their impact on local environments and human well-being still poses a challenge for fulfilling the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The debate on the effects of LSLAs lacks systematic assessment at the meso-level of spatial and administrative scale – a level that is critical for informing national policies. This research addresses that issue by first explaining how LSLAs entail differential impacts on local livelihoods, and second, by revealing how positive outcomes to these investments can be achieved in the context of the Global South. My analysis of the recent land concession inventory of the Lao PDR, including the scope, scale and socio-ecological context of LSLAs, reveals how land deals have impacted local livelihoods. They have transformed natural resources and labour relations by pushing former land users into precarious situations and onto pathways leading to different well-being outcomes. The affected villages have experienced different degrees of poverty increase or reduction. This research suggests that looking only at quantitative variables, especially the size of the land acquisitions, is a poor predictor of their socio-economic impacts. A better understanding of key variables is urgently needed to avoid both misinterpretations of the impact and misguided land-based investment policies. Using a methodological approach that includes an examination of monetary poverty, multiple dimensions of human well-being, primitive accumulation, and precarity, this research suggests that the pathway to improved human well-being in the context of LSLAs is very narrow. The decrease in monetary poverty in most villages has not resulted in positive human well-being outcomes. In terms of employment, which is the most important and immediate benefit that smallholders can enjoy, the findings reveal that in some cases, the peasants have experienced dispossession without proletarianization. In many cases, semi-proletarianization has occurred, but through adverse terms rather than could be part of a sustainable livelihood strategy. To avoid the negative impacts and ensure that land deals contribute to sustainable agricultural growth, this dissertation emphasizes four key points: 1) A comprehensive socio-environmental impact analysis and monitoring that includes natural resources such as non-timber forest products, timber and wild animals must be implemented rather than just focusing on the land itself. Implementation of the relevant accompanying measures must take place throughout the business cycle. Protecting access to the land and other resources is imperative as natural resources still play a significant role in rural resilience. This will ensure that smallholders, particularly women and vulnerable groups like ethnic minorities, can sustain their traditional livelihoods, especially during the transition period. 2) Adverse outcomes tend to occur in cases in which smallholders are dependent on natural resources for a living rather than already being engaged in the non-farm sector. Therefore, the development of LSAs must consider the socio-ecological heterogeneity of peasant livelihoods. 3) The International Code of Conduct (free, prior, and informed consent) per se does not guarantee positive well-being outcomes but it does provide space for consultation and negotiation. Thus, it is an important tool that should be applied by the investors, but should not be considered as the solution for safeguards. 4) Promoting land-based investments as a means of poverty reduction in rural areas by moving from the natural resource- to wage-based livelihoods is effective only with accompanying related measures. The national government should consider appropriate trade-offs among different development goals – for example, large-scale, labour-intensive investments may not significantly contribute to national growth but they may generate a higher number of jobs which may have a great positive impact on human well-being. ; ພາຍຫຼັງທີ ່ ໄດ້ມີການຂະຫຍາຍຕົວຢ່ າງໄວວາ ແລະ ກວ້າງຂວາງ, ການລົງທຶນໃນຂົງເຂດທີ ່ ດິນ ຫຼື ເອີ້ນ ວ່ າ ການເຊ່ າົ -ສໍາປະທານທ່ ດີ ນິ ຂະໜາດ ໃຫຍ່ (LSLAs) ຢ່ ູໃນໂລກໃນຊຸມປີມ່ ໆໍ ນ ີ້ ໄດມ້ ກີ ານຂະຫຍາຍຕວົ ຊາ້ ລງົ ແຕ່ ຜນົ ກະທບົ ຂອງມນັ ຕ່ ໍກບັ ສ່ ງິ ແວດລອ້ ມ ແລະ ການມຊີ ວີ ດິ ການ ເປັນຢູ ່ ທີ ່ ດີ (Human well-being) ຂອງທ້ອງຖິ ່ ນ ຍັງເປັນສິ ່ ງທ້າທາຍໜຶ ່ ງ ຕໍ ່ ກັບການບັນລຸເປົ້າໝາຍການພດັ ທະນາແບບຍນື ຍງົ ປີ 2030. ການຖົກຖຽງ ກ່ ຽວກັບ ຜົນກະທົບຂອງ LSLAs ແມ່ ນຍັງຂາດຂໍ້ມູນຫຼັກຖານ ທີ ່ ໄດ້ຈາກການວິເຄາະຂໍ້ມູນຢ່ າງເປັນລະບບົ ໃນລະດບັ ຊາດ ຊ່ ງຶ ເຫັນວ່ າ ມີຄວາມສໍາຄັນຫຼາຍ ຕໍ ່ ກັບນະໂຍບາຍແຫ່ ງຊາດ. ການຄົ້ນຄວາ້ ນ ີ້ ໄດປ້ ະກອບສ່ ວນໃນການປິດຊ່ ອງຫວ່ າງດ່ ງັ ກ່ າວ ໂດຍ ທໍາອດິ ໄດວ້ ິ ເຄາະເຖິງ ບັນດາຜົນກະທົບ ຂອງ LSLAs ຕໍ ່ ກັບຊີວິດການເປັນຢູ ່ ຂອງທ້ອງຖິ ່ ນ ວ່ າເກີດຂຶ້ນແນວໃດ ແລະ ຈາກນັ້ນ ໄດວ້ ເິ ຄາະເຖງິ ແນວທາງ ທ່ ສີ າມາດເຮດັ ໃຫກ້ ານລງົ ທນຶ ດ່ ງັ ກ່ າວ ມຜີ ນົ ໄດຮ້ ບັ ດາ້ ນບວກຢ່ ູໃນປະເທດກໍາລງັ ພດັ ທະນາ. ຜົນໄດ້ຮັບຈາກການວິເຄາະຂໍ້ມູນ ການຂຶ້ນ ບັນຊີໂຄງການເຊົ ່ າ ແລະ ສໍາປະທານທີ ່ ດິນ ຂອງລັດຢູ ່ ສປປ ລາວ ທີ ່ ມີຢູ ່ ລ້າສຸດ ຊຶ ່ ງລວມມີຂໍ້ມູນກ່ຽວ ກບັ ປະເພດ ແລະ ຂະໜາດ ຂອງການລງົ ທນຶ ຢ່ ູໃນ ສະພາບແວດລອ້ ມດາ້ ນເສດຖະກດິ -ສງັ ຄມົ ແລະ ນເິ ວດວທິ ະຍາຕ່ າງໆ ໄດສ້ ະແດງເຖງິ ຂະ ບວນການ ທ່ ໂີ ຄງການລງົ ທນຶ ດ່ ງັ ກ່ າວ ໄດສ້ ່ ງົ ຜນົ ກະທບົ ຕ່ ໍກບັ ຊວີ ດິ ການເປັນຢ່ ູຂອງທອ້ ງຖ່ ນິ . ການລງົ ທນຶ ເຫ່ ຼາົ ນ ີ້ ໄດປ້ ່ ຽນແປງສດິ ທກິ ານຖຄື ອງ ທີ ່ ດິນ ແລະ ສາຍພົວພັນດ້ານກໍາລັງແຮງງານ ໂດຍໄດ້ເຮັດໃຫ້ ເຈົ້າ ຂອງທ່ ດີ ນິ ຕອ້ ງຕກົ ຢ່ ູໃນສະພາບຄວາມບ່ ໍແນ່ ນອນ ແລະ ມລີ ະດບັ ຊວີ ດິ ການ ເປັນຢູ ່ ທີ ່ ແຕກຕ່ າງກັນ. ນອກນັ້ນ , ບ້ານທີ ່ ໄດ້ຮັບຜົນກະທົບ ມີລະດັບຄວາມທຸກຍາກເພີ ່ ມຂຶ້ນ ຫຼ ື ຫຸຼດລງົ ໃນລະດບັ ທ່ ບີ ່ ໍຄກື ນັ . ຜນົ ຂອງການ ຄົ້ນ ຄວ້ານີ້ ແນະນໍາວ່ າ ການທີ ່ ນໍາເອົາແຕ່ ຂໍ້ມູນດາ້ ນປະລມິ ານ ໂດຍສະເພາະແມ່ ນ ຂະໜາດຂອງທ່ ດີ ນິ ມາເປັນເກນໃນການປະເມນີ ແມ່ ນບ່ ໍ ເປັນຕົວຊີ້ວັດທີ ່ ດີ ໃນການປະເມີນຜົນກະທົບທາງດ້ານເສດຖະກິດ-ສັງຄົມ ຂອງ LSLAs ຊຶ ່ ງອາດນໍາໄປສູ ່ ການເຂົ້າໃຈທີ ່ ຜິດພາດ ກ່ ຽວກັບ ຜນົ ກະທບົ ຂອງມນັ ແລະ ອາດນາໍ ໄປສ່ ູການກາໍ ນດົ ນະໂຍບາຍທ່ ບີ ່ ໍສອດຄ່ ອງ. ໂດຍການນໍາໃຊບ້ ນັ ດາວທິ ກີ ານຕ່ າງໆ ລວມມ ີ ການປະເມນີ ຄວາມທຸກຍາກໂດຍອງີ ໃສ່ ລາຍຮບັ ເປັນຫຼກັ , ການມຊີ ວີ ດິ ການເປັນຢ່ ູທ່ ດີ ,ີ ການ ຄອບຄອງກໍາລັງການຜະລິດ ເພື ່ ອເຮັດໃຫ້ເຈົ້າ ຂອງທ່ ດີ ນິ ກາຍເປັນແຮງງານຮບັ ຈາ້ ງຢ່ ູທ່ ດີ ນິ ຂອງຕນົ (primitive accumulation and proletarianization) ແລະ ຄວາມບໍ ່ໝັ້ນ ຄົງ ຂອງຊີວິດ (precarity), ບົດຄົ້ນ ຄວ້ານີ້ ຊີ້ໃ ຫເ້ ຫນັ ວ່ າ ການຫຸຼດລງົ ຂອງອດັ ຕາຄວາມທຸກຍາກ ໂດຍອີງໃສ່ລາຍຮັບເປັນຕົ້ນຕໍ ຢູ ່ ຫຼາຍບ້ານທີ ່ ໄດ້ຮັບຜົນກະທົບນັ້ນ ບໍ ່ ໄດ້ໝາຍຄວາມວ່ າ ຊາວບ້ານຈະມີຊີວິດການເປັນຢູ ່ ທີ ່ ດີຂຶ້ນ . ມບີ າງກໍລະ ນີ, ປະຊາຊົນສູນເສຍທີ ່ ດິນໃຫ້ແກ່ ໂຄງການລົງທຶນ ແຕ່ ບໍ ່ ໄດ້ຮັບໂອກາດເຂົ້າ ເປັນແຮງງານຮບັ ຈາ້ ງ ແລະ ໃນຫຼາຍກໍລະນ ີ ຊາວບາ້ ນໄດກ້ າຍເປັນ ເຄ່ ງິ -ແຮງງານຮບັ ຈາ້ ງ ໂດຍຢ່ ູພາຍໃຕເ້ ງ່ອື ນໄຂແບບຄວາມຈາໍ ເປັນ ແທນທ່ ຈີ ະເປັນຍຸດທະສາດ ສໍາລບັ ຊວີ ດິ ການເປັນຢ່ ູແບບຍນື ຍງົ . ເພ່ ອື ຫຼກີ ລຽ້ ງ ຜນົ ກະທບົ ດາ້ ນລບົ ຈາກ LSLAs ແລະ ຮບັ ປະກນັ ວ່ າ ການລງົ ທນຶ ດ່ ງັ ກ່ າວ ປະກອບສ່ ວນເຮດັ ໃຫ ້ ການເຕບີ ໂຕດາ້ ນການຜະ ລິດກະສິກໍາແບບຍືນຍົງນັ້ນ , ຜົນໄດ້ຮັບຈາກການຄົ້ນ ຄວາ້ ນ ີ້ ສະທອ້ ນເຖງິ ສ່ ບີ ນັ ຫາທ່ ສີ ໍາຄນັ ທ່ ຄີ ວນຈະພຈິ າລະນາ ໄດແ້ ກ່ : ໜ່ ງຶ , ຕອ້ ງມ ີ ກນົ ໄກໃນການປະເມນີ ແລະ ຕດິ ຕາມ ຜນົ ກະທບົ ດາ້ ນສງັ ຄມົ ແລະ ສ່ ງິ ແວດລອ້ ມ ແບບຄບົ ຊຸດ ໂດຍຄໍານງຶ ເຖງິ ບນັ ດາຊບັ ພະຍາ ກອນທໍາມະຊາດອື ່ ນໆ ເຊັ ່ ນ: ເຄື ່ ອງປ່ າຂອງດົງ, ໄມ້ທ່ ອນ ແລະ ສັດປ່ າ ແລະ ອື ່ ນໆ ແທນທີຈະເນັ້ນໃສ່ ແຕ່ ທີ ່ ດິນ ແລະ ລວມທັງການຈັດຕັ້ງ ປະຕິບັດ ບັນດາມາດຕະການທີ ່ ຈໍາເປັນ ແລະ ເໝາະສົມ. ພ້ອມກັນນັ້ນ ການປົກປອ້ ງສດິ ທກິ ານນໍາໃຊທ້ ່ ດີ ນິ ແລະ ຊບັ ພະຍາກອນທໍາມະຊາດ ຂອງປະຊາຊນົ ຈ່ ງຶ ເຫນັ ວ່ າມຄີ ວາມສໍາຄນັ ຫຼາຍ ເນ່ ອື ງຈາກວ່ າ ຊບັ ພະຍາກອນທໍາມະຊາດ ຍງັ ມບີ ດົ ບາດສໍາຄນັ ຫຼາຍໃນການຮບັ ມກື ບັ ເຫດສຸກ ເສນີ . ຊ່ ງຶ ມນັ ຈະສາມາດຮບັ ປະກນັ ວ່ າ ຊາວກະສກິ ອນ ໂດຍສະເພາະແມ່ ນ ແມ່ ຍງິ ແລະ ກ່ ຸມສ່ ຽງ ເຊ່ ນັ : ກ່ ຸມຊນົ ເຜ່ າົ ສ່ ວນນອ້ ຍ ສາມາດສບື ຕ່ ໍ ການດໍາລງົ ຊວີ ດິ ທ່ ເີ ຄຍີ ປະຕບິ ດັ ຜ່ ານມາໄດ ້ ໂດຍສະເພາະແມ່ ນ ໃນຊ່ ວງໄລຍະເວລາຂາ້ ມຜ່ ານ. ສອງ, ຜົນກະທົບດ້ານລົບຂອງການລົງທຶນມັກຈະເກີດຂຶ້ນ ໃນກໍລະນທີ ່ ີ ຊາວບາ້ ນຍງັ ອາໄສຊບັ ພະຍາກອນທໍາມະຊາດ ໃນການດໍາລງົ ຊວີ ດິ ເປັນຕົ້ນ ຕໍ ເມື ່ ອທຽບໃສ່ ກໍລະນີ ທີ ່ ຊາວບ້ານໄດ້ຫັນໄປສູ ່ ຂະແໜງການອື ່ ນທີ ່ ບໍ ່ ແມ່ ນການກະສິກໍາແລ້ວ. ສະນັ້ນ , ຈ່ ງຶ ແນະນໍາວ່ າ ຂະບວນການ ຕດັ ສນິ ໃຈ ຫຼ ື ວາງແຜນ ຄວນມກີ ານພຈິ າລະນາເຖງິ ຄວາມແຕກຕ່ າງຂອງປະຊາຊນົ ຢ່ ູໃນແຕ່ ລະເຂດ. ສາມ, ຫກຼັ ການ ກ່ ຽວກບັ ຄວາມສອດຄ່ ອງຂອງສາກນົ (Code of Conduct) ເຊ່ ນັ : ການເຫນັ ດ ີ ເຫນັ ພອ້ ມ ໂດຍມກີ ານຕດັ ສນິ ໃຈຢ່ າງ ອດິ ສະຫຼະ ແລະ ມກີ ານແຈງ້ ລ່ ວງໜາ້ ຢ່ າງດຽວ ແມ່ ນບ່ ໍສາມາດ ຮບັ ປະກນັ ຜນົ ໄດຮ້ ບັ ທາງດາ້ ນບວກໄດ ້ ແຕ່ ມນັ ຕອບສະໜອງ ໂອກາດ ໃນ ການປຶກສາຫາລື ແລະ ການເຈລະຈາໃຫ້ແກ່ ຊຸມຊົນ. ສະນັ້ນ , ຫຼກັ ການເຫ່ ຼາົ ນ ີ້ ແມ່ ນຄວນເປັນເຄ່ ອື ງມທື ່ ສີ ໍາຄນັ ທ່ ນີ ກັ ລງົ ທນຶ ຕອ້ ງນາໍ ໃຊ ້ ແຕ່ ບ່ ໍ ຄວນຖວື ່ າມນັ ເປັນທາງອອກ ສໍາລບັ ການປົກປອ້ ງຜນົ ກະທບົ ດາ້ ນສງັ ຄມົ . ສຸດທາ້ ຍ, ເຫນັ ວ່ າ ການສ່ ງົ ເສມີ ການລງົ ທນຶ ໃສ່ ທ່ ດີ ນິ ເພ່ ອື ເປັນເຄ່ ອື ງມໜື ່ ງຶ ໃນການຫຸຼດຜ່ ອນຄວາມທຸກຍາກຢ່ ູເຂດຊນົ ນະບດົ ໂດຍການຫນັ ຈາກ ການອາໄສຊບັ ພະຍາກອນທໍາມະຊາດ ໄປສ່ ູການເປັນແຮງງານຮບັ ຈາ້ ງ ແມ່ ນມປີ ະສດິ ທຜິ ນົ ຖາ້ ຫາກມ ີ ບນັ ດາມາດຕະການທ່ ຈີ າໍ ເປັນ. ສະນັ້ນ , ຈຶ ່ ງເຫັນວ່ າ ລັດຖະບານ ຈະຕ້ອງໄດ້ພິຈາລະນາເລືອກ (trade-offs) ລະຫວ່ າງ ເປົ້າ ໝາຍ ຂອງການພັດທະນາ - ຕົວຢ່າງ ໂຄງການ ລງົ ທນຶ ຂະໜາດໃຫຍ່ ແລະ ນໍາໃຊແ້ ຮງງານຄນົ ເປັນຫຼກັ ອາດບ່ ໍປະກອບສ່ ວນຫຼາຍປານໃດ ຕ່ ໍກບັ ການເຕບີ ໂຕແຫ່ ງຊາດ ແຕ່ ມນັ ອາດສາ້ ງວຽກ ເຮດັ ງານທໍາໄດຫ້ ຼາຍກວ່ າ.
[SPA] Las emisiones de gotas ocasionadas por el principio de funcionamiento de torres de refrigeración son indeseables por diferentes motivos, pero principalmente porque suponer un deterioro de la salud humana( por ejemplo por contagio por legionella). Pese a su mayor eficiencia energética, derivada del menor nivel de presión introducido en el condensador prohibiendo el empleo de este tipo de sistemas al ser catalogados como fuentes potenciales de contaminación. El nivel de emisiones del dispositivo así como su eficiencia energética, dependen en mayor medida de las condiciones de operación del sistema y de los elementos constructivos del mismo (binomio sistema de distribución-separador de gotas y relleno). La presente Tesis Doctoral muestra un estudio detallado de la influencia del binomio sistema de distribución-separador de gotas así como de las condiciones de operación en el comportamiento térmico y en las emisiones de torres de refrigeración con objeto de optimizar el funcionamiento de la misma. Asimismo se estudia la dispersión de las emisiones para evaluar el impacto de la instalación. La metodología de trabajo ha sido principalmente experimental, donde los resultados relativos a la influencia de estos elementos sobre el comportamiento térmico, las emisiones y la dispersión de las mismas ha sido determinada en la instalación experimental de torre de refrigeración dispuesta para tal efecto. Se ha empleado una torre meteorológica para la determinación de las variables atmosféricas. Se ha llevado a cabo un modelo numérico para obtener un mayor conocimiento del campo fluido en el interior de los componentes de la torre, cuyos resultados se han comparado con los obtenidos experimentalmente en el túnel de medida de presión experimental (construido ex profeso para ello). El estudio del comportamiento térmico de la torre en función del binomio y de las condiciones de operación ha dejado como resultados significativos que la eficiencia de la torre puede verse modificada en un 20% de media cambiando el sistema de distribución para los separadores ensayados. Se han propuesto correlaciones adimensionales para cada geometría ensayada valiadas con datos experimentales con 1% de diferencia y se han valorado las implicaciones energéticas. El impacto energética que puede ocasionar el cambio del elementos-condiciones de operación para un sistema se ha evaluado a través de la temperatura de salida del agua, la cual puede ser de hasta 1ºC inferior de media. El estudio del binomio y las condiciones de funcionamiento sobre el nivel de emisiones de la torre se ha realizado en método del papel hidrosensible. La mayor contribución realizada a la metodología es el desarrollo de una aplicación informática con un clasificador automático que permite determinar si los cambios de tonalidad detectados en el papel tienen su origen en una gota o no. Se ha determinado la cantidad y forma de las gotas a la salida para un amplio rango de casos y condiciones de operación. La combinación de mínimo arrastre, 0,00009%, se ha obtenido para la combinación separador de gotas de estructura de panal de abeja y sistema de distribución por gravedad. Se han comparado los resultados con las normativas internacionales vigentes observando una posible revisión de las mismas debido a las bajos niveles de emisión alcanzados por las tecnologías actuales de componentes, muy por debajo de los valores establecidos en las normativas. Un resultado relevante es la determinación de las curvas experimentales de eficiencia captura de los separadores ensayados. El estudio de emisiones se ha completado con la determinación de la dispersión de las mismas en entornos urbanos mediante la técnica del papel hidrosensible para ocho experimentos. Se ha analizado la influencia de las condiciones ambientales en la deposición obteniendo tendencias decrecientes con la velocidad de viento y la distancia con respecto a la torre. Se ha observado que la zona de ensayo tiene influencia sobre los resultados (hasta un 70% en función del nivel de velocidad de viento). Para completar el trabajo experimental se ha generado un modelo numérico para los separadores de gotas de tipología de lamas ensayados, comparado con datos experimentales propios y validados a través de resultados bibliográficos. Se ha determinado la influencia de cerrar el conjunto de ecuaciones que gobiernan el problema con modelos RANS y LES. La discretización de las ecuaciones con este último no supone una mejora sustancial en la precisión de los resultados obtenidos con respecto a los modelos RANS. Sin embargo sí se ha encontrado la necesidad de modelar la capa líquida de agua formada en el separador. Mediante el análisis de esta información se ha obtenido un amplio conocimiento de la influencia del binomio sistema de distribución-separador de gotas en el comportamiento de una torre de refrigeración. La metodología aplicada permitirá mejorar los futuros diseños de estos componentes así como optimizar las condiciones de operación, siempre teniendo en cuenta que se debe alcanzar un compromiso entre el impacto energético (comportamiento térmico, pérdida de presión) y las emisiones (arrastre, PM10) de la torre de refrigeración. ; [ENG] Cooling tower emissions are harmful for several reasons, but mainly due to human health hazards (i.e. Legionella outbreaks). Despite the higher performance of this kind of devices, because of the lower condensating pressure level originated by water-cooled systems, many local governments are limiting or banning these systems as they have been listed as potential sources of contamination. The cooling tower level of emissions as well as its thermal performance depend mostly on the operating conditions and its elements (the couple of elements water distribution system and drift eliminator, also known as binomial, and the fill). The present Doctoral Thesis presents a detailed study on the influence of the binomial water distribution system-drift eliminator and the operating conditions on cooling tower thermal performance and emissions. The dispersion of the emissions is also studied. A broad experimental study has been undertaken. Experiments related to thermal performance, emissions and dispersion in an urban areas have been carried out in the cooling tower experimental facility. A weather mast has been used to characterize ambient conditions. To achieve a higher knowledge of the flow inside the tower, a numerical model of the drift eliminators has been developed. Numerical results have been compared to those observed in the experiments carried out in the experimental drop-pressure tunnel. Cooling tower thermal behavior as a function of the binomial and the operating conditions has led to differences about 20% between distribution systems for the eliminators tested. Dimensionless correlations for all the tested geometries have been proposed. These correlations have been validated through experimental results with about 1% differences. The energy consumption of the system has been evaluated through the calculation of the outlet water temperature, which can be 1ºC lower on average depending on the distribution system. The influence of the binomial and the operating conditions on cooling tower emission has been carried out using the sensitive paper method. One of the most relevant contributions to the methodology is the developed automatic classifier which allows to discern between the stains coming from real drops. The number and shape of exiting droplets have been calculated for each combination tested. The lowest level of emissions, 0, 00009%, has been observed for the combination honeycomb-type drift eliminator and the gravity distribution system. Results are discussed according to international standars. According to the limits, a review of these standars is proposed because today technologies can guarantee lower drift rates. The experimental collection efficiency for the tested eliminators has found to be an important result. Cooling tower emission study is completed with the experimental determination of the downwind deposition. The sensitive paper method is also used for experimentally investigating drift deposition in urban areas for eight tests. The influence of ambient conditions on cooling tower drift deposition has been investigated. Decreasing patterns of deposition have been found when increasing the distance from the tower and the wind velocity. The test zone also affects the results (70% differences depending on the wind velocity). To complete experimental results, a numerical model for the lath-type eliminators has been developed. This model has been compared to the experimental results derived in this document and those available in the literature (numerical). It is has been investigated the difference between closing the systems of fundamental equations using RANS and LES approaches. The LES model does not improve results comparing them with the results obtained with RANS models. However, the need of modeling the water film formed in the eliminators has been highlighted. The accomplishment of this information provides a deep knowledge on the influence of the binomial water distributions system-eliminator and the operating conditions on cooling tower performance. This methodology provides with the necessary knowledge to improve future designs and to ensure better operating conditions, always reaching a compromise between the energy consumption (thermal behavior, pressure losses) and emissions (drift and PM10). ; Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena ; Programa de doctorado en Tecnologías Industriales
XV. JAHRGANG, 1910 Oberösterreichische Bauzeitung (-) XV. Jahrgang, 1910 (XV. JG., 1910) ([1]) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 1. Linz, 1. Jänner 1910. (Nr. 1. 1910.) ([1]) Zum Bau der Lagerhäuser am Linzer Umschlagplatz. ([1]) Wie hat die Ausführung von Betonkanälen zu erfolgen? ([1]) Eine wichtige Frage. (2) [Plan]: Illustration zu Artikel: Bau der Lagerhäuser am Linzer Umshlagplatz. (3) Lokale Baunotizen. (4) Im Interesse des heimischen Bildhauergewerbes. (4) Gleichgültigkeit gegen die Fachpresse. (4) Zur Verbauung der Trainkaserngründe. Wohnhausbauten für die Angestellten der Staatsbahn. Städtische Professionistenarbeiten. Bildhauerarbeiten für das Gerichtsgebäude in Urfahr. Villenbau. Baugesellschaft in Enns. (5) Vorsicht bei Gerüstherstellungen. (5) Vortrag über Akustik. (6) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz (Sitzung vom 16. Dezember 1909.) (6) Patentliste. Bücherschau. Beton-Taschenbuch Jahrgang 1910. (7) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 31. Dezember 1909. (8) Werbung (9) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 2. Linz, 15. Jänner 1910. (Nr. 2. 1910.) ([11]) Heimische Kunstreformer. ([11]) Hausbauten aus Steinkohlenschlacken. ([11]) Randglossen zur Bauspekulation. (12) Von untergegangenen Kulturstätten und Kunstwerken. (13) Lokale Baunotizen. (14) Zum Bau des neuen Statthaltereigebäudes in Linz. (14) Zum Bau der Wohnhäuser für Staatsbahnangestellte in Linz. Vergebung von Bauarbeiten bei ärarischen Gebäuden. Umlagenfreiheit für Neubauten. Stadtkanalisierung in Ried. Wettbewerbsausschreibung für Entwürfe zu Kleinwohnungsbauten. Anfrage. Der erste weibliche Glaserlehrling. Etablissement für Zentralheizungsanlagen. (15) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. (16) Konviktbau. Kirchenrestaurierung. Schulbau. Wasserbehälter. Bahnhofumbau. Elektrizitätswerk. Brücke. (16) Gemeinderatssitzung in Linz. (Sitzung vom 5. Jänner 1910.) (16) Patentliste. (16) Werbung (17) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 3. Linz, 1. Februar 1910. (Nr. 3. 1910.) ([19]) Was unseren neuen Schulgebäuden noch fehlt! ([19]) Randglossen zur Bauspekulation. (20) Von untergegangenen Kulturstätten und Kunstwerken. (20) Lokale Baunotizen. (21) Zum Bau der Wohnhäuser für die Staatsbahnangestellten in Linz. (21) Städtische Arbeiten. Vom Neubau des k. k. Bezirksgerichtsgebäudes in Urfahr. Bau eines Kasinogebäudes. Zur Stadtkanalisierung in Ried. Staatliche Arbeiten und Lieferungen. Das Bauwesen auf dem flachen Lande. Zur Nachahmung empfohlen. (22) Gegen den Zuzug von Bauarbeitern nach Deutschland. (22) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. Patentliste. (23) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. Jänner 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (2)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. Jänner 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (23) Bücherschau. Lehrbilder und Leitsätze für die praktische Zimmerei, Mörteluntersuchungen (24) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 31. Jänner 1910. (24) Werbung (25) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 4. Linz, 15. Februar 1910. (Nr. 4. 1910.) ([27]) Äußere Ansicht eines neuen Statthaltereigebäudes in Linz. ([27]) [Abb.]: Äußere Ansicht eines neuen Statthaltereigebäudes in Linz. ([27]) Randglossen zur Bauspekulation. ([27]) Die Bedeutung der Statistik für die Technik. (28) Die Fortschritte im Desinfektionswesen. (29) Einiges über Verblendsteine. (30) Lokale Baunotizen. (31) Über das Bauen während der Wintermonate. Schotterlieferung. Trottoirherstellung in der Harrachstraße. (31) Die neue Verordnung bei Vergebung staatlicher Arbeiten und Lieferungen. (31) Richtigstellung. Beu eines kreisrunden Hauses in Wien. Erbauung einer Pferdehalle. (32) Patentliste. (32) Werbung (33) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 5. Linz, 1. März 1910. (Nr. 5. 1910.) ([35]) Ein interessantes Werk für Architekten und Bildhauer in Aussicht. ([35]) Die Fortschritte im Desinfektionswesen. (36) Linoleum. (37) Herstellungsweise des Linoleums. (38) Über Schornsteinbauten. (38) Lokale Baunotizen. (39) Über die Bauart der Linzer Wohnhäuser. (39) Zum Umbau des Linzer Bahnhofes. (39) Neupflasterungen in Linz 1910. Parzellierungsänderung. Verkauf von Granitwerken. Untersagungen im Baugewerbe. (40) Errichtung einer Baukreditbank in Wien. (40) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 28. Februar 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (41) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 28. Februar 1910. (41) Werbung (43) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 6. Linz, 15. März 1910. (Nr. 6. 1910.) ([45]) Errichten wir Bedürfnisanstalten! ([45]) Die Wohnungsfrage und der IX. internationale Wohnungskongreß. ([45]) Über Schornsteinbauten. (46) Über die Behandlung von Linoleumböden. (47) Das Rosten des Eisens und sein Verhütung. (48) Lokale Baunotizen. (49) Über das Projektieren für den Bau eines neuen Statthaltereigebäudes in Linz. Zweigniederlassung einer Wiener Fabrik in Linz. Vom Schulbau in Urfahr. Fabrikszubauten. Neubauten in Ried. (49) Aus einer Versammlung der Baugewerbetreibenden in der Stadt Steyr. (49) Zum Bau des technischen Museum für Industrie und Gewerbe in Wien. (50) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. (50) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 2. März 1910.) (50) Vorschriften für Bürgersteige. (50) Das offene Bausystem in der verlängerten Lessinggasse. (50) Patentliste. (51) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. März 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (51) Werbung (51) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 7. Linz, 1. April 1910. (Nr. 7. 1910.) ([53]) Verhandlung über das Bahnhofprojekt in Linz. ([53]) Die neue Gebäudesteuer-Vorlage. (54) Lokale Baunotizen. (55) Eine Skizze für den Bahnhofumbau in Linz. (55) Benennung neuer Straßen auf den Trainkasernengründen in Linz. Tischlerarbeiten. Bau eines neuen Mädchen-Lyzeums. Projektierter Hausbau. Vergrößerung des Isabellen-Kinderspitales in Linz. Vergebung von Professionisten-Arbeiten für das Bezirksgerichtsgebäude in Urfahr. (56) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 16. März 1910.) (56) Patentliste. Bücherschau. Beton-Kalender 1910. (57) [Tabelle]: Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. März 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (57) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 31. März 1910. (58) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. März 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (59) Werbung (59) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 8. Linz, 15. April 1910. (Nr. 8. 1910.) ([61]) Eine neue Massivdecke. Formsteinbalkendecke "System Seidel". Erzeugt von der Wienerberger Ziegelfabrik- und Baugesellschaft Wien. ([61]) [4 Abb.]: (1)Fig. 1. (2)Fig. 2. (3)Fig. 3. (4)Fig. 4. ([61]) [3 Abb.]: (1)Fig. 5. Lagerplatz der Wienerberger Ziegelei. (2)Fig. 6. Neubau am Rudolf v. Alt-Platz in Wien. (3)Fig. 7. Neubau am Rudolf v. Alt-Platz in Wien. Aufziehen der Seidelbalken. (62) Klage eines Baugewerbetreibenden. (63) Das Telephon und die Blitzgefahr. (64) Allgemeine Städtebau-Ausstellung Berlin 1910. (65) Lokale Baunotizen. (65) Ein komischer Bauunfall am Lande. (65) Verhandlungen von Bauangelegenheiten in Straßburg. Richtigstellung. Hausschwamm. Elekrtische Anlagen. Internationaler Wohnungskongreß, Wien 1910. Aufschließung eines Magnesitvorkommens. (66) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. (67) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. April 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (67) Werbung (67) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 9. Linz, 1. Mai 1910. (Nr. 9. 1910.) ([69]) Die städtischen Desinfektionsanlagen in Paris. ([69]) [Abb.]: Die städtischen Desinfektionsanlagen in Paris. ([69]) Über Poprtlandzement. (70) Asphalt im Baufach. (71) Lokale Baunotizen. (71) Von den Trainkasernengründen. (71) Adaptierungsarbeiten. Bau eines Schutzhauses. Unterlassung von Bewohnbarkeits-Lizenzen. Über Zentralheizungsanlagen (72) Offert-Verhandlungen. Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. (72) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz (Sitzung vom 12. April 1910.) (73) Patentliste. (74) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 30. April 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (2)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 30. April 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (74) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 30. April 1910. (75) Werbung (75) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 10. Linz, 15. Mai 1910. (Nr. 10. 1910.) ([77]) Die in Klagenfurt neu zu erbauende Kavalleriekaserne. ([77]) [Abb.]: Die in Klagenfurt neu zu erbauende Kavalleriekaserne. ([77]) Der Aschenmörtel. (78) Einführung einer Wertzuwachssteuer für Landes- und Gemeindezwecke. (79) Lokale Baunotizen. (80) Projekt für einen Hausbau auf den Trainkasernengründen. Badehaus-Errichtung. Eine nicht schalldichte Wand. Ausschreibung von Bauarbeiten. (80) Zur dermaligen Wirtschaftslage in Österreich. (80) Wohnungsveränderung. (81) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 4. Mai 1910.) (81) Vermischtes. (81) Aus guter alter Zeit. (81) Eine Reklame zugunsten der Kachelöfen und Kachelherde. (81) Patentliste. Eingesendet. Protestversammlung. (82) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. Mai 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (2)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. Jänner 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (83) Werbung (83) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 11. Linz, 1. Juni 1910. (Nr. 11. 1910.) ([85]) Über Häuser-Expropriierung. ([85]) Praktische Winke für Brunnenanlagen. (87) Behandlung der Teppiche. (87) Lokale Baunotizen. (88) Zu den Wohnhausbauten für die Staatsbahnangestellten in Linz. Schulbau. Oberösterreichische Baugesellschaft. Zu unserer Notiz "Neubau auf den Trainkasernengründen in Linz". Aufnahme eines Darlehens. (88) Zugluft in freistehenden Häusern. (88) Straßenpflasterungen zu ungeeigneter Zeit. Für Kunstfreunde. (89) Offert-Verhandlungen. Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 25. Mai 1910.) Patentliste. (89) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 31. Mai 1910. (90) Bücherschau. Für Interessenten von Gartenanlagen. (91) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. Mai 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (91) Werbung (91) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 12. Linz, 15. Juni 1910. (Nr. 12. 1910.) ([93]) Abermals eine Holzpflasterung in Linz. ([93]) Kurzen Prozeß machen. (94) Verleihung einer Baumeisterkonzession an eine Gesellschaft m b. H. (94) Haltbarkeit von Wärmeschutzmassen. (95) Über Straßen in Paris, deren Unterhaltung und Reinigung. (95) [Tabelle]: Zum Schluß möge noch der Reinigungs-Etat für 1910 folgen: (96) Lokale Baunotizen. (97) Ein Wort über baupolizeiliche Aufsicht. Bau eines Lagerhauses. Vom Bau des Postamtsgebäudes in Wels. Bau- und Wohnungsgenossenschaft in Enns. Ankauf einer Kaltwasserheilanstalt. Ein Urteil über den Eternitschiefer. Häuseranstriche. Wie stellt man einen Lawn-Tennis-Platz her? (97) Ein Unfug, der abgestellt werden sollte. (97) Offert-Verhandlungen. Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 1. Juni 1910.) Patentliste. (98) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. Juni 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (98) Werbung (99) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 13. Linz, 1. Juli 1910. (Nr. 13. 1910.) ([101]) [Abb.]: Grundrißlösung zum Bau eines Kasinogebäudes in Salzburg. ([101]) Zur Wirtschaftslage in Deutschland. (102) Der Straßen-Reinigungsdienst in Paris. (103) Lokale Baunotizen. (103) Vortrag über das Thema "Straße und Platz". (103) Spitalzubau. Zum Spitalbau in der Stadt Steyr. Bahnhoferweiterung. Villenbau. (104) Bauausführungen im Staatsbudget 1910. (104) Gegen die Errichtung von Staatsgewerbeschulen. Zehn Gebote für Lehrmeister. (105) Offert-Verhandlungen. Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. (105) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 15. Juni 1910.) (105) Bücherschau. (107) Eisenbetonbau-Selbststudium von F. Michaelis. Mauerwerks-Untersuchungen von Professor Hermann Germer, Jahrbuch der Genossenschaft der Bau- und Steinmetzmeister uralte Bauhütte in Wien. (107) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 30. Juni 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (107) [Tabelle]: Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 30. Juni 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (108) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 30. Juni 1910. (108) Werbung (109) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 14. Linz, 15. Juli 1910. (Nr. 14. 1910.) ([111]) Zur Errichtung einer Fabriksanlage in Oberösterreich. ([111]) Zur bevorstehenden Gebäudesteuer-Erhöhung. ([111]) Ein interessanter Rechtsfall in Bauangelegenheiten. (112) Überwachung der Feuerung bei Dampfkesselanlagen. (113) Holzzerstörende Insekten. (113) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 6. Juni 1910.) (114) Lokale Baunotizen. (115) Zu den Spitalbauprojekten in Stadt Steyr. Linz, eine rein gehaltene Stadt. Erbauung einer Pferdehalle. Besprechung eines Neubaues. (115) Errichtung einer Bauernstube. (115) Zur Erbauung einer Mädchenbürgerschule in Ried. Krankenhaus-Erweiterung. Zum Frauenstudium an den Staatsgewerbeschulen. Der Humor im Setzkasten. (116) Bücherschau. (116) Meistertitel und Meisterprüfung von Rich. Schlegel. Bauinschriften in Schweden und Dänemark von Richard Schlegel. Raffael in seiner Bedeutung als Architekt, von Professor Th. Hofmann, Architekt. (116) Das Veranschlagen von Hochbauten. (116) Zeitschrift des Nordböhmischen Gewerbemuseums. (117) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. Juli 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (117) Werbung (117) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 15. Linz, 1. August 1910. (Nr. 15. 1910.) ([119]) Wie projektiert man Spitalbauten? ([119]) Holzzerstörende Insekten. (121) Lokale Baunotizen. (121) Noch immer Bauschwindel. (121) Errichtung einer Badeanstalt in Linz. Zum Bau der Häuser für die Staatsbahn-Angestellten in Linz. Zum Lagerhausbau am Linzer Umschlagplatze. Bau eines Industriegleises. Schlechte Kachelöfen. Nochmals der Pferdehallenbau in Enns. Submissionsblüten. (122) Offert-Verhandlungen. (122) Bau eines Bretterschupfens. Vergebung von Hochbauarbeiten. (122) Stahlbauten. (122) Bau eines Aufnahmsgebäudes. (123) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 13. Juli 1910.) (123) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. Juli 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (2)Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 31. Juli 1910. (124) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. Patentliste. Bücherschau. Die moderne Richtung in der Kunst. Von M. Dankler. (125) Werbung (125) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 16. Linz, 15. August 1910. (Nr. 16. 1910.) ([127]) Wiener Bauverhältnisse 1910. ([127]) Beseitigung der Übelstände infolge Heißwerdens der Schornsteinwandungen. ([127]) Der künstliche Schutz des Bauholzes. (128) Befähigungsnachweis im Baugewerbe. (129) Holzzerstörende Insekten. (130) Lokale Baunotizen. (131) Schwindel mit Zement. Erbauung eines Verzehrungssteuer-Linienamtsgebäudes in Linz. Rauchbelästigung. Wehrbau. Bau eines neuen Kurhauses. Geschäfts-Übernahme. (131) Moderne Villenbauten. (131) Ausstellung. Für Architekten. (132) Offert-Verhandlungen. Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 20. Juli 1910.) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. Patentliste. (132) Bücherschau. Entwurf für ein eingebautes Wohnhaus. (133) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. August 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (133) Werbung (133) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 17. Linz, 1. September 1910. (Nr. 17. 1910.) ([135]) Ein Schlachthaus-Jubiläum. ([135]) [Abb.]: Ein Schlachthaus-Jubiläum. ([135]) Wichtige Erfindungen für Zeichner. Durchsichtigmachung von Vorlagen, Entwürfen oder Zeichnungen für Pausen. ([135]) Der künstliche Schutz des Bauholzes. (136) 1. Wirksamkeit. (136) [Tabelle]: Nach sehr sorgfältigen Untersuchungen steht die Wirksamkeit gleicher Salzmengen etwa in folgendem Verhältnis: (136) 2. Wirtschaftlichkeit. (136) [Tabelle]: Hiernach ergibt sich für die Wirtschaftlichkeit der einzelnen Mittel in äquivalenten Mengen folgende Skala. Es kostet pro Einheit der Wirkung: (137) 3. Beständigkeit. 4. Löslichkeit. 5. Unschädlichkeit und Ungiftigkeit. 6. Angemehme Farbe und Geruch. 7. Vor allem aber seine enorme Brennbarkeit. 8. Wasserlöslichkeit. 9. Konstanz in der Wirkung. 10. Bequemlichkeit in der Anwendung. (137) Jahresbericht der Wiener Handelskammer. (137) Lokale Baunotizen. (138) Probepflasterung mit Teerolit in Lint. (138) Zur neuen Badehausanlage. Mauer- und Gastwirtsgewerbe. (139) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. Patentliste. (139) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 31. August 1910. (140) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. August 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (2)Anmeldung für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. August 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende Grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (141) Werbung (141) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 18. Linz, 15. September 1910. (Nr. 18. 1910.) ([143]) Ein fachmännisches Urteil über den Brand der Brüsseler Weltausstellung. ([143]) Die Verwendung offener Koksfeuer auf Bauten. ([143]) Projekt für ein Kaiserdenkmal in Krems. (144) Jahresbericht der Wiener Handelskammer. (145) Stein-, Erd-, Ton- und Glaswaren. (145) Bruchsteine. (145) Stiegenstufen und Pfeiler. Granitwürfel. Steinmetzarbeiten in Marmor und Granit. (146) Hydraulische Bindemittel. (146) Lokale Baunotizen. (147) Zum Bau des Gerichtsgebäudes in Leonfelden. Ein Probeversuch. Fabriksbau. Ein Urteil über den Eternit-Schiefer. Von den neuen Arbeitshäusern der Staatsbahnangestellten. Zur Nachahmung empfohlen. Im Lunapark. (147) Mittel gegen Ungeziefer in einem Neubau. (147) Offert-Verhandlungen. (148) Frabriksgründung. Elektrische Lichtanlage. Röhren, Fassonstücke, Armaturen. Wohnhäuser. (148) Bücherschau. Verkehrsbücher österreichischer Eisenbahnen. (148) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. September 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (2)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. September 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (148) Werbung (149) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 19. Linz, 1. Oktober 1910. (Nr. 19. 1910.) ([151]) [Abb.]: Aus der Mappe eines Architekten. Projekt für das Gebäude einer freiwilligen Rettungsgesellschaft in Galitzyn. ([151]) Brandprobe. ([151]) Die Heizung unserer Wohnräume. (152) Jahresbericht der Wiener Handelskammer. (152) Kunststeine für Bauzwecke. Öfen und Heizanlagen. Beleuchtungsgegenstände. Spenglerwaren. Holzimprägnierung und Holzpflasterung. (153) Parketten. (153) Der Hausschwamm. (154) Lokale Baunotizen. (154) Was soll eine städtische Badeanstalt bieten. Bau eines Maschinen- und Kesselhauses. (154) Bemalte Hausfassaden. (154) Auskunft über "Eternit". Holzwurm durch Carbolineum zu vertreiben. (155) Offert-Verhandlungen. Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 21. September 1910.) (155) Patentliste. (155) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. (156) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 30. September 1910. (156) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 30. September 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (2)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 30. September 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (157) Werbung (157) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 20. Linz, 15. Oktober 1910. (Nr. 20. 1910.) ([159]) Glossen über das Konkurrenzverfahren. ([159]) Städtische Bodenpolitik (160) Feuilleton. Der Traum eines Hausmeisters. (160) Lokale Baunotizen. (161) Einiges von unserem Friedhof. (161) Mangel an kleinen Wohnungen in Linz. (161) Zum Bau der Personalhäuser für die Angestellten der k. k. Staatsbahn in Linz. Ein vernachlässigtes Stadtgebiet. (162) Krankenhauserweiterung. Heizwert der Hölzer. (163) Vermischtes. Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. (163) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 5. Oktober 1910.) (163) Patentliste. Bücherschau. Innen-Dekoration. (164) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. Oktober 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (2)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. Oktober 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (165) Werbung (165) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 21. Linz, 1. November 1910. (Nr. 21. 1910.) ([167]) Über moderne Badeanlagen. ([167]) Die Wohnungsnot in Wien. ([167]) Städtische Bodenpolitik. (168) Lokale Baunotizen. (169) Zur Neupflasterung der Urfahrer Hauptstraße. (169) Brandprobe. Für angehende Baufachleute. Bau einer Möbelfabrik. Unvorsichtigkeiten bei Bauten. Schutz der oberösterreichischen Ziegelfabrikation. Ankauf einer Dampfstraßenwalze. (170) Strohmänner im Baugewerbe. (170) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. Offert-Verhandlungen. (171) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 12. Oktober 1910.) (171) Vermischtes. (172) Das Verhalten verschiedener Baumaterialien in Bezug auf das Fortleiten des Schalles. (172) Eine Kirche, die von Frauen gemauert wird. (173) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 31. Oktober 1910. (172) Werbung (173) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 22. Linz, 15. November 1910. (Nr. 22. 1910.) ([175]) Zum Schlusse der Bausaison 1910. ([175]) Wie soll die Baugrube beschaffen sein? ([175]) Städtische Bodenpolitik. (177) Lokale Baunotizen. (178) Brandprobe mit Dachdeckungsmaterialien. Ernennungen. Bau eines Amtsgebäudes in Schärding. Gebührennachlaß für Verkauf von Neubauten. (178) Merkwürdige Brandursachen. (179) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. (179) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 26. Otkober 1910.) (179) Vermischtes. (180) Patentliste. (180) Bücherschau. "Im eigenen Hause nicht teurer als zur Miete." (181) [Tabelle]: Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. November 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (181) Werbung (181) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 23. Linz, 1. Dezember 1910. (Nr. 23. 1910.) ([183]) Etwas über Baupoliere. ([183]) Wie soll die Baugrube beschaffen sein. ([183]) Die hygienischen Mängel der jetzigen Bauart. (184) Wie erzielt man Trockenheit, günstige Wärmeverhältnisse und Luftwechsel? (184) Der rheinische Schwemmstein beseitigt die Mängel. Im Sommer kühl, im Winter warm. (185) Rascher Luftwechsel. (185) Lokale Baunotizen. (186) Projekt für ein Musterhaus. (186) Vom Schicksal des Steinernen Saales im Landhause. (186) Betonbauunternehmung in Linz. Zubau zur Landes-Irrenanstalt. Errichtung eines Eislaufplatzes. Eelkrische Anlage. Brückenbau. Zum Bau des Amtsgebäudes in Schärding. Spitalerweiterung. (187) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 23. November 1910.) Offert-Verhandlungen. Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. (187) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 30. November 1910. (188) Patentliste. Bücherschau. Statik für Baugewerbeschulen und Baugewerksmeister von Karl Zillich, (189) Werbung (189) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 24. Linz, 15. Dezember 1910. (Nr. 24. 1910.) ([191]) Ueber das moderne Bestechungssystem. ([191]) Wichtiges über die Unterböden des Linoleums. (192) Der neue Gesetzentwurf betreffend die Gebäudesteuer. (192) Herstellung gebrannter Ziegel oder Kunststeine unter Verwendung von Ton als Bindemittel. (193) Lokale Baunotizen. (194) Rücktritt. Ein Klagebrief vom Lande. Ambulante Speisehütten in Linz. Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. Entwässerungsarbeiten in St. Florian. (194) Armenhaus. Nachahmenswert. Elektrizitätswerk. Uebernahme eines Elektrizitätswerkes und der Straßenbahn. Badhauserweiterung. Bahnprojekt. Wasserleitung. Landhaus. Straßenbauarbeiten. (195) Offert-Verhandlungen. Patentliste. Bücherschau. Statik für Baugewerksschulen und Baugewerksmeister von Karl Zillich, (195) Inhalts-Verzeichnis. (196) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. Dezember 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (197) Werbung (197)
Mención Especial en Investigación Arquitectónica en el XXV Premio de Arquitectura convocado por el Colegio Oficial de Arquitectos de Huelva ; [SPA] La clase proletaria en España habría de recorrer un largo y tedioso trayecto de algunas décadas hasta la definitiva consecución del derecho a unas vacaciones anuales retribuidas. Esta demanda histórica será satisfecha por vez primera en la Constitución Republicana del año 1931, y consolidada algunos años después con la promulgación del Fuero del Trabajo de 1938, lo que llevará al régimen franquista a afrontar el reto de idear modelos para la organización del ocio y las vacaciones de los trabajadores del país. Con la mirada puesta en aquellas experiencias de problemática similar llevadas a cabo previamente por otros regímenes totalitarios en Italia, Alemania o Portugal, la conocida como Obra Sindical de Educación y Descanso instauraría en España una compleja red de albergues y residencias de veraneo con localizaciones diversas a lo largo y ancho de la geografía del país, resultando significativo el número de instalaciones de este tipo emplazadas en el ámbito litoral. El rotundo éxito que entre las masas trabajadoras cosechase la labor desempeñada por este organismo estatal durante las dos primeras décadas del régimen franquista, propiciaría el escenario idóneo para la implementación de un novedoso modelo para la organización, como sin duda el control, del descanso y el ocio estival de los productores españoles: las ciudades de vacaciones de Educación y Descanso. Promovidas durante el tramo intermedio de la década de los años cincuenta, la Obra Sindical de Educación y Descanso construiría en España hasta tres ciudades de vacaciones para trabajadores, ejecutadas ex nihilo como asentamientos autosuficientes estratégicamente localizados en privilegiadas parcelas a pie de playa, y destinadas no sólo a garantizar el descanso de sus residentes durante el asueto estival, sino también a un adoctrinamiento político que, de manera soterrada, se pondría en práctica en el distendido ambiente que estas instalaciones vacacionales ofrecerían. El modelo ciudad de vacaciones de Educación y Descanso, objeto de un profundo estudio en este trabajo, encuentra su punto de partida en la playa Larga de Tarragona, extendiéndose en pocos años a sendas parcelas en Marbella y Perlora, convirtiéndose así en una sutil avanzadilla de lo que la década siguiente depararía al litoral español. El presente trabajo se propone dar respuesta a tres interrogantes surgidos en torno a este novedoso modelo de organización y control del descanso proletario en España. El primero de ellos aborda la especificidad que, como consecuencia de sus singulares circunstancias, se le presume a este tipo de asentamientos vacacionales. Para ello, se ha elaborado un análisis comparativo entre las ciudades de vacaciones de Educación y Descanso y otros modelos alternativos para la organización de las masas trabajadoras en el territorio que, contemporáneamente, se estarían desarrollando en España tanto en las periferias de la ciudad industrial tradicional, como en el ámbito rural como resultado del proceso de urbanización al que el Instituto Nacional de Colonización sometería al campo español. El segundo de los interrogantes planteados en este trabajo aflora tras la elaboración del estado del conocimiento sobre la materia, y versa sobre la posible continuidad del modelo en el tiempo. Esta investigación pone en entredicho la literatura especializada en las ciudades de vacaciones de Educación y Descanso, que sitúa dicho modelo como un hecho puntual y aislado de la década de los cincuenta, negando de forma precipitada la existencia de experiencias adicionales promovidas durante la etapa final del régimen franquista. El tercer y último interrogante que se plantea en este trabajo se centra en la revisión del modelo, tratando de identificar la probable influencia que sobre el mismo ejerciera el cambio de contexto experimentado con la llegada de la década de los años sesenta, cuando el fenómeno turístico de masas, tanto nacional como internacional, irrumpiría definitivamente en las casi inalteradas costas de nuestro país. Como colofón de esta investigación se han planteado una serie de conclusiones como resolución de las hipótesis de partida formuladas en el trabajo. La identificación de algunos parámetros inherentes a las tres ciudades de vacaciones ejecutadas por Educación y Descanso en la década de los años cincuenta, como la especificidad de su programa o su especial posicionamiento respecto al lugar y el paisaje, ha resultado determinante a la hora de demostrar la singularidad de estos conjuntos respecto de otros modelos analizados para la organización de las clases obreras en el territorio. Así mismo, como aportación al conocimiento sobre la temática, se han documentado hasta dos nuevos proyectos de ciudades de vacaciones promovidos por Educación y Descanso en la segunda mitad de los años sesenta, en Guardamar del Segura (Alicante) y en Punta Umbría (Huelva), ignoradas hasta hoy por la bibliografía específica. A pesar de no haber sido ejecutadas, estas propuestas han permitido constatar las intenciones de la Obra Sindical de dar continuidad a su novedoso modelo de organización y control del descanso de los trabajadores durante la etapa final del régimen franquista, un periodo en el que, sin embargo, asistiremos a la pérdida de la hegemonía sobre las costas españolas de la institución estatal Educación y Descanso en beneficio de las arrolladoras promociones de apartamentos y hoteles de promoción privada que ocuparán a partir de entonces las privilegiadas posiciones a pie de playa. Este contexto obligará a introducir variaciones sustanciales sobre el modelo objeto de este trabajo ante la ineludible necesidad de competir con otras actuaciones que en el orden privado se comenzarían a ejecutar en el litoral español. Situado este episodio de las ciudades de vacaciones de Educación y Descanso dentro del debate sobre la gestación del fenómeno turismo de masas en España, se abren ahora nuevos interrogantes que conducen a futuras líneas de trabajo, como desentrañar las causas reales que llevaron a la Obra Sindical al abandono prematuro de un modelo aparentemente exitoso, o identificar las posibles reminiscencias del mismo sobre otras propuestas de organización del ocio turístico en el territorio implementadas en las décadas posteriores, como los denominados resorts turísticos que tan en boga estuvieron en España a partir de los años noventa. ; [ENG] The proletarian class in Spain had to go through a long and tedious journey of some decades until the final attainment of the right to a paid annual vacation. This historical demand was fulfilled in the Republican Constitution of 1931 and consolidated some years later with the enactment of the Jurisdiction of Labour in 1938. It made the Franco's regime face the challenge of devising models for the organization of leisure and vacation of workers. With an eye towards those similar experiences carried out previously by other totalitarian regimes in Italy, Germany or Portugal, the so-called Trade Union Work of Education and Rest established a complex network of hostels and summer residences with different locations throughout Spain, being significant the number of this kind of facilities located in the coastal area. The clear success that the labour of this State institution had among the working class in the first two decades of Franco's regime favoured the perfect setting for the implementation of a new model for the organization, as well as the control, of Spanish producers' rest and summer leisure: holiday cities of education and rest. Promoted during the middle part of the 1950s, the Trade Union Work of Education and Rest built three holiday cities for workers in Spain. They were performed ex nihilo as self-sufficient settlements, strategically located in privileged plots at the beach and intended not only to guarantee the rest of its residents during the summer holidays, but also to a political indoctrination which would be covertly implemented in the relaxed atmosphere that these holiday facilities offered. The model of holiday city of education and rest, object of a deep study in this research, has its starting point at Larga beach, in Tarragona, extending itself in a few years to two plots in Marbella and Perlora. Therefore, it became a subtle advance of what the next decade would bring to the Spanish coast. The present study intends to answer three questions about this new model of organization and control of proletarian rest in Spain. The first question is about the specificity that, as a consequence of its unique circumstances, this kind of holiday settlements is assumed to have. To do this, a comparative analysis has been carried out among holiday cities of Education and Rest and other alternative models for organization of working masses in the territory that at the same time would be developing in Spain, not only in the surroundings of the traditional industrial city, but also in the rural area. This is the result of the urbanization process that the National Institute of Colonization would subject to Spanish countryside. The second question, which is raised in this study after the development of the state of knowledge on the subject, deals with the possible continuity of the model over time. This research calls into question the specialized literature in the holiday cities of Education and Rest. This literature finds this model as a punctual and isolated fact from the fifties, hastily denying the existence of additional experiences promoted during the final stage of Franco's regime. The third and final question of this study focuses on the review of the model, trying to identify the probable influence that the change of context experienced with the arrival of the sixties had on it, when mass tourism phenomenon, both national and international, would definitely break into the almost unchanged coasts of our country. As a culmination of this research, some conclusions have been proposed as a resolution of the starting hypotheses formulated in the study. The identification of some parameters inherent in the three holiday cities performed by Education and Rest in the fifties, such as the specificity of its program or its special positioning regarding place and landscape, has proved to be decisive to demonstrate the uniqueness of these sets in relation to other models analyzed for the organization of working classes in the territory. Likewise, as a contribution to knowledge on the subject, two new projects of holiday cities promoted by Education and Rest have been documented in the second half of the sixties, in Guardamar del Segura (Alicante) and in Punta Umbría (Huelva), being ignored until today by specific bibliography. Despite not having been performed, these proposals have revealed the intentions of the Trade Union Work to continue its innovative model of organization and control of workers' rest during the final stage of Franco's regime. However, there will be a loss of hegemony of the state institution Education and Rest over Spanish coasts for the benefit of overwhelming promotions of apartments and hotels of private promotion which will be on privileged positions at the beach from then on. This context will force the introduction of substantial variations on the model being studied in this work because of the unavoidable need to compete with other performances which would privately start to be carried out in Spanish coast. Having placed this episode of holiday cities of Education and Rest within the debate on the gestation of the mass tourism phenomenon in Spain, there are some new questions leading to future lines of study, such as finding the real causes that made the Trade Union Work leave prematurely a model apparently successful or finding its possible reminiscences on other proposals for organizing tourist leisure in the territory being implemented in subsequent decades. An example of this aspect would be the so-called tourist resorts which were so popular in Spain since the 1990s. ; Escuela Internacional de Doctorado de la Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena ; Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena ; Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Arquitectura y Tecnología de la Edificación
Adequate energy supply has become one of the vital components of human development and economic growth of nations. In fact, major components of the global economy such as transportation services, communications, industrial processes, and construction activities are dependent on adequate energy resources. Even mining and extraction of energy resources, including harnessing the forces of nature to produce energy, are dependent on accessibility of sufficient energy in the appropriate form at the desired location. Therefore, energy resource planning and management to provide appropriate energy in terms of both quantity and quality has become a priority at the global level. The increasing demand for energy due to growing population, higher living standards, and economic development magnifies the importance of reliable energy plans. In addition, the uneven distribution of traditional fossil fuel energy sources on the Earth and the resulting political and economic interactions are other sources of complexity within energy planning. The competition over fossil fuels that exists due to gradual depletion of such sources and the tremendous thirst of current global economic operations for these sources, as well as the sensitivity of fossil fuel supplies and prices to global conditions, all add to the complexity of effective energy planning. In addition to diversification of fossil fuel supply sources as a means of increasing national energy security, many governments are investing in non-fossil fuels, especially renewable energy sources, to combat the risks associated with adequate energy supply. Moreover, increasing the number of energy sources also adds further complication to energy planning. Global warming, resulting from concentration of greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere, influences energy infrastructure investments and operations management as a result of international treaty obligations and other regulations requiring that emissions be cut to sustainable levels. Burning fossil fuel, as one of the substantial driving factors of global warming and energy insecurity, is mostly impacted by such policies, pushing forward the implementation of renewable energy polices. Thus, modern energy portfolios comprise a mix of renewable energy sources and fossil fuels, with an increasing share of renewables over time. Many governments have been setting renewable energy targets that mandate increasing energy production from such sources over time. Reliance on renewable energy sources certainly helps with reduction of greenhouse gas emissions while improving national energy security. However, the growing implementation of renewable energy has some limitations. Such energy technologies are not always as cheap as fossil fuel sources, mostly due to immaturity of these energy sources in most locations as well as high prices of the materials and equipment to harness the forces of nature and transform them to usable energy. In addition, despite the fact that renewable energy sources are traditionally considered to be environmentally friendly, compared to fossil fuels, they sometimes require more natural resources such as water and land to operate and produce energy. Hence, the massive production of energy from these sources may lead to water shortage, land use change, increasing food prices, and insecurity of water supplies. In other words, the energy production from renewables might be a solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but it might become a source of other problems such as scarcity of natural resources.The fact that future energy mix will rely more on renewable sources is undeniable, mostly due to depletion of fossil fuel sources over time. However, the aforementioned limitations pose a challenge to general policies that encourage immediate substitution of fossil fuels with renewables to battle climate change. In fact, such limitations should be taken into account in developing reliable energy policies that seek adequate energy supply with minimal secondary effects. Traditional energy policies have been suggesting the expansion of least cost energy options, which were mostly fossil fuels. Such sources used to be considered riskless energy options with low volatility in the absence of competitive energy markets in which various energy technologies are competing over larger market shares. Evolution of renewable energy technologies, however, complicated energy planning due to emerging risks that emanated mostly from high price volatility. Hence, energy planning began to be seen as investment problems in which the costs of energy portfolio were minimized while attempting to manage associated price risks. So, energy policies continued to rely on risky fossil fuel options and small shares of renewables with the primary goal to reduce generation costs. With emerging symptoms of climate change and the resulting consequences, the new policies accounted for the costs of carbon emissions control in addition to other costs. Such policies also encouraged the increased use of renewable energy sources. Emissions control cost is not an appropriate measure of damages because these costs are substantially less than the economic damages resulting from emissions. In addition, the effects of such policies on natural resources such as water and land is not directly taken into account. However, sustainable energy policies should be able to capture such complexities, risks, and tradeoffs within energy planning. Therefore, there is a need for adequate supply of energy while addressing issues such as global warming, energy security, economy, and environmental impacts of energy production processes. The effort in this study is to develop an energy portfolio assessment model to address the aforementioned concerns.This research utilized energy performance data, gathered from extensive review of articles and governmental institution reports. The energy performance values, namely carbon footprint, water footprint, land footprint, and cost of energy production were carefully selected in order to have the same basis for comparison purposes. If needed, adjustment factors were applied. In addition, the Energy Information Administration (EIA) energy projection scenarios were selected as the basis for estimating the share of the energy sources over the years until 2035. Furthermore, the resource availability in different states within the U.S. was obtained from publicly available governmental institutions that provide such statistics. Specifically, the carbon emissions magnitudes (metric tons per capita) for different states were extracted from EIA databases, states' freshwater withdrawals (cubic meters per capita) were found from USGS databases, states' land availability values (square kilometers) were obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau, and economic resource availability (GDP per capita) for different states were acquired from the Bureau of Economic Analysis.In this study, first, the impacts of energy production processes on global freshwater resources are investigated based on different energy projection scenarios. Considering the need for investing on energy sources with minimum environmental impacts while securing maximum efficiency, a systems approach is adopted to quantify the resource use efficiency of energy sources under sustainability indicators. The sensitivity and robustness of the resource use efficiency scores are then investigated versus existing energy performance uncertainties and varying resource availability conditions. The resource use efficiency of the energy sources is then regionalized for different resource limitation conditions in states within the U.S. Finally, a sustainable energy planning framework is developed based on Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) and Post-Modern Portfolio Theory (PMPT) with consideration of the resource use efficiency measures and associated efficiency risks.In the energy-water nexus investigation, the energy sources are categorized into 10 major groups with distinct water footprint magnitudes and associated uncertainties. The global water footprint of energy production processes are then estimated for different EIA energy mix scenarios over the 2012-2035 period. The outcomes indicate that the water footprint of energy production increases by almost 50% depending on the scenario. In fact, growing energy production is not the only reason for increasing the energy related water footprint. Increasing the share of water intensive energy sources in the future energy mix is another driver of increasing global water footprint of energy in the future. The results of the energies' water footprint analysis demonstrate the need for a policy to reduce the water use of energy generation. Furthermore, the outcomes highlight the importance of considering the secondary impacts of energy production processes besides their carbon footprint and costs. The results also have policy implications for future energy investments in order to increase the water use efficiency of energy sources per unit of energy production, especially those with significant water footprint such as hydropower and biofuels.In the next step, substantial efforts have been dedicated to evaluating the efficiency of different energy sources from resource use perspective. For this purpose, a system of systems approach is adopted to measure the resource use efficiency of energy sources in the presence of trade-offs between independent yet interacting systems (climate, water, land, economy). Hence, a stochastic multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) framework is developed to compute the resource use efficiency scores for four sustainability assessment criteria, namely carbon footprint, water footprint, land footprint, and cost of energy production considering existing performance uncertainties. The energy sources' performances under aforementioned sustainability criteria are represented in ranges due to uncertainties that exist because of technological and regional variations. Such uncertainties are captured by the model based on Monte-Carlo selection of random values and are translated into stochastic resource use efficiency scores. As the notion of optimality is not unique, five MCDM methods are exploited in the model to counterbalance the bias toward definition of optimality. This analysis is performed under (")no resource limitation(") conditions to highlight the quality of different energy sources from a resource use perspective. The resource use efficiency is defined as a dimensionless number in scale of 0-100, with greater numbers representing a higher efficiency. The outcomes of this analysis indicate that despite increasing popularity, not all renewable energy sources are more resource use efficient than non-renewable sources. This is especially true for biofuels and different types of ethanol that demonstrate lower resource use efficiency scores compared to natural gas and nuclear energy. It is found that geothermal energy and biomass energy from miscanthus are the most and least resource use efficient energy alternatives based on the performance data available in the literature. The analysis also shows that none of the energy sources are strictly dominant or strictly dominated by other energy sources. Following the resource use efficiency analysis, sensitivity and robustness analyses are performed to determine the impacts of resource limitations and existing performance uncertainties on resource use efficiency, respectively. Sensitivity analysis indicates that geothermal energy and ethanol from sugarcane have the lowest and highest resource use efficiency sensitivity, respectively. Also, it is found that from a resource use perspective, concentrated solar power (CSP) and hydropower are respectively the most and least robust energy options with respect to the existing performance uncertainties in the literature.In addition to resource use efficiency analysis, sensitivity analysis and robustness analysis, of energy sources, this study also investigates the scheme of the energy production mix within a specific region with certain characteristics, resource limitations, and availabilities. In fact, different energy sources, especially renewables, vary in demand for natural resources (such as water and land), environmental impacts, geographic requirements, and type of infrastructure required for energy production. In fact, the efficiency of energy sources from a resource use perspective is dependent upon regional specifications, so the energy portfolio varies for different regions due to varying resource availability conditions. Hence, the resource use efficiency scores of different energy technologies are calculated based on the aforementioned sustainability criteria and regional resource availability and limitation conditions (emissions, water resources, land, and GDP) within different U.S. states, regardless of the feasibility of energy alternatives in each state. Sustainability measures are given varying weights based on the emissions cap, available economic resources, land, and water resources in each state, upon which the resource use efficiency of energy sources is calculated by utilizing the system of systems framework developed in the previous step. Efficiency scores are graphically illustrated on GIS-based maps for different states and different energy sources. The results indicate that for some states, fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas are as efficient as renewables like wind and solar energy technologies from resource use perspective. In other words, energy sources' resource use efficiency is significantly sensitive to available resources and limitations in a certain location.Moreover, energy portfolio development models have been created in order to determine the share of different energy sources of total energy production, in order to meet energy demand, maintain energy security, and address climate change with the least possible adverse impacts on the environment. In fact, the traditional (")least cost(") energy portfolios are outdated and should be replaced with (")most efficient(") ones that are not only cost-effective, but also environmentally friendly. Hence, the calculated resource use efficiency scores and associated statistical analysis outcomes for a range of renewable and nonrenewable energy sources are fed into a portfolio selection framework to choose the appropriate energy mixes associated with the risk attitudes of decision makers. For this purpose, Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) and Post-Modern Portfolio Theory (PMPT) are both employed to illustrate how different interpretations of (")risk of return(") yield different energy portfolios. The results indicate that 2012 energy mix and projected world's 2035 energy portfolio are not sustainable in terms of resource use efficiency and could be substituted with more reliable, more effective portfolios that address energy security and global warming with minimal environmental and economic impacts. ; 2013-12-01 ; Ph.D. ; Engineering and Computer Science, Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering ; Doctoral ; This record was generated from author submitted information.
En el Capítulo 1 se provee el marco teórico y los objetivos planteados en este estudio. En elCapítulo 2 se presentan las grillas de precipitación y temperatura hechas a partir de unarecopilación de datos mensuales en la región. Se compilaron 218 y 114 registros deprecipitaciónytemperaturarespectivamente,provenientesdeinstitucionesgubernamentales y privadas de la región. Estos datos fueron interpolados mediante latécnica de co-kriging para obtener grillas de precipitación y temperatura de 20 km x 20 kmcubriendo el norte de la Patagonia desde 63° a 75° longitud Oeste y 35° a 45° latitud Sur.Estas nuevas grillas (Grillado Climático para Patagonia Norte, o GCPN) representan lasvariaciones de los rasgos espaciales en los campos medios de temperatura y precipitaciónde una manera más realista que las grillas climáticas globales disponibles en la actualidad.También se comparó el desempeño de estas grillas con otras grillas climáticas globales deuso común en la región. A partir del trabajo realizado en este capítulo se ha publicado unartículo científico en una revista indexada (DOI:10.1007/s13351-015-5058-y).En el capítulo 3 se analizó la variabilidad espacial y temporal de la precipitación y latemperatura (utilizando las grillas presentadas en el capítulo 2) y su relación con fenómenosclimáticos de gran escala. La variabilidad espacio-temporal de los campos de precipitacióny temperatura a escala regional fue establecida aplicando un Análisis de ComponentesPrincipales (ACP) a los datos grillados. Una vez determinados los patrones dominantes, seexploraron los forzantes del sistema climático a escala hemisférica y global asociados a lavariabilidad en la temperatura y precipitación en el norte de la Patagonia. A grandes rasgos,el análisis de componentes principales aplicado a las series de precipitación y temperaturaidentificó cuatro grandes patrones de variabilidad temporal en la región. El patrón asociadoal sector noroeste de la región presenta un clima tipo mediterráneo. El patrón asociado alsector Este y Noreste coincide con el clima frio semiárido. El patrón asociado al sector Sury Sudeste coincide con el clima árido frio, mientras que el patrón asociado a la región Sur ySudoeste coincide con la región de clima oceánico. La comparación de estos patrones dominantes de variabilidad en la temperatura y laprecipitación sobre el norte de la Patagonia con índices de circulación océano/atmosferaarrojó algunas relaciones de interés. Por ejemplo, existe una relación negativa entre laprecipitación en el Oeste de la región de estudio (clima tipo Mediterráneo) durante laprimavera, el verano y el otoño y la Oscilación Antártica (AAO). El fenómeno El Niño-Oscilación del Sur (ENOS) está relacionado, en su fase cálida, a un aumento deprecipitación sobre la Cordillera de los Andes, particularmente al Oeste de esta durante laprimavera. En el invierno, los eventos cálidos ENOS están asociados a mayoresprecipitaciones en el sector Este de la región. Los índices del Océano Atlántico (SAODI yTSA) solo muestran una relación negativa con la precipitación en el Este de la regióndurante el invierno. La AAO resulta ser el principal forzante de las variaciones en latemperatura en el norte de la Patagonia. Muestra relaciones positivas con esta variable en elSur de la región durante el verano, el otoño y la primavera; y en el Este de la región duranteel invierno.En el capítulo 4 se analiza la variabilidad espacial y temporal del Índice de VegetaciónNormalizado (IVN) mediante el análisis de componentes principales, y se comparan lasregiones que resultan de este análisis con clasificaciones previas de la vegetación en laregión que tienen en cuenta atributos estructurales o funcionales de la misma. Lavariabilidad espacio-temporal del IVN derivado de sensores remotos fue analizada tanto anivel de Región Ecológica Homogénea o Tipo Forestal , como a escala regional aplicandoel Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP). La variabilidad temporal se analizó a nivelintra-anual e interanual, filtrando el ciclo anual mediante el cálculo de los desvíosestandarizados. Se pudieron reconocer, a grandes rasgos, cuatro regiones donde lavariabilidad temporal del IVN se comporta de manera relativamente homogénea: 1) Regiónde Clima Mediterráneo, que se corresponde con los Tipos Forestales Araucaria, Coihue ?Raulí ? Roble, las Regiones Ecológicas de Pastizales Subandinos y de Sierras y Mesetas(en transición con el clima Frio Semiárido), y el Tipo Forestal Lenga, en transición con elclima Templado Oceánico; 2) Región de clima Semiárido Frío y Árido Frío, quecomprende a las Regiones Ecológicas de Sierras y Mesetas, Distrito central de Chubut yDistrito del Golfo (que a su vez conforman la Provincia Fitogeográfica Patagónica); 3) Región de climas Templado Oceánico y Subpolar Oceánico, que comprende a los TiposForestales Alerce, Siempreverde Valdiviano y Lenga adyacentes; 4) Región de Clima Friosemiárido, representada principalmente por la Provincia Fitogeográfica del Monte (MonteAustral y Monte Oriental). A grandes rasgos, se puede observar que el ciclo anual es elrasgo predominante de la variabilidad del IVN hacia el Noroeste de la región (zona declima mediterráneo). El ciclo anual pierde su amplitud hacia el Sur y hacia el Este, amedida que adquieren mayor importancia los ciclos intra- e inter-anuales.En el capítulo 5 se analiza la relación entre la variabilidad en el IVN y las variaciones en lasprecipitaciones y la temperatura, considerando diferentes escalas temporales en las que sepueden manifestar estas relaciones. La temperatura, particularmente al comienzo de laestación de crecimiento, parece ser el factor climático determinante del crecimiento de losBosques Templados y de algunas regiones ecológicas pertenecientes a la ProvinciaFitogeográfica de la Patagonia (Distritos del Golfo y Central de Chubut). Para la regiónecológica del Monte Oriental, la precipitación de verano es el factor determinante de ladinámica del IVN a escala intra-anual. Este acoplamiento entre la precipitación y el IVN enesta región no ha sido reportado en trabajos anteriores. Esta relación pareciera estarasociada a la mayor abundancia relativa de especies C4 en esta región. Las especies C4 sonparticularmente eficientes para aprovechar los eventos esporádicos de lluvia durante elverano. Este acoplamiento entre el IVN y la precipitación es evidente a diferentesfrecuencias temporales, particularmente en la escala interanual.En el capítulo 6 se abordó el estudio de la relación entre la variabilidad del IVN y lasvariaciones climáticas de gran escala. Los índices muestran diferentes asociaciones con lospatrones de IVN según la región y la época del año. En líneas generales, la AAO influenciatodos los patrones de IVN. Esto probablemente se deba a que su influencia en laprecipitación y la temperatura abarcan casi la totalidad de la región estudiada. El fenómenoEl Niño-Oscilación del Sur también muestra asociaciones con tres patrones, pero surelación más notoria con el IVN se observa en los Bosques Siempreverde y de Alercedurante la primavera y el verano. Por su parte, tanto los índices asociados a la circulacióndel Océano Atlántico, así como las TSM del Atlántico tropical, influyen las variaciones en los patrones que corresponden a las Regiones Ecológicas del Monte Austral y MonteOriental y la Provincia Fitogeográfica de la Patagonia. ; This doctoral dissertation is organized in seven chapters. Chapter 1 provides the theoretical framework and the main goals of this thesis. In Chapter 2, 218 and 114 precipitation and temperature records, respectively, were compiled from different governmental and private institutions to develop a gridded climatic data base across northern Patagonia. Based on a co-kriging methodology, these precipitation and temperature records were interpolated into 20 x 20 km-resolution grids covering northern Patagonia from 63º to 75º W longitude (from Atlantic to Pacific coast) and from 35º to 45º S latitude. These new grids (Northern Patagonia Climate Grids, NPCG) represent spatial variations of both temperature and precipitation fields in a more realistic manner than other global climate grids currently available for the region. The performance of NPCG was contrasted with other global climate grids commonly used in northern Patagonia. This work has already been published in an international, indexed journal (DOI:10.1007/s13351-015-5058-y). In Chapter 3, spatial and temporal variations in temperature and precipitation, based on NPCG (chapter 2) were analyzed, along with their relationships with large-scale climate forcings. The dominant modes of spatial and temporal variability in temperature and precipitation were determined by applying a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to the gridded data sets. Once that the main patterns of temperature and precipitation variability were identified, they were compared with large-scale (continental, hemispheric to global) climatic drivers. Overall, the PCA analyses of the temperature and precipitation grids identified four different patterns of spatio-temporal variability in northern Patagonia. The northwestern Patagonia pattern shows the classical features related to the Mediterranean climate across Central Chile and the adjacent Cordillera de los Andes. The pattern associated with the cold semiarid climate prevails in the eastern and northeastern sectors of northern Patagonia. The spatial pattern related to the south-southeastern region in northern Patagonia encompass the dominant cold arid climate, whereas the southern and southwestern sectors in the study region coincides with the Pacific oceanic climate. The dominant patterns of variability in temperature and precipitation showed interesting links with several atmosphere/ocean circulation indexes. For example, negative relationships were recorded between precipitation in the Mediterranean sector during spring, summer and fall and the Antarctic Oscillation index (AAO). In contrast, the warm events of El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are associated with positive rainfall anomalies west of the Andes range during spring. In winter, warm ENSO events are related to above-mean rainfalls anomalies in the Eastern sector of the study area. The indices associated with the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean (SAODI and TSA) are negatively related to precipitation in the Eastern sector during winter. The AAO seems to be the main driver of temperature variability in northern Patagonia. The AAO shows positive relationships with temperature in the southern sector of northern Patagonia during summer, autumn and spring, and in the eastern sector during winter. The establishment of the spatio-temporal variations in the Normalized-Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), based on Principal Component Analysis, was the main goal of Chapter 4. The NDVI-based regions identified were compared with vegetation classifications based on structural or functional features of vegetation across northern Patagonia. The spatio-temporal variability in NDVI was estimated based on previously established ecosystems (from forests to dry steppe) and similarities in NDVI according to PCA analysis). Temporal variations were analyzed in both intra and inter-annual scales. The annual cycle in NDVI was removed from the original time series by computing the standard deviations in relations to the period 2001-2010. Four regions with relativehomogeneous temporal behaviors were identified: 1) The Mediterranean climate region, which shows similarities with the Coihue – Rauli – Roble, Lenga and Araucaria forest types, and the Pastizales Subandinos and Sierras y Mesetas grassland-upper steppe types; 2) The region with cold semiarid and arid climate, which spatially overlaps with the Sierras y Mesetas, Distrito Central de Chubut and Distrito del Golfo steppe regions; 3) The region of temperate and subantartic oceanic climates, which is associated with the Alerce, Siempreverde Valdiviano and Lenga forest types; and 4) The region of cold semiarid climate related to the Monte Austral and Monte Oriental ecological regions. Overall, a dominant annual cycle is the main feature of the temporal evolution of the NDVI in the Mediterranean climate zone. The amplitude of the annual cycle diminishes towards the south and the east where intra- and inter-annual cycles gain importance. In Chapter 5, the relationships between the variability of NDVI and temperature and precipitation are documented, taking into consideration the different temporal scales in which interactions between these variables occur. Temperature, mainly at the beginning of the growing season, seems to be the determinant factor for the growth of the temperate forests and the Distritos del Golfo and Central de Chubut grassland-steppe regions. For the Monte Oriental ecological region, summer rainfall is the most important factor related to the inter-annual dynamic in the NDVI. This strong temporal coupling between summer rainfall and NDVI in the Monte oriental has not been previously reported. This relationship seems to be associated with the abundance of C4 species in this ecological region. C4 species take advantages of the sporadic summer rainfalls more efficiently than C3 plants. This coupling between rainfall and NDVI is present at different timescales, particularly at the inter-annual scale. Relationships between NDVI variability and large-scale climate forcings were documented in Chapter 6. Linkages between NDVI and large-scale atmospheric circulation indices vary according to the seasons and different vegetation regions across northern Patagonia. Overall, the AAO influences most patterns of NDVI variability, in response to the pervasive influences of the AAO on temperature and precipitation regimens over most northern Patagonia. ENSO shows linkages with the Siempreverde Valdiviano and Alerce forest types during spring and summer. Finally, the indices associated with variations in the circulation of the Atlantic Ocean and Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) across the tropical Atlantic Ocean are related to NDVI patterns in the Monte Austral and Monte Oriental ecological regions. Finally, Chapter 7 discuss the results and provides directions for further research. ; Fil: Bianchi, Emilio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera; Argentina
Importance: Both low and high gestational weight gain have been associated with adverse maternal and infant outcomes, but optimal gestational weight gain remains uncertain and not well defined for all prepregnancy weight ranges. Objectives: To examine the association of ranges of gestational weight gain with risk of adverse maternal and infant outcomes and estimate optimal gestational weight gain ranges across prepregnancy body mass index categories. Design, setting, and participants: Individual participant-level meta-analysis using data from 196 670 participants within 25 cohort studies from Europe and North America (main study sample). Optimal gestational weight gain ranges were estimated for each prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) category by selecting the range of gestational weight gain that was associated with lower risk for any adverse outcome. Individual participant-level data from 3505 participants within 4 separate hospital-based cohorts were used as a validation sample. Data were collected between 1989 and 2015. The final date of follow-up was December 2015. Exposures: Gestational weight gain. Main outcomes and measures: The main outcome termed any adverse outcome was defined as the presence of 1 or more of the following outcomes: preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, cesarean delivery, preterm birth, and small or large size for gestational age at birth. Results: Of the 196 670 women (median age, 30.0 years [quartile 1 and 3, 27.0 and 33.0 years] and 40 937 were white) included in the main sample, 7809 (4.0%) were categorized at baseline as underweight (BMI <18.5); 133 788 (68.0%), normal weight (BMI, 18.5-24.9); 38 828 (19.7%), overweight (BMI, 25.0-29.9); 11 992 (6.1%), obesity grade 1 (BMI, 30.0-34.9); 3284 (1.7%), obesity grade 2 (BMI, 35.0-39.9); and 969 (0.5%), obesity grade 3 (BMI, ≥40.0). Overall, any adverse outcome occurred in 37.2% (n = 73 161) of women, ranging from 34.7% (2706 of 7809) among women categorized as underweight to 61.1% (592 of 969) among women categorized as obesity grade 3. Optimal gestational weight gain ranges were 14.0 kg to less than 16.0 kg for women categorized as underweight; 10.0 kg to less than 18.0 kg for normal weight; 2.0 kg to less than 16.0 kg for overweight; 2.0 kg to less than 6.0 kg for obesity grade 1; weight loss or gain of 0 kg to less than 4.0 kg for obesity grade 2; and weight gain of 0 kg to less than 6.0 kg for obesity grade 3. These gestational weight gain ranges were associated with low to moderate discrimination between those with and those without adverse outcomes (range for area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.55-0.76). Results for discriminative performance in the validation sample were similar to the corresponding results in the main study sample (range for area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.51-0.79). Conclusions and relevance: In this meta-analysis of pooled individual participant data from 25 cohort studies, the risk for adverse maternal and infant outcomes varied by gestational weight gain and across the range of prepregnancy weights. The estimates of optimal gestational weight gain may inform prenatal counseling; however, the optimal gestational weight gain ranges had limited predictive value for the outcomes assessed. ; Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC): Funded by grant 102215/2/13/2 from the UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome, core support from the University of Bristol, grant R01 DK10324 from the US National Institutes of Health, grant agreement 669545 from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013), award MC_UU_12013/5 from the UK Medical Research Council, and Dr Lawlor is a National Institute for Health Research senior investigator (NF-SI-0611-10196). Cohort of Newborns in Emilia Romagna (CoNER): No funding reported. Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC): The Danish Epidemiology Science Centre initiated and created the DNBC and this center was established by the Danish National Research Foundation via a major grant. Additional support was obtained from the Pharmacy Foundation, the Egmont Foundation, the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, the Augustinus Foundation, and the Health Foundation. The 7-year follow-up study was supported by award 195/04 from the Lundbeck Foundation and award SSVF 0646 from the Danish Medical Research Council. Étude des Déterminants pré et postnatals du développement et de la santé de l'ENfant (EDEN): Supported by the French foundation for medical research, the French national agency for research, the French national institute for research in public health (IRESP: TGIR cohorte santé 2008 program), the French ministry of health, the French ministry of research, the INSERM bone and joint diseases national research and human nutrition national research programs, Paris-Sud University, Nestlé, the French national institute for population health surveillance, the French national institute for health education, the European Union FP7 programs (2007-2013; HELIX, ESCAPE, ENRIECO, and Medall projects), the French diabetes national research program through a collaboration with the French association of diabetic patients, the French agency for environmental health safety (now ANSES), the Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale (a complementary health insurance), the French national agency for food security, and the French-speaking association for the study of diabetes and metabolism. Family and Children of Ukraine (FCOU): Supported by the Fogarty International Center at the US National Institutes of Health, the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the US Environmental Protection Agency, and the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine. Genetica e Ambiente: Studio Prospettico dell'Infanzia in Italia (GASPII): Supported by the Italian ministry of health. Groningen Expert Center for Kids with Obesity (GECKO Drenthe): Supported by an unrestricted grant from Hutchison Whampoa Ltd and funding from the University of Groningen, Well Baby Clinic Foundation Icare, Noordlease, the Paediatric Association of the Netherlands, and Youth Health Care Drenthe. Genetics of Glucose regulation in Gestation and Growth (Gen3G): Supported by operating grant 20697 from the Fonds de recherche du Québec en santé, operating grant MOP 115071 from the Canadian Institute of Health Reseach, a grant from Diabète Québec, and operating grant OG-3-08-2622-JA from the Canadian Diabetes Association. Generation R: The general design of the study received financial support from Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research and the Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sport, and the Ministry of Youth and Families. The research leading to these results received funding from the European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant 733206 (LifeCycle Project). Dr Jaddoe received grant ERC-2014-CoG-648916 from the European Research Council. Dr Gaillard received grant 2017T013 from the Dutch Heart Foundation, grant 2017.81.002 from the Dutch Diabetes Foundation, and grant 543003109 from the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development. Generation XXI: Funded by Programa Operacional de Saúde–Saúde XXI, Quadro Comunitário de Apoio III and Administração Regional de Saúde Norte (Regional Department of Ministry of Health), by POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016837 through the Operational Programme Competitiveness and Internationalization and national funding from the Foundation for Science and Technology (Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology, and Higher Education) under the project PathMOB, by FCT PTDC/DTP-EPI/3306/2014 (Risco cardiometabólico na infância: desde o início da vida ao fim da infância), by POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006862 and UID/DTP/04750/2013 (Unidade de Investigação em Epidemiologia-Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto), and FCT investigator contract IF/01060/2015 awarded to Dr A. C. Santos. Growth, Exercise and Nutrition Epidemiological Study In preSchoolers (GENESIS): Supported by a research grant from Friesland Hellas. German Infant Nutritional Intervention plus environmental and genetic influences (GINIplus): Supported for the first 3 years by the Federal Ministry for Education, Science, Research, and Technology (intervention group) and Helmholtz Zentrum Munich (observation group). The 4-, 6-, 10-, and 15-year follow-up examinations were covered from the respective budgets of the 5 study centers (Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Research Institute at Marien-Hospital Wesel, LMU Munich, TU Munich, IUF-Leibniz Research-Institute for Environmental Medicine at the University of Düsseldorf) and by funding from the European Commission 7th Framework Programme (MeDALL project), Mead Johnson, and Nestlé and grant FKZ 20462296 from the Federal Ministry for Environment (awarded to IUF Düsseldorf). Norwegian Human Milk Study (HUMIS): Funded by award FP7/2007-2013 from the European Commission 7th Framework Programme, grant 289346 from European Union EarlyNutrition project, and by funds for project 213148 from the Norwegian Research Council's MILPAAHEL programme. INfancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA)-Sabadell: Funded by grant Red INMA G03/176 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III in Spain and grant 1999SGR 00241 from the Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT. INMA-Valencia: Funded by grants FP7-ENV-2011 cod 282957 and HEALTH.2010.2.4.5-1 from the European Commission, grants G03/176, FIS-FEDER PI09/02647, PI11/01007, PI11/02591, PI11/02038, PI13/1944, PI13/2032, PI14/00891, PI14/01687, PI16/1288, Miguel Servet FEDER CP11/00178, CP15/00025, and CPII16/00051 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III in Spain, and grants UGP 15-230, UGP-15-244, and UGP-15-249 from the Generalitat Valenciana, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region. INMA-Gipuzkoa: Funded by grants FISFIS PI06/0867, FIS-PS09/0009 0867, and Red INMA G03/176 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III in Spain, grants 2005111093 and 2009111069 from the Departamento de Salud del Gobierno Vasco, and grants DFG06/004 and FG08/001 from the Provincial Government of Guipúzcoa. INMA-Menorca: This study was funded by grant Red INMA G03/176 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III in Spain. Child, parents and health: lifestyle and genetic constitution (KOALA): Data collection from pregnancy up to the age of 1 year was supported by grants from Royal Friesland Foods, the Triodos Foundation, the Phoenix Foundation, the Raphaël Foundation, the Iona Foundation, the Foundation for the Advancement of Heilpedagogie, the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (2100.0090), the Netherlands Asthma Foundation (3.2.03.48 and 3.2.07.022), and the Netherlands Heart Foundation (2008B112). Krakow Cohort: Funded by grants R01ES010165 and R01ES015282 from the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and by funding from the Lundin Foundation, the John and Wendy Neu Family Foundation, the Gladys and Roland Harriman Foundation, and the Anonymous Foundation. Influences of Lifestyle-Related Factors on the Immune System and the Development of Allergies in Childhood plus the influence of traffic emissions and genetics (LISAplus): Mainly supported by grants for the first 2 years from the Federal Ministry for Education, Science, Research, and Technology, the Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, the Research Institute at Marien-Hospital Wesel, and a pediatric practice in Bad Honnef. The 4-, 6-, 10-, and 15-year follow-up examinations were funded by the respective budgets of the involved partners (the Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, the Research Institute at Marien-Hospital Wesel, a pediatric practice in Bad Honnef, and the IUF–Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine at the University of Düsseldorf), by grant FKZ 20462296 from the Federal Ministry for Environment (awarded to IUF Düsseldorf), and by support from the European Commission 7th Framework Programme (MeDALL project). LUKAS Cohort: Funded by EVO/VTR grants, grants 139021 and 287675 from the Academy of Finland, grant QLK4-CT-2001-00250 from the European Union, and funding from the Juho Vainio Foundation, the Foundation for Pediatric Research, the Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation, the Finnish Cultural Foundation, and the National Institute for Health and Welfare in Finland. Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa): Supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services and the Ministry of Education and Research, contract N01-ES-75558 with the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, and grants UO1 NS 047537-01 and UO1 NS 047537-06A1 from the US National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Nascita e INFanzia: gli Effetti dell'Ambiente (NINFEA): Partially funded by the Compagnia San Paolo Foundation and by the Piedmont Region. Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy (PIAMA): Supported by the Organization for Health Research and Development, the Organization for Scientific Research, the Asthma Fund, the Ministry of Spatial Planning, Housing, and the Environment, and the Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sport (all organizations in the Netherlands). Piccolipiù Project: Financially supported by CCM grants during 2010 and 2014 from the Italian National Center for Disease Prevention and Control and funding (art 12 and 12 bis D.lgs 502/92) from the Italian Ministry of Health. PRegnancy and Infant DEvelopment (PRIDE Study): Supported by grants from the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development, the Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, and the Lung Foundation Netherlands. Project Viva: Funded by grants R01 HD034568 and UG3OD023286 from the US National Institutes of Health. Polish Mother and Child Cohort Study (REPRO_PL): Funded by grants DEC-2014/15/B/NZ7/00998 and FP7 HEALS 603946 from the National Science Centre in Poland and grant 3068/7.PR/2014/2 from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education. Exposure of Preschool-Age Greek Children (RHEA): Financially supported by European Commission projects FP6-2003-Food-3-NewGeneris, FP6-STREP Hiwate, FP7-ENV.2007.1.2.2.2, FP7-2008-ENV-1.2.1.4 Envirogenomarkers, FP7-HEALTH-2009-single stage CHICOS, FP7-ENV.2008.1.2.1.6, FP7-HEALTH-2012, and 211250-Escape and proposals 226285 ENRIECO and 308333 HELIX and by the Greek Ministry of Health. Slovak PCB Study: Support was provided by grants R01 CA096525, R03 TW007152, P30 ES001247, P30 ES023513, and K12 ES019852 from the US National Institutes of Health. STEPS: This study was supported by the University of Turku, Abo Akademi University, the Turku University Hospital, the City of Turku, the Juho Vainio Foundation, and the Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation and by grants 121569 and 123571 from the Academy of Finland. Southampton Women's Survey (SWS): Supported by funding from the Medical Research Council, the National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, the University of Southampton, Dunhill Medical Trust, and the University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, FP7/2007-2013 from the European Commission 7th Framework Programme, and grant 289346 from the European Union EarlyNutrition project.
The L Word: Generation Q is the reboot of The L Word, a long running series about a group of lesbians and bisexuals in Los Angeles in the early 2000s. Both programmes are unique in their positioning of lesbian characters and have been well received by audiences and critics alike. These programmes present a range of characters and narratives, previously excluded from mainstream film and television, bringing a refreshing change from the destructive images typically presented before. We argue that the reboot Generation Q now offers more meaningful representation of the broader lesbian and transgender communities, and discuss its relevance in the changing portrayals of gay representation. Gay visibility has never really been an issue in the movies. Gays have always been visible. It is how they have been visible that has remained offensive for almost a century. (Russo 66) In 2004 The L Word broke new ground as the very first television series written and directed by predominantly queer women. This set it apart from previous representations of lesbians by Hollywood because it portrayed a community rather than an isolated or lone lesbian character, that was extraneous to a cast of heterosexuals (Moore and Schilt). The series brought change, and where Hollywood was more often "reluctant to openly and non-stereotypically engage with gay subjects and gay characters" (Baker 41), the L Word offered an alternative to the norm in media representation. "The L Word's significance lies in its very existence" according to Chambers (83), and this article serves to consider this significance in conjunction with its 2019 reboot, the L Word: Generation Q, to ascertain if the enhanced visibility and gay representation influences the system of representation that has predominantly been excluding and misrepresentative of gay life. The exclusion of authentic representation of lesbians and gays in Hollywood film is not new. Over time, however, there has been an increased representation of gay characters in film and television. However, beneath the positive veneer remains a morally disapproving undertone (Yang), where lesbians and gays are displayed as the showpiece of the abnormal (Gross, "Out of the Mainstream"). Gross ("Out of the Mainstream") suggests that through the 'othering' of lesbians and gays within media, a means of maintaining the moral order is achieved, and where being 'straight' results in a happy ending. Lesbians and gays in film thus achieve what Gerbner referred to as symbolic annihilation, purposefully created in a bid to maintain the social inequity. This form of exclusion often saw controversial gay representation, with a history of portraying these characters in a false, excluding, and pejorative way (Russo; Gross, "What Is Wrong"; Hart). The history of gay representation in media had at times been monstrous, playing out the themes of gay sexuality as threatening to heterosexual persons and communities (Juárez). Gay people were incorrectly stereotyped, and gay lives were seen through the slimmest of windows. Walters (15) argued that it was "too often" that film and television images would narrowly portray gays "as either desexualized or over sexualized", framing their sexuality as the sole identity of the character. She also contested that gay characters were "shown as nonthreatening and campy 'others' or equally comforting and familiar boys (and they are usually boys, not girls) next door" (Walters 15). In Russo's seminal text, The Celluloid Closet, he demonstrated that gay characters were largely excluded from genuine and thoughtful presentation in film, while the only option given to them was how they died. Gay activists and film makers in the 1980s and beyond built on the momentum of AIDS activism (Streitmatter) to bring films that dealt with gay subject matter more fairly than before, with examples like The Birdcage, Philadelphia, To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar, and In and Out. Walters argues that while "mainstream films like Brokeback Mountain and The Kids are Alright entertain moviegoers with their forthright gay themes and scenes" (12), often the roles have been more of tokenisation, representing the "surprisingly gay characters in a tedious romcom, the coyly queer older man in a star-studded indie hit, the incidentally gay sister of the lead in a serious drama" (Walters 12). This ambivalence towards the gay role model in the media has had real world effects on those who identify themselves as lesbian or gay, creating feelings of self-hatred or of being 'unacceptable' citizens of society (Gamson), as media content "is an active component in the cultural process of shaping LGBT identities" (Sarkissian 147). The stigmatisation of gays was further identified by the respondents to a study on media and gay identity, where "the prevailing sentiment in these discussions was a sense of being excluded from traditional society" (Gomillion and Guiliano 343). Exclusion promotes segregation and isolation, and since television media are ever-present via conventional and web-based platforms, their messages are increasingly visible and powerful. The improved portrayal of gay characters was not just confined to the area of film and television however, and many publications produced major stories on bi-sexual chic, lesbian chic, the rise of gay political power and gay families. This process of greater inclusion, however, has not been linear, and in 2013 the media advocacy group known as the Gay and Lesbian Alliance against Defamation (GLAAD) mapped the quantity, quality, and diversity of LGBT people depicted in films, finding that there was still much work to be done to fairly include gay characters (GLAAD Studio Responsibility Index). In another report made in 2019, which examined cable and streaming media, GLAAD found that of the 879 regular characters expected to appear on broadcast scripted primetime programming, 10.2% were identified as gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and or queer (GLAAD Where Are We on TV). This was the highest number of queer characters recorded since the start of their reporting. In January 2004, Showtime launched The L Word, the first scripted cable television to focus chiefly on lesbians. Over the course of six seasons it explored the deep bonds that linked the members of an evolving lesbian friendship circle. The central themes of the programme were the love and friendship between the women, and it was a television programme structured by its own values and ideologies. The series offered a moral argument against the widespread sexism and anti-gay prejudice that was evident in media. The cast, however, were conventionally beautiful, gender normative, and expensively attired, leading to fears that the programme would appeal more to straight men, and that the sex in the programme would be exploitative and pornographic. The result, however, was that women's sex and connection were foregrounded, and appeared as a central theme of the drama. This was, however, ground-breaking television. The showrunner of the original L Word, Ilene Chaiken, was aware of the often-damning account of lesbians in Hollywood, and the programme managed to convey an indictment of Hollywood (Mcfadden). The L Word increased lesbian visibility on television and was revolutionary in countering some of the exclusionary and damaging representation that had taken place before. It portrayed variations of lesbians, showing new positive representations in the form of power lesbians, sports lesbians, singles, and couples. Broadly speaking, gay visibility and representation can be marked and measured by levels of their exclusion and inclusion. Sedgwick said that the L Word was particularly important as it created a "lesbian ecology—a visible world in which lesbians exist, go on existing, exist in forms beyond the solitary and the couple, sustain and develop relations among themselves of difference and commonality" (xix). However, as much as this programme challenged the previous representations it also enacted a "Faustian bargain because television is a genre which ultimately caters to the desires and expectations of mainstream audiences" (Wolfe and Roripaugh 76). The producers knew it was difficult to change the problematic and biased representation of queer women within the structures of commercial media and understood the history of queer representation and its effects. Therefore, they had to navigate between the legitimate desire to represent lesbians as well as being able to attract a large enough mainstream audience to keep the show commercially viable. The L Word: Generation Q is the reboot of the popular series, and includes some of the old cast, who have also become the executive producers. These characters include Bette Porter, who in 2019 is running for the office of the Mayor of Los Angeles. Shane McCutchen returns as the fast-talking womanising hairdresser, and Alice Pieszecki in this iteration is a talk show host. When interviewed, Jennifer Beals (executive producer and Bette Porter actor) said that the programme is important, because there have been no new lesbian dramas to follow after the 2004 series ended (Beals, You Tube). Furthermore, the returning cast members believe the reboot is important because of the increased attacks that queer people have been experiencing since the election of Donald Trump in 2016. Between the two productions there have been changes in the film and television landscape, with additional queer programmes such as Pose, Orange Is the New Black, Euphoria, RuPaul's Drag Race, and Are You the One, for example. The new L Word, therefore, needed to project a new and modern voice that would reflect contemporary lesbian life. There was also a strong desire to rectify criticism of the former show, by presenting an increased variation of characters in the 2019 series. Ironically, while the L Word had purposefully aimed to remove the negativity of exclusion through the portrayal of a group of lesbians in a more true-to-life account, the limited character tropes inadvertently marginalised other areas of lesbian and queer representation. These excluded characters were for example fully representative trans characters. The 2000s television industry had seemingly returned to a period of little interest in women's stories generally, and though queer stories seeped into popular culture, there was no dedicated drama with a significant focus on lesbian story lines (Vanity Fair). The first iteration of The L Word was aimed at satisfying lesbian audiences as well as creating mainstream television success. It was not a tacky or pornographic television series playing to male voyeuristic ideals, although some critics believed that it included female-to-female sex scenes to draw in an additional male viewership (Anderson-Minshall; Graham). There was also a great emphasis on processing the concept of being queer. However, in the reboot Generation Q, the decision was made by the showrunner Marja-Lewis Ryan that the series would not be about any forms of 'coming out stories', and the characters were simply going about their lives as opposed to the burdensome tropes of transitioning or coming out. This is a significant change from many of the gay storylines in the 1990s that were seemingly all focussed on these themes. The new programme features a wider demographic, too, with younger characters who are comfortable with who they are. Essentially, the importance of the 2019 series is to portray healthy, varied representations of lesbian life, and to encourage accurate inclusion into film and television without the skewed or distorted earlier narratives. The L Word and L Word: Generation Q then carried the additional burden of countering criticisms The L Word received. Roseneil explains that creating both normalcy and belonging for lesbians and gays brings "cultural value and normativity" (218) and removes the psychosocial barriers that cause alienation or segregation. This "accept us" agenda appears through both popular culture and "in the broader national discourse on rights and belongings" (Walters 11), and is thus important because "representations of happy, healthy, well integrated lesbian and gay characters in film or television would create the impression that, in a social, economic, and legal sense, all is well for lesbians and gay men" (Schacter 729). Essentially, these programmes shouldered the burden of representation for the lesbian community, which was a heavy expectation. Critiques of the original L Word focussed on how the original cast looked as if they had all walked out of a high-end salon, for example, but in L Word: Generation Q this has been altered to have a much more DIY look. One of the younger cast members, Finlay, looks like someone cut her hair in the kitchen while others have styles that resemble YouTube tutorials and queer internet celebrities (Vanity Fair). The recognisable stereotypes that were both including and excluding have also altered the representation of the trans characters. Bette Porter's campaign manager, for example, determines his style through his transition story, unlike Max, the prominent trans character from the first series. The trans characters of 2019 are comfortable in their own skins and supported by the community around them. Another important distinction between the representation of the old and new cast is around their material wealth. The returning cast members have comfortable lives and demonstrate affluence while the younger cast are less comfortable, expressing far more financial anxiety. This may indeed make a storyline that is closer to heterosexual communities. The L Word demonstrated a sophisticated awareness of feminist debates about the visual representation of women and made those debates a critical theme of the programme, and these themes have been expanded further in The L Word: Generation Q. One of the crucial areas that the programme/s have improved upon is to denaturalise the hegemonic straight gaze, drawing attention to the ways, conventions and techniques of reproduction that create sexist, heterosexist, and homophobic ideologies (McFadden). This was achieved through a predominantly female, lesbian cast that dealt with stories amongst their own friend group and relationships, serving to upend the audience position, and encouraging an alternative gaze, a gaze that could be occupied by anyone watching, but positioned the audience as lesbian. In concluding, The L Word in its original iteration set out to create something unique in its representation of lesbians. However, in its mission to create something new, it was also seen as problematic in its representation and in some ways excluding of certain gay and lesbian people. The L Word: Generation Q has therefore focussed on more diversity within a minority group, bringing normality and a sense of 'realness' to the previously skewed narratives seen in the media. In so doing, "perhaps these images will induce or confirm" to audiences that "lesbians and gay men are already 'equal'—accepted, integrated, part of the mainstream" (Schacter 729). References Anderson-Minshall, Diane. 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En la actualidad los procesos de migración son foco de atención de numerosas disciplinas científicas e instituciones gubernamentales. El estudio del uso de plantas medicinales entre comunidades migrantes que habitan las urbes, también ha sido una temática que ha cobrado un interés creciente en la etnobotánica, especialmente por las diversas preocupaciones sanitarias que este fenómeno conlleva. El caso particular de la migración boliviana hacia Argentina es una de las más relevantes en nuestro país, con varias décadas de intercambios culturales en todo el territorio. Estos grupos en su nuevo lugar pueden recrear su herbolaria, armarse de estrategias para conseguir los recursos vegetales provenientes de su lugar de origen, incorporar nuevas especies y prácticas de la sociedad receptora o, bien, disminuir los usos o la riqueza de sus plantas medicinales. En este sentido es pertinente mencionar la medicina tradicional como eje principal y representativo del modo de vida de las comunidades del territorio andino. Esta práctica médica ancestral parte del concepto de enfermedad como un estado de desajuste interno empleando principalmente elementos vegetales para la cura. La Etnobotánica, ciencia que estudia la relación ser humano-planta, nos permite analizar en un entorno de ciudad el conocimiento botánico local (CBL) que surge en dichos contextos interculturales. Por otra parte, un concepto útil que permite analizar el cambio y la flexibilidad del CBL en comunidades inmigrantes sobre especies medicinales es la hibridación cultural. Se han propuesto como marcos teóricos el estudio de subprocesos distinguibles que tienen como finalidad visualizar, contextualizar y caracterizar de manera más profunda los procesos de hibridación en trabajos de etnobotánica urbana. Estos subprocesos pueden mostrar un enriquecimiento de la riqueza total de especies (fusión o yuxtaposición), re-utilización de recursos y/o prácticas en un nuevo ambiente (re-localización); mezcla de elementos vegetales tradicionales y nuevos para aumentar una acción terapéutica (recombinación), cambios y/o sustituciones de algún recurso (re-estructuración); agrupamientos internos en especies y prácticas (segregación espacial); novedades en la producción, circulación y consumo; y coexistencia simultánea de distintos universos simbólicos. Asimismo, entender los mecanismos de transmisión cultural del CBL de una población migrante resultan claves para comprender las hibridaciones posibles, dado que de esta forma se puede tener una visión más acabada de los procesos que dinamizan los saberes intercambiados entre los integrantes de la comunidad. En este sentido, esta tesis tuvo los principales objetivos: 1) Caracterizar los estudios de etnobotánica urbana, realizados tanto en poblaciones migrantes como no migrantes, respecto al uso de plantas medicinales y analizar los procesos de hibridación; 2) Documentar la riqueza de especies vegetales de valor medicinal de mayor importancia cultural, y las prácticas y valores asociados que siguen vigentes, o aquellos que cambiaron, en una comunidad migrante boliviana que reside actualmente en la ciudad de San Salvador de Jujuy; 3) Determinar las principales dolencias para las cuáles se utilizan plantas como recurso medicinal y si la consulta a especialistas andinos sigue vigente entre los migrantes; 4) Indagar las formas de obtención y ambientes de recolección del recurso vegetal; 5) Analizar las formas de aprendizaje y el tipo de transmisión de los conocimientos sobre plantas entre sus miembros; 6) Indagar en el ámbito escolar el CBL relacionado al uso de especies medicinales y las formas de adquisición de ese conocimiento. Para abordar los objetivos se aplicaron distintas estrategias metodológicas propias de la disciplina, como el análisis bibliográfico cuali-cuantitativo, trabajo de campo con adultos y niños, que incluyeron entrevistas y talleres participativos, y metodología botánica de gabinete para la determinación taxonómica de especies, que incluyó también técnicas micrográficas. Los datos se analizaron cualitativa y cuantitativamente, mediante la aplicación de índices y pruebas no paramétricas y de regresión multinomial dada la naturaleza categórica de la mayoría de las variables. En los capítulos I y II, III se presentan los antecedentes y principales marcos conceptuales de esta tesis, dando cuenta del proceso histórico de inmigración boliviana en Argentina y particularmente en la ciudad de San Salvador de Jujuy. En el capítulo IV correspondiente al primer objetivo de esta tesis, se estudiaron las herbolarias urbanas provenientes de la literatura internacional usando el concepto de hibridación cultural como marco teórico. Se detectaron 63 trabajos de la temática que poseen un rango temporal corto (1991-2016). Los principales resultados muestran que en las ciudades se utilizan alrededor de 531 especies medicinales, principalmente cosmopolitas. Existe un creciente interés en el estudio de herbolarias inmigrantes correspondiente al 33% (21 trabajos). Los procesos de mayor visibilidad en la literatura fueron las Novedades (29%), Relocalización (20%) y Fusión (19%). Al analizar estos artículos a través de una regresión multinomial se advierte en la bibliografía que las herbolarias urbanas con migrantes son menos proclives a fusionar con elementos vegetales exógenos y se advierten más relocalizaciones y restructuraciones en las plantas a utilizar. Mientras que la bibliografía focalizada en el sector de la sociedad urbana sin inmigrantes las fusiones son los procesos más mencionados.En el capítulo V, se desarrollan del segundo al sexto objetivo, que consiste en el trabajo de campo realizado en una comunidad boliviana que reside en un sector urbano-periurbano (Barrios Los Ladrilleros y Los Huaicos) de la ciudad de San Salvador de Jujuy, (Jujuy-Argentina) dedicada a la industria artesanal del armado de ladrillo. Los datos etnobotánicos fueron obtenidos mediante la aplicación de técnicas etnográficas como observación participante, entrevistas abiertas, semi- estructuradas, enlistados libres e historias de vida. Se entrevistaron 24 personas adultas, principalmente mujeres con experiencia en el uso de especies medicinales. Se relevaron 89 especies medicinales (44% nativas y 56% exóticas), de las que lograron mayor consenso Matricaria chamomilla, ?manzanilla? (62%) y Ruta chalepensis, ?ruda? (50%). Las familias Lamiaceas y Asteraceas fueron las más representativas. Se registraron 43 dolencias tratadas con plantas respetando las categorías émicas . La mejor representada fue destinada al tratar los ?dolores de estómago? (18%) y plantas que les ?hacen bien? (12,4%), consideradas como ?adaptógenas?. Se distinguieron distintos ambientes de colección: ?casa y alrededores? (46%), ?comercio? (23%), ?campo? (15%), ?huerta? (15%) y ?trae de Bolivia? (2%). Finalmente, el capítulo VI que corresponde al último objetivo de esta tesis, se analiza el conocimiento botánico local de niños bolivianos e hijos de bolivianos que residen en los barrios Los Ladrilleros y Los Huaicos de San Salvador de Jujuy. Mediante la metodología aula-taller, en una escuela estatal de la ciudad, se indagaron los saberes sobre plantas medicinales que forman parte de los niños y las formas de adquisición de ese conocimiento, así como también el rol que cumple la institución educativa como espacio de apertura a temas vinculados a la realidad local. Se emplearon técnicas propias de la metodología participativa que se utilizan en la indagación etnobotánica. Los resultados arrojaron 42 especies con fines medicinales siendo la especie de mayor frecuencia de uso Ruta sp. ?ruda? (67%). El modo más significativo de transmisión de este conocimiento fue vertical, a través de los abuelos y padres. A modo de conclusión, a nivel global, se puede decir que los migrantes en las ciudades tratan de reproducir sus prácticas con las mismas plantas que conocían en sus sitios de origen, mayormente cosmopolitas y de fácil obtención, sin poner en riesgo su salud con intoxicaciones o usos incorrectos de plantas nuevas. En todo caso, los peligros que sufren se refieren a los impedimentos existentes para que estos colectivos puedan obtener sus plantas y reproducir sus prácticas. En cambio, los trabajos de etnobotánica urbana generales mostrarían que su población no migrante es más proclive a fusionar sin conocimientos previos. A nivel local, en los inmigrantes bolivianos de San Salvador de Jujuy, su farmacopea está dada por una relocalización y reestructuración en su elenco de especies medicinales, tomando en cuenta la importancia de la huerta y casas y alrededores para abastecerse de las plantas de uso medicinal. Se manifiesta una reestructuración de su herbolaria debido a la percepción de procesos de desactivación de conocimientos. Por otra parte, las soluciones locales se basarían en la redundancia, y no en la versatilidad de su herbolaria. Con ello se aseguran su eficacia terapéutica en el tratamiento de enfermedades específicas con especies muy conocidas, de amplia distribución. Con respecto a lo que aprendieron los niños acerca del conocimiento botánico sobre el uso de las plantas medicinales, prevalece una transmisión del conocimiento botánico vertical, principalmente por vía materna. Esto reflejaría un conocimiento botánico con poca incorporación de información exógena, es decir, desde fuera del ámbito familiar. ; Migratory processes are currently attracting the attention of numerous scientific disciplines and governmental institutions. The study of medicinal plant use among migrant communities living in urban areas is also a topic of growing interest, especially because of diverse public health concerns that accompany this phenomenon. The particular case of the Bolivian migration to Argentina is one of the most relevant to our country, with a history of various decades of cultural exchange throughout the country. In their new environments these groups can recreate their herbal medicine, developing strategies to acquire plant resources from their country of origin, incorporate new species and practices from the receiving society, or decrease the use or richness of their medicinal plants. At this point it is important to mention that traditional medicine is a key factor, representative of the lifestyle of Andean communities. This ancestral medical practice is based on the concept of illness as a state of internal imbalance, and employs mainly plants as the means of treatment. Rom the perspective of ethnobotany, a science that studies the relationship between humans and plants, we can analyse the local botanical knowledge (LBK) that develops in intercultural contexts in an urban setting. A useful concept for the analysis of change and the flexibility of LBK in terms of medicinal species in immigrant communities is cultural hybridization. As a theoretical framework the study of distinguishable sub-processes has been suggested, as they can visualise, contextualise and characterise hybridization processes in urban ethnobotanical studies in a more profound way. These sub-processes can result in an increase in the total richness of species (fusion or juxtaposition), the reuse of resources and/or practices in a new environment (relocalisation), the blending of traditional and new plant elements to enhance therapeutic action (recombination), changes and/or substitution of a resource (restructuring), internal grouping of species and practices (spatial segregation), innovation in production, circulation and consumption, and the simultaneous coexistence of different symbolic universes. Understanding the mechanisms of cultural transmission of LBK in a migrant population is key to our comprehension of possible hybridization, since we can obtain a more complete picture of the processes involved in the exchange of wisdom between members of the community. The main objectives of this thesis were: 1) To characterise urban ethnobotanical studies on the use of medicinal plants, whether carried out in migrant populations or not, and analyse their processes of hybridization; 2) Document the richness of medicinal plant species which are of most cultural importance, and the associated practices and values 12 which are still maintained, and those which have changed, in a Bolivian migrant community currently residing in the city of San Salvador de Jujuy; 3) Determine the principal illnesses which are treated with plant resources and whether Bolivian migrants still consult Andean specialists; 4) Investigate how plant resources are acquired and identify the gathering environments used by Bolivian migrants; 5) Analyse the ways of learning and the type of transmission of plant knowledge used among community members; 6) Investigate LBK related to the use of medicinal species in a school context, and the methods of acquisition of this knowledge. In order to carry out this study different methodological strategies were applied which are commonly used in the discipline of ethnobotany, such as a quali-quantitative bibliographical analysis, fieldwork with adults and children, including interviews and participative workshops, and botanical laboratory methodology for the taxonomical definition of species, which also included micrographic techniques. The data obtained were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively, through the application of non-parametric indices and tests, and multinomial regression, given the categorical nature of most of the variables. In chapters I, II and III, background information and the main conceptual frameworks of this thesis are presented, taking into account the historical process of Bolivian migration into Argentina, and particularly the city of Jujuy. In chapter 4, corresponding to the first objective, urban herbal medicine in international literature is studied, using the concept of cultural hybridization as a theoretical framework The bibliographical research was carried out using the following search engines: Scielo (www.scielo.org), Scopus (www.scopus.com) and Google Scholar, and 63 studies with a short time span (1991-2016) were found on this subject. The main results show that approximately 531 medicinal species are used in cities, mainly cosmopolitan species. There is increasing interest in the study of immigrant herbolaria, corresponding to 33% (21 studies) of those found. The most frequently mentioned processes in the literature were Innovation (29%), Relocalisation (20%) and Fusion (19%). Analysis of these articles through multinomial regression revealed that the urban herbal medicine of migrants is less likely to undergo fusion with exogenous plant elements and contains little incorporation of new elements in the list of species used. Relocalisation and restructuring of the plants are found more commonly in these groups. In contrast, fusion is the most frequently mentioned process in the bibliography focusing on the sector of urban society without immigrants. 13 Chapter V deals with objectives 2 – 6, and describes fieldwork carried out in a Bolivian community residing in an urban-periurban sector (Los Ladrilleros and Los Huaicos neighbourhoods) of San Salvador de Jujuy (Jujuy -Argentina). Prior informed consent was obtained from participants, who were selected by means of opportunistic and snowball interviews. The ethnobotanical data were obtained through ethnographic techniques such as participant observation, open and semi-structured interviews, free listing and life histories. Of the 24 adults interviewed most were women with experience of medicinal plant species. A total of 89 medicinal plants were registered (44% were native and 56% exotic), and those with highest consensus were: Matricaria chamomilla, "manzanilla" (62%) and Ruta chalepensis, "ruda" (50%). The Lamiaceae and Asteraceae families being the most represented. Illnesses treated with plants numbered 43, respecting the emic categories . The most common ailment treated was "stomach pains" (18%). The next most common use category is associated with plants that "do one good" (12.4%), considered "adaptogens". Different plant gathering environments were identified: close to the house (46%), shops (23%), countryside (15%), vegetable garden (15%) and "brought from Bolivia" (2%). Finally, chapter VI deals with the last objective of this thesis, the analysis of LBK of Bolivian children and the children of Bolivians who live in the Los Ladrilleros and Los Huaicos neighbourhoods of San Salvador de Jujuy. Using classroom-workshop methodology in a state school in the city, we investigated the children's knowledge of medicinal plants, and the ways they had learned about them. We also analysed the role played by the educational institution in offering an opportunity to deal with subjects related to the local context. Participative methodology was used, as commonly employed in ethnobotanical investigation. Results revealed that 42 medicinal species were known by the children, the species with highest use frequency being Ruta sp. "ruda" (67%). The most important method of transmission of this knowledge was vertical, through grandparents and parents. In conclusion, on a global level it can be said that migrants in cities attempt to reproduce their practices with the same plants as they used in their places of origin, so as not to put their health at risk with toxic plants or incorrect usage. The dangers faced by the communities are associated with the difficulties they experience in the acquisition of their plants and reproduction of their practices. In contrast, general urban ethnobotanical 14 studies show that the non-migrant population is more likely to employ processes of fusion, with no previous knowledge. At a local level, the pharmacopoeia of the immigrant Bolivians in San Salvador de Jujuy is the result of relocalisation and restructuring of their medicinal species, taking into account the importance of vegetable gardens and the areas around their houses to provide a supply of plants with medicinal uses. The restructuring of their herbal medicine is due to their perception of processes of deactivation of knowledge. Local solutions are based on redundancy, and not on the versatility of their herbal medicine. In this way they are assured of effective therapies for the treatment of specific illnesses with very well known species, which have a wide distribution. Regarding the children's LBK related to medicinal species, the vertical transmission of knowledge is predominant, mainly by mothers. This is reflected in the children's knowledge having little exogenous information; that is, from outside their family. ; Fil: Acosta, Marina Eva. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; Argentina
Technical Report 2018-08-ECE-137 Technical Report 2002-09-ECE-006 Engineering of Enterprises a Transdisciplinary Activity Murat M. Tanik Ozgur Aktunc John Tanik This technical report is a reissue of a technical report issued September 2002 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Alabama at Birmingham August 2018 Technkal Report 2002-09-ECE-006 Engineering of Enter·prises A Transdisciplim•ry Activity Murat M. Tanik Ozgur Aktunc John Tanik TECHNICAL REPORT Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Alabama at Birmingham September 2002 ENGINEERING OF ENTERPRISES A TRANSDISCIPLINARY ACTIVITY OVERVIEW Contributed by: Murat M. Tanik, Ozgur Aktunc, and John U. Tanik This module is composed of two parts: Part I surveys and defines Enterprise Engineering in the context of transdiscipline. Part II introduces Internet Enterprise and addresses engineering implementation consider ations. PART I ENTERPRISE ENGINEERING ESSENTIALS 1 INTRODUCTION When Henry Ford rolJed out his first automobile assembly during 1913, he created the archetype of single-discipline enterprise. Ford's adventure was a self-contained and efficient exercise in mechankal engineering. With no competition, no regulatory constraints, and no pressing need for cross-disciplinary partnerships, from design development to process development, all ideas primarily originated from Ford's own engineers. The world is a different place today. Automobiles are complicated hybrids of mechanical, electrical, electronic, chemicaJ, and software components. Modern 4 manufacturers must now pay dose attention to new technological developments in hardware (mechanisms associated with physical world), software (mechanisms associated with computational world), netware (mechanisms associated with communications), and peopleware (mechanisms associated with human element). The changes experienced in the automotive industry exemplify the needs of the ever increasingly complex nature of today's modern enterprise. In other words, the ubiqui tous existence of the ";computing element" forces us to take into account disciplinary notions, ranging from psychology to ecology. In one word, the world is becoming transdisciplinary. In this world of transdisciplinary needs, we need to approach designing of enterprises as engineers, moving away from the traditional ad hoc approach of the past. This module expl ai n~ the changes to be made to current enterprise organization in order to be successful in the networked economy. A brief definition of Enterprise Engineering is given as an introduction, foJJowed by a summary of Enterprise Engineering subtopics, namely modeling, analysis, design, and implementation. In the last section of Part I, the definition of an intelJigent enterprise is made with an emphasis on knowledge management and integration using Extensible Markup Language (XML) technology [1]. 2 DEFINITION The Society for Enterprise Engineering (SEE) defined Enterprise Engineering as ";the body of knowledge, principles, and practices having to do with the analysis, design, implementation and operation of an enterprise" [2]. Enterprise Engineering methods include modeling, cost analysis, simulation, workflow analysis, and bottleneck analysis. 5 In a continually changing and unpredictable competitive environment, the Enterprise Engineer addresses a fundamental challen ge: ";How to design and improve all elements associated with the total enterprise through the use of engineering and analysis methods and tools to more effectively achieve itsgoals and objectives" [3]. Enterpr.ise Engineering has been considered as a disdpline after its establishment in the last decade of the 20th Century. The discipline has a wor]dvicw that is substantial enough to be divided into sub-areas, with a foundation resting on several reference disciplines. In the Enterprise Engineering worldview, the enterprise is viewed as a complex system of processes that can be engineered to accompli sh specific organizational objectives. Enterprise Engineering has used several reference disciplines to develop its methods, technologies, and theories. These reference disciplines can be listed as the following: Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering, Information Systems, Information Technology, Business Process Reengineeling, Organizational Design, and Human Systems [2]. 2.1 Understanding Enterprise Engineering Like most engineering profession als, Enterprise Engineers work on four main areas: modeling, analyzing, design, and implementation. One important issue facing Enterprise Engi neering is the development of tools and techniques to support the work of analyzing, designing, and imp1ementjng organizational systems. These tools must assist enterprise engineers in the initial transformation of functional, often disjoint, operations into a set of integrated business processes replete with supporting information and control systems [4]. To develop new models of enterprises, the enterprise should be analyzed 6 using process analysis, simulation, activity-based analysis, and other tools. Also an abstract representation of the enterprise and the processes should be modeled in a graphical, textual, or a mathematical representation. The . design issues in Enterprise Engineering consist of developing vision and strategy, integration and improvement of the enterprise, and developing technology solutions. Lastly, implementation deals with the transformation of the entetprise, integration of corporate culture, strategic goals, enterprise processes, and technology. We will take a look at these areas in the fol1owing section: • Enterprise Engineering Modeling (EEM), • Analyzing Enterprises, • Design of Enterprises, and • Implementation. 2.2 Enterprise Engineering Modeling Enterprise Engineering Modeling (EEM) is basically dealing with the abstraction of engineering aspects of enterprises and connecting them to other business systems. The model encompasses engineering organizations' products, processes, projects, and, ultimately, the ";engineered assets" to be operated and managed. EEM coordinates design and deployment of products and assets at the enterprise level. It integrates engineering information across many disciplines, allows engineering and business data to be shared through the combinatjon of enterprise IT (information technology) and engineering IT, and simulates the behavior of intelligent, componentbased models [5). 7 The selection and design of enterprise processes for effective cooperation is a prime objective of Enterprise Engineering. Enterprise models can assist the goal of Enterprise Engineering by helping to represent and analyze the structure of activities and their interactions. Models eliminate the irrelevant details and enable focusing on one or more aspects at a time. Effective models also facilitate the discussions among different stakeholders in the enterprise, helping them to reach agreement on the key fundamentals and to work toward common goals. Also it can be a basis for other models and for different information systems that support the enterprise and the business. The enterprise model will differ according to the perspective of the pers.on creating the model, including the visions of the enterprise, its efficiency, and other various elements. The importance of an enterprise model is that it wm provide a simplified view of the business structure that will act as a basis for communication, improvements, or innovations and define the Information Systems requirements that are \ necessary to support the business. The term business in this context is used as a broad term. The businesses or the activities that can be represented with Enterprise Engineering models do not have to be profit making. For example, it can be a research environment with the properties of an enterprise. Any type of ongoing operation that has or uses resomces and has one or more goals, with positive or negative cash flow, can be referred to as a business [6]. The ideal business model would be a single diagram representing all aspects of a business. However this is impossible for most of businesses. The business processes are so complex that one diagram cannot capture all the information. Instead, a business model is composed of different views, diagrams, objects, and processes: A business 8 model is illustrated with a number of different views, and each captu~cs infmmation about one or more specific aspects of the businesses. Each view consists of a number of diagrams, each of which shows a specific part of the business structure. A diagram can show a ~1ructure (e.g., the organization of the business) or some dynamic collaboration (a number of objects and their interaction to demonstrate a process). Concepts are related in the diagrams through the use of different objects and processes. The objects may be physical such as people, machines, and products or more abstract such as instructions and services. Processes are the functions in the business that consume, refine, or use objects to affect or produce other objects. There are cunently hundreds of modeling tools for enterprises, and many modeling techniques such as Integrated Definition Language (IDEF), Petri-Net, Unified Mode1ing Language (UML), and meta-modeling. Modeling involves a modeling language and the associated modeling tools. Different enterprises may need different modeling tools according to the nature of the enterprise. Before selecting the modeling tool, a detailed analysis should be made to select the most appropriate modeling language and the tool. For the software industry, UML has become the standard modeJjng language [7]. 2.3 Enterprise Analysis The increasing complexity of enterprises has stimulated the development of sophisticated methods and tools for modeling and analysis of today's modern enterprises. Recent advances in information teclu1ology along with significant progress in analytical and computational techniques have facilitated the use of such methods in industry. 9 Applying Enterprise Analysis methods results in a documentation that supports a number of programs, which are as follows: strategic information resource planning, information architecture, technology and services acquisition, systems design and development, and functional process redesign. Most organizations have a wealth of data that can be used to answer the basic questions supporting strategic planning: who, what, where, and bow much. By modeling with these data using an Enterprise Analysis toolset, the enterptise models can be built incrementally and in less time. The most important use of Enterprise Analysis is that it presents the organization's own business, demographic, and workload data in a compelling manner to tell the story. Whether they are used to support programs for acquisitions, information architectures, or systems development, Enterprise Analysis studies are rooted in the business of the organization and thus are easily understood and supported by executive management. 2.4 Enterprise Design The design of an enterprise deaJs with many issues, including development of a vision and a strategy, the establishment of a corporate cu.lture and identity, integration and improvement of the enterprise, and development of technology solutions. Optimization of several perspectives within an enterprise is the objective of Enterprise Design. Examples of enterprise perspectives include quality, cost, efficiency, and agility ,. and management perspectives s uch as motivation, culture, and incentives. For example, consider the efficiency perspective. The modeling task will provide ontologies (i.e., object libraries) that can be used to construct a model of the activities of a process, such as its resource usages, constraints, and time. Based on these models the efficiency 10 perspective will provide tools to design, analyze, and evaluate organizational activities, processes, and structures. These tools will also be capable to represent and model the current status of an enterprise and to analyze and assess potential changes. One issue is wbetber there exists sufficient knowledge of the process of designing and optimizing business activities/processes to incorporate in knowledge-based tools. The main goal of an Enterprise Design application is to deveJ~p a software tool that enables a manager to explore alternative Enterprise Designs that encompass both the stmcture and behavior of the enterprise over extended periods of time. lssues such as motivation, culture, and incentives are explored, along with other relevant parameters such as organizational structure, functions, activity, cost, quality, and information [8]. 3 STRATEGY FORMULATION FORE-BUSINESS Electronic commerce is becoming a growing part of industry and commerce. The speed of technological change is enabling corporations large and small to transact business in a variety of ways. Today, it is routine practice to transact some aspect of business electronically from e-mail to exchanging data via Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), World Wide Web (WWW), and various shades these technologies. Numerous benefits accrue to corporations when they use automated capabilities. In order to maximize such benefits, electronic enterprises must base their efforts on welJdeveloped strategies. In this manner, tbe probability of success is increased many folds. Embarking on electronic commerce or business should never be thought of as the sole quest of the information systems department. The following strategies are a synthesis of II best practices introduced to assist information systems departments to prepare the organization for the information age [9, 1 0]. 3.1 Strategy 1 - Improve Corporate System DeveJopment Skms In addition to developing technical skills, corporations must pay close attention to effective communication, eliminating cross-functional language barriers, and improving inadequate facilities in geographically dispersed systems. 3.2 Strategy 2 -Build a Proactive Infrastructure There must be a constant effort to keep up with technological changes. Frequently, these changes trickle down from the top as a result of various business strategies. For example, top managers may discover that they need video-conferencing capability, and the information technology people are under pressure to deliver it. This kind of approach will put the chief information officer(CIO) in a reactive posture, trying to put out fires as they appear. In putting out such fires, local resources may be used to satisfy higher level needs without any obvious benefits to local managers who may resent this fact and create barriers against success. CIOs should try to get the cooperation of all users in anticipating system needs. If users are not satisfied with an imposed system, they wiiJ try to build their bootleg systems for their own needs. Thus, project needs should be anticipated as far as possible and should be planned to meet both short-term goals of management and yield benefits for the development of the infrastmcture of the corporation in the Jong term. 12 3.3 Strategy 3 - Consolidate Data Centers A corporation embar1dng on developing an e-business system must realize that there do already exist semiautonomous data centers distributed throughout various geographical locations. There may have been a time when such data centers were desirable. Today, e-business demands integrated information systems, and the data centers must be consolidated. An integrated information system is far more effic ient in controlling corporate operations. Obviously, operating fewer facilities, maintaining minimum levels of inventory, and giving better service to customers will bring handsome returns to corporations. During the consolidation process, a number of problems of compatibility and standardization will occm, but tackling such problems is better than having semiautonomous data centers. 3.4 Strategy 4 - Standardize Data Structures As corporations grow, different data processing systems and data centers proliferate, especiaUy in transnational corporations. Consolidating data centers and systems as suggested in strategy 3 may not be sufficient. Corporations need to determine data needed at global levels and standarclize them. Standardization may not be possible for certain applications in an international setting since regulatory accounting of different countries may be a roadblock. However, this should not be taken as a signal for nonstandardization. Standardization will make useful information available throughout the corporation. For example, these days many corporations are adapting XML as part of data stmcture consolidation strategy. XML issues are addressed in the next section with more detail. 13 3.5 Strategy 5 - Accommodate Linkages with Cui-rent Strategic Allies and Provide Expansion for Future Str ategic Alliances Recent developments in globalization and Internet technology are spurring corporations to form sliategic alliances. Automobile manufacturers are, for example, forming alliances to influence prices and qualities of their raw materials and parts purchases. Similar alliances are growing at an accelerated pace in other industries. These alliances are designed to create not only purchasing power but also a variety of other mutual interests, from technological co-operation to joint production. 3.6 Strategy 6 - Globalize Human Resource Accounting As companies centralize their information systems through computerization, a global inventory of human skills should be developed. Frequent human resource problems arjse when Information Systems (IS) personnel focus locally rather than globally. Recmiting of specialists, for example, must be done not with a local perspective but with a global one. This will help eliminate possible redundancies with potential savings. 4 INTELLIGENT ENTERPRISES Enterprises competing in global markets assume complex organizational forms such as supply chain, virtual enterprise, Web-based enterprise, production network, e-business, and e manufacturing. Common traits of these organizations are willingness to cooperate, global distributed product development and manufacturing, and high coordination and communication. These traits have led the trend of transformation from 14 capital intensive to intelligence intensive entetprises [1 1]. Visions of the organization's future e-Business roles as an intelligent enterprise could be formulated as follows [12]: • Transparent - Intelligent enterprises will contain substantial amounts of information on capabilities, capacities, inventories, and plans that can be exchanged between tools, servers, and optimizing agents that will augment capabilities of their human masters. • Timely - Intelligent enterprises will be designed to meet a customer need exactly when the customer wants it. • Tuned - Through collaboration and sharing of knowledge, the intel1igent enterprise wiJl serve customer needs with a mjnimum of wasted effort or assets. 4.1 Knowledge Management and Integration with XML One important challenge for enterprises today is storing and reusing knowledge. For many organizations, up-to-dale knowledge of what is relevant and important to customers distinguishes their offerings. The challenge is to assimilate this rapidly changing knowledge about products and services quickly and distribute it rapidly to leverage it for improved performance and quality service. This means finding all knowledge that is embedded in and accessed through technologies and processes and stored in documents and external repositories and being able to share it quickly with the customers. The capital-based organization needs to transform into bigh-perforrn.ing, processbased, knowledge-based enterprises, characterized by agility, f lexibility, adaptability, and willingness to learn. To overcome the difficulties during the transformation, powetful tools are needed to manage the knowledge within the enterprise and to develop the 15 communication between the company and the customers. The key tool to be used within this process is XML, which will set the standards of communication and wm help to manage the knowledge [13]. To understand how XML will help us managing the knowledge, a def111ition of a knowledge-based business is needed. 4.2 Knowledge-Based Businesses The following six characteristics of knowledge-based business were defined in Davis and Botkin [14]. ~hese characteristics are actually guidelines for businesses to put their information to productive use. 4.2.1 The More You Use Knowledge-Based Offerings, The Smarter They Get This characteristic fits in the customer-defined offerings the companies give. For example, a credit card company can build a system that could understand the buying patterns of a customer that can protect the customer from fraud. A news agency can change the interface of its system to give the type of news that a newspaper or journal requests. Knowledge-based systems not only get smcuter but also enable their users to learn. For example, General Motors' computer-aided maintenance system not only helps novice mechanics to repair automobiles but also helps expe1t mechanics to refine their knowledge. As the technology advances, the amount of information that a mechanic needs to know expands rapidly. With tllis system a mechanic can leverage the knowledge of all mechanics using the system. As a result, the system continually improves, as does the service quality. 16 4.2.2 Knowledge-Based Products And Services Adjust To Changing Circumstances When knowledge is built into a product, the product may adjust itself in a smart manner to changing conditions. For example, a glass window that may reflect or transmit sunlight according to temperature is such a product. Producing tbese producl:s will not only be marketed well but also have important economical advantages. Tbe smart pr~ducts will guide their users as well. 4.2.3 Knowledge-Based Businesses Can Customize l1teir Offerings Knowledge-based products and servkes can determine customers' changing paltems, idiosyncrasies, and specific needs. For example, a smart telephony system can understand which language will be used on specific num bers~ also by using the voice recognition system, the need for telephone credit cards can be diminished. 4.2.4 Knowledge-Based Products A11d Services Have Relatively Short Life Cycles Many knowledge-based products have short life cycles, because they depend on the existing market conditions; their viability is short-lived. For example, the foreign exchange advisory services offered by a commercial bank are highly specialized and customized for corporate clients. Such services should be constantly upgraded to keep the profits and the proprietary edge. 4.2.5 Knowledge-Based Businesses Enable Customers To Act In Real Time Information becomes more valuable when it can be acted on constantly. A system that will deliver the tour book information while you are driving the car will have a great 17 value. An interactivity. added to the system will make the product's value even higher. Knowledge-based products can also act in real time. For example, a copier machine that calJs the maintenance provider when an error occurs wiJJ have a great value in this sense. 4.3 XML's Role in Business Applications The smallest cluster of knowledge is data. These are basic building blocks of information that come in four particular forms: numbers, words, sounds, and images. Manipulation of the data determines its value. The arrangement of data into meaningful patterns is information. For example, numbers can be arranged in tables, which is information; a series of sounds, which is music, can also be considered as information. Today, an important challenge for Internet-based businesses is using the information efficiently and in a productive way that will upgrade the information to knowledge. Thus, we say that knowledge is the application and productive use of information. The shift from the information to knowledge age will be via technology. The new enabling technologies of software development such as XML, J2EE, and Visual Studio are forcing e-businesses to build knowledge-based businesses. Here we will explain the most important enabling technology, XML, within the development of e~businesses. XML can be used effecti~ely for exchanging of business documents and information over the Internet. XML is a standard language that simultaneously presents content for display on the Intemet and describes the content so that other software can understand and use the data. Therefore XML can be a medium through which any business application can share documents, transactions, and workload with any other 18 business application [15]. In other words, XML can become the common language of ebusi. ness and knowledge management. One impmtant property of XML is providing .information about the meaning of the data. Thus, an XML-Jonnatted document could trigger a software application at a receiving company to launch an activity such as shipment loading. But to provide that level of data integration, trading partners would have to agree on definiti ons for the various types of documents as well as standard ways of doing business. In addition to facilitating e-commerce, having common defini tions and uses for data also enable an enterprise to better leverage the .knowledge ctmenrly stored in information silos. XML supports the searching and browsing of such information sHos [16]. It structures documents for granularity, such as alJowing access to sections within documents and fine-tuning retrieval Also, it annotates documents, which enables users to not restrict themselves to what is in the document. XML organizes documents by classifying documents into groups and supports browsing them. AdditionaiJy, it has Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)-like linking options that help the information users to find the documents they arc seeking. Fig. I shows the tools that are common in the organization of information through XML. XML is the next evolution in knowledge management, and organizations are beginning to understand the potential of this technology to develop enterprise-wide information architectures. As a technology, XML does not bring any value to an organization. The value of XML wHI depend on how it js used within a company. The agreement on data definitions within an enterprise has always been a hard task. At rn.inlmum, XML should be implemented strategically within the organization. Ideally, the 19 Annotate Documents I RDF I Schemas J:: I XML I (.---, X-Poin- ter--, Fig. 1. Organization of information through XML. implementation should include strategic partners and other organizations that have a need to share data and information. XML is a majm advance in the standardization of information sharing across traditional information boundaries, both internal and external Information security and privacy issues are major concerns revolving around customer and corporate data flowing across wires. Successful knowledge management in a company often depends on having access to information outside the enterprise walls. XML can also be of value here by helping to improve the functioning of supply chains and the extranet. In conclusion, it becomes obvious that managing knowledge requires better tools. We need to create systems that manage documents, as people would do, and we know that better tools need better documents. Thus by building on a solid knowledge management strategy using XML, we believe an organization can gain competitive differentiation in the near future. 20 PART II INTERNET ENTERPRISE IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS 1 INTRODUCTION In the first section of this module we introduced essential elements of enterprise engineering in abstract and general terms. Building on the notions explored in the first section, we will address here, specifics concerning designing and implementation of Internet enterprises. In this section, a review is provided of the key concepts and concerns an Internet enterprise engineering (IEE) project would encounter and need to address. Business engineering fundamentals, technologies, and strategies for the lrlternet such as Unified Modeling Language, Cosmos Model, Enterprise Maturity Model, Web Business . Models, Methods of Electronic Transaction, Online Contracts, Security Protocols, selected integrated development tools, Next Generation Internet, and Internet2 arc covered. Over 20 occupational roles within IEE are identified and described separately. A technology implementation platform and strategy are introduced, along with marketing and customer retention technologies and strategies on the Internet A detailed overview is provided of the various Internet business tools, technologies, and terminology for the systematic construction of new ventures on the Internet l7]. For convenience, all these issues are summarized in table fmm at the end of this section. 2 BUSINESS ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS 2.1 UML: Officially introduced in November 1997, UML has quickly become the standard modeling language for software development [6]. It bas a business model approach that provides a plan for engineering an orchestrated set of business functions. It 21 provjdes a framework by which business is to be performed, allowing for changes and various improvements in the process. The model is designed to be able to anticipate changes in business function in order to maintain an edge on the competition. One of the advantages of modeling in UML is that it can visually depict functions, relationships, and paradigms. UML is a recommended tool for business analysts to break down a large-scale business operation into its constituent parts. Capturing a business model in one diagram is not realistic, so it should be noted that a business model is actually composed of a number of different views. Each view is designed to capture a separate purpose or function without losing any important overall understanding of the business operation. A view is composed of a set of diagrams, each of which shows a specific aspect of the business structure. A diagram can show a structure or a kind of dynamic collaboration. The diagrams contain objects, processes, rules, goals, and visions as defined in the business analysis. Objects contain information about mechanisms in the business, and processes are functions that use objects to affect or produce other objects. Objectoriented techniques can be used to describe a business. There are similar concepts in business functions that mn parallel to object-oriented techniques of designconceptualization. Another advantage of UML is derived from the ability of business modelers and software developers to use the same conceplualization tools and techniques to achieve a common business end. Additionally, the power of UML is derived :from its ability to transcend tbe standard organizational chart [ 17]. 22 2.2 Cosmos Model: A generic approach for a business to manage change is through a holistic framework as described by Yeh in his three-dimensional model called Cosmos (Fig. 1). One of the important aspects of this model is that three dimensions exist interdependently because each dimension behaves as an enabler and an inhibitor to the other dimensions. The ";activity structure" dimension covers how work is structured in an organization, factoring in the steps and tasks that are taken to achieve an appropriate level of workflow. The ";infrastructure dimension" covers how resources are allocated and factors in the assets of an enterprise. The ";coordination dimension" covers how information is created, shared, and distributed. The cultural aspects of the enterprise are factored in here. The Cosmos model provides a conceptual space bounded by concrete factors for successfully navigating from one point of an organizational situation to another. Infrastructure Long-term vs. short-term objectives Activity Structure Stability vs. Flexibility Target Coordination Structure Modu]arity vs. Interconnectedness Fig. l. Cosmos model--holistic framework for managing change. [13) 23 The Cosmos model is an abstract tool for managers to guide their company along the best possible path. The trade-offs between the three dimensions at each point in the journey along the path are what the manager must determine to be most effective and best for the organization as a whole. In the case of work structure, there is an inherent tradeoff between stability and flexibility. In the case of a coordination structure, there is a tradeoff between strictly aligning of human resources with company objectives and providing each operating unit with sufficient autonomy. More autonomous organizations are generally organized with a greater degree of modularity, allowing for the ability to make rapid decisions by adapting to changing market conditions. In the case of infrastlucture, there is a trade-off between seeking short-term gain versus long-term gain. Overall, the Cosmos mode] provides an executive or project manager with another technique to visualize the overaJJ situation and path of an organization by laking into account the three dimensions that correspond to the three main forces that affect its future [ 18]. 2.3 Enterprise Maturity Model: In order to characterize a business in terms of its level of maturity, focus, activity, coordination, and infrastructure, please refer to Table l, provided by Yeh [18]. The table provides an overview of the various levels of enterprise maturity. 2.4 Web Business Models: Entrepreneurs who wish to start e-businesses need to be aware of e-business models and how to implement them effectively. The combination 24 of a company's policy, operations, technology, and ideology defines its business model. Table 2 describes in more detail the types of business models in existence today [6, 19]. 2.5 IVIethods of Elech·onic Transaction: There are various methods and mechanisms that merchants can collect income through electronic transactions. Table 3 provides the types of transactions covered such as credit card, e-walJets, debit cards, digital currency, peer-to-peer, smartcards, micro-payments, and e-billing [19]. 2.6 OnJine Contracts: An online contract can be accomplished throt1gh the use of a digital signature. Digital signatures are the electronic equivalent of written signatures. The Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act of 2000 (E-sign Bi11) recently passed into law were developed for use in public-key cryptography to solve the problems of authentication and integrity. The purpose of a digital signature is for electronic authorization. The U.S. government's digital authentication standard is called the Digital Signature Algorithm. The U.S. government also recently passed digitalsignature legislation that makes digital signatures as legally bindiqg as handwritten signatures. This legislation is designed to promote more activity in e-business by legitimizing online contractual agreements. 2.7 Security Protocols: Netscape Communkations developed the SSL protocol, developed as a non-proprietary protocol commonly used to secure communication on the Internet and the Web. SSL is designed to use public-key technology and digital 25 certificates to authenticate the server. in a transaction and to protect private information as it passes from one party to another over the Tnternet. SSL can effectively protect information as it is passes through the Internet but does not necessarily protect private information once stored on the merchant's server. An example of private information would be credit card numbers. When a merchant receives credit-card information with an order, the information is often decrypted and stored on the merchant's server until the order is placed. An insecure server wi th data that are not encrypted is vulnerable to unauthorized access by a third party to that information. SET protocol was developed by Visa International and MasterCard and was designed speci.tically to protect e-commerce payment transactions [20]. SET uses digital certificates to authenticate each party in an e-commerce transaction, including the customer, merchant, and the merchant's bank. In order for SET to work, merchants must have a digital certificate and special SET software to process transactions. Additionally, customers must have complementary digital certificate and digital walJet software. A digital wallet is similar to a real wallet to the extent that it stores credit (or debit) card information for multiple cards, as well as a digital certificate verifying the cardholder's identity. Digital wallets add convenience to online shopping because customers no longer need to re-enter their credit card information at each shopping site. 2.8 Integrated Tool Example: Drumbeat 2000: Macromedia Drumbeat 2000 is a tool capable of accepting and delivering complex infmmation and functionality through a web-interface [21]. The tool aids a visually skilled Web designer in competitively building a website without necessarily having to do any coding, which is useful in the 26 initial prolotyping phase. It is a tool that can interact with the back-end database with the ability to build a user-friendly client-side using Active Server Page (ASP) Web technology. ASP technology enables a real-time connection to the database, so any changes made to the database are immediately re flected on the client side. Macromedia D1umbeat 2000 claims to provide everything needed to build dynamic Web applications and online stores visually at a fraction of the typical development time and expense. The designers of Drumbeat 2000 also cl aim that the development environment can keep up with continuously evolving web technology, thus making it a future-oriented technology. 2.9 NGI: This initiatjve is a mulli-agency Federal research and development program began on October 1, 1997 with the participation of the following agencies: DARPA, DOE, NASA, NIH, NIST, and NSF (Table 4). These agencies arc charged with the responsibility of developing advanced networking technologies and revolutionary applications that require advanced networkjng. 2.10 Internet2: The Intemet2 is a consortium of over 180 uruversit ies leading the way towards a partnership with industry and government to develop advanced network applications and technologies in order to accelerate formation of a more advanced Internet. The primary goals of Internct2 are to create a leading edge network capability for the national research community, enable revolutionary Internet applications, and ensure the rapid transfer of new network services and applications to the broader Internet community. Through Intemet2 working groups and initiatives, Internet2 members are 27 collaborating on advanced app.lications, middleware, new networking capabilities, advanced network infrastructure, partnerships, and alliances [22). 3 OCCUPATIONAL ROLES IN illE In order to build, deploy, and maintain an Internet Enterprise, certain roles and positions most be filled for the organization to be effective. Table 5 lists and describes many of the relevant roles required within an enterprise initiative, such as Chief Privacy Officer (CPO), in addition to the more traditional organizational roles such as Chief Executive Ofilcer (CEO), Chief Technology Officer (CTO), and Chief Financial Officer (CFO) [20, 23]. 4 TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION AND STRATEGY 4.1 Microsoft Dotsmart Initiative: There are various approaches to imp.lementing strategic planning and technology implementations. For illustrative purposes, Microsoft is considered in this thesis to be one such approach for enterprise planning. Once the overall conceptualization and business pattern is created and a.ll the necessary occupational roles within the organization are identified, it is necessary to identify exactly which technology to utilize in order to build and implement the business venture. As the requirements of a business are analyzed, a useful guide is the Microsoft Dotsmarl Initiative. This mode of business analysis will help determine which business engineering concepts to use and what kinds of personnel are needed to 1un the operation. Additionally, the Microsoft Dotsmatt Initiative provides key points to address when building an Intemet operation from scratch. 28 4.2 Microsoft Technology Centers (MTCs): MTCs are areas designed for groups of entrepreneurs, Information Technology personnel, and businessmen for the rapid development. of robust e-commerce solutions. At these facilities, developers, entrepreneurs, and high-technology business persons use Microsoft Technology and the relevant knowledge to build enterprise solutions. The centers provide the essentials a team would need to develop an enterptise from the initial conception of the idea to launch. Microsoft provides essential equipment, support, and expe11ise, with an application of a ";best-practices" approach. These best practices have been tested before at MTCs, expediting the development progress and time to market. Laboratory sessions are designed to bring together an assortment of entrepreneurial individuals as they facilitate the development process using the latest Microsoft products. The MTCs offer customers wishing to capitalize on emerging Microsoft.NET technologies the service, infrastltlctme, and development environment to accelerate their projects and reduce thejr risk. The working laboratory is intended to help customers develop and test next-genera6on e-commerce technologies and demonstrate further the value of Windows platforms and other industry-standard systems for powering ebusiness. 4.3 Impact of XML: XML represents a more general way of defining text-based/ documents compared to Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). Both HTML and XML descend from Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). The greatest difference between HTML and XML is the flexibi lity of the allowable tag found in XML. An XMLbased document can define its own tags, in addition to including a set of tags defined by a 29 third-party. This ability may become very useful for those applications that need to deal with very complex data structures. An example of an XML-based language is the Wireless Markup Language (WML). WML essentially allows text pm1ions of Web pages to be displayed on wireless devices, such as cellular phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs). WML works with the Wireless AppHcation Protocol (W AP) to deliver this content. WML is similar to HTML but does not require input devi ces such as a keyboard or mouse for navigation. In the case of a PDA thal requests a Web page on the Intemet, a WAP gateway receives the request, translates it, and sends it to the appropriate Internet server. In response, the server replies by sending the requested WML document. The WAP gateway parses this document's WML and sends the proper text to the PDA. This introduces the element of device portability. 4.4 Microsoft.Net Initiative: Microsoft announced a new generation of software called Microsoft .NET. This software is intended to enable every developer, business, and consumer to benefit from the combination of a variety of new Internet devices and programmable Web services that characte1ize NGI. Microsoft is trying to create an advanced new generation of software that wiiJ drive NGI. This initiative is called Microsoft.NET and it.s key purpose is to make information available at any time, in any place, and on any device. 4.5 Microsoft BizTalk 0 1·chestration: For IEE purposes, BizTalk Server 2000 is the considered a nex t-generation software that plays an important role in forming the infrastructure and tools for building successful e-commerce communities. The core of 30 BizTalk Server offers business document routing, transformation, and tracking infras tructure that is mles based. BizTalk Server offers many services that allow for quickly building dynamic business processes for smooth integration of applications and business partners while utilizing pubJic standards to ensure interoperability. Essentially, BizTalk server provides a method to build dynamic business processes quickly. 4.6 Back-end Configurations Using Microsoft Technology: In the design of the backend of a website, special considerations must be given to security. This is done by providing a kind of safety buffer from the greater world of the Internet using a demiUtarized-zone (DMZ) strategy. The components of a DMZ such as the firewall, the front-end network, the back-end nelwork, and the secure network function as a security buffer from the outside world. 4.7 Rapid Economic Justification (RE.fl: The REJ framework makes it possible for IT and business executives to demonstrate how specific investments in IT will eventually benefit the business, ensuring in the process that the IT projects are aligned with the specific business strategies and priorities. IT investments play a critical role in Internet enterprises. Important decision-making at the early stages of any venture does require an effective methodology to identify the best strategic IT investments. Leaders in the upper echelon of organizations such as CEOs, CTOs, and CFOs are being overwhelmed with complex information. REJ may prove to be a reliable method to quickly evaluate the true value worth and potential of a company by taking into consideration its intangible IT assets. 31 In the past, companies developed metrics for the valuation of IT investments on the basis of cost improvements. Metric methodologies have focused on Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), whereas the strategic role of IT in boosting new opportunities for business has been largely ignored. Understandably, the benefits of IT can be traced to ways of measuring business value the traditional way. Unfortunately, current business practices are not necessarily adequately equipped to handle the complexities of the New Economy. Although the economic justification of IT projects has been researched extensively in the past decade, the problem is that these metiJods and techniques require too much data-crunching power and time to prepare. These unwieldy research techniques need to be replaced by a new and practical approach to quantify swiftly and accurately the true value of IT investments. 5 MARKETING AND CUSTOMER RETENTION 5.1 Online Marketing: The Internet provides marketers with new tools and convenience that can considerably increase the success of their marketing efforts. An Internet marketing campaign such as advertising, promotions, public relations, partnering and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems are all an integral prut of the marketing process. Table 6 describes the various techniques at the marketer's disposal when using the Internet as the medium of customer information delivery [19]. 5.2 CRM Systems: CRM is a general but systematic methodology using both business and technological techniques to maintain and grow a business's customer base. CRM systems enable a business to keep detaj led records on the activity of its c ustomers 32 by using new, sophisticated tracking systems on the Internet. Table 7 shows various areas where CRM technology and CRM business techniques can assist in managing a customer base [19]. 5.3 Web Design Technology Example: Dreamweaver Technology: Macromedia Dreamweaver is Web technology for building websites on the Internet without the need for programming directly in HTivlL [21]. Also, Web designers are easily able to create Web-based leaming content with Dreamweaver 4.0. A Web designer has the ability to create site maps of the website that can be easily maintained and enhanced. This is a very popular technology available on the market that can be used to make professional quality websites for marketing and promotional purposes. 5.4 Web Enhancement Technology Example: Flash Technology: Macromedia Flash is a multimedia technology for applications on the Web. This technology gives the user, especially one not artistically talented, the ability to develop interactive animations that can look quite impressive. A flash movie can be embedded into a Web site or run as a standalone program, and Flash is compatible with Dreamweaver. Flash movies can be made with sound and animation, so it is useful as a software tool to produce demonstrations at the user-interface. Flash can be used on CD-ROMs and allows for the construction of cross-platform audio/video animations and still jmages. 33 \ 6 SUMI\-IARY TABLES We would like to reiterate emphasis areas for Electronic Enterprise as listed in the introduction of this module. These are a) hardware (mechanisms associated with physical world), b) software (mechanisms associated with computational world), c) netware (mechanisms associated with communications), and d) peopleware (mechanisms associated with human element) [23, 24]. Following tables provide a useful Jist in all these areas. For convenience, we include all summary tables in following order: Table 1 Enterprise Maturity Levels Table 2 Web Business Models Table 3 Electronic Transactions Table 4 NGI Participating Agencies Table 5 Occupational Roles in lEE Table 6 Marketing Techniques on the Internet Table 7 Customer Relationship Management 34 Table 1 Enterprise Maturity Levels Levels Focus Activity Coordination Infrastructure 5. Whole Human-society Process Self-directed teams Long-term oriented; in engineering dominate orientation, harmony with methodology workplace; toLal personal mastery, nature, people institutionalized; alignment; open, heavy investments routinely do the Flexible and honest in IT, continuous right things: predictable communication improvement change is second process, right the channels institutionalized nature first time, value- throughout adderl activities only 4. Wise Stakeholders and Process monitored Organjzational Organi:z.ation community automatically for structure based on competency oriented in high performance; cross-trained case management; harmony with dominated by teams; vision continuing community; value-added al igned with the education; team-people routinely activities; high needs of the based structure; doing things right. degrl:e of society tenm-oriented HR Changes are concurrency; few policy planned and handoffs mannged 3. Mature Customer oriented; Process defined Vision defined Integrated customer's needs and is measured with extensive capacity, are anticipated; buy-ins, multi- con sol ida ted people are proud to functional project function; work here teams exist; investment in participatory training and work culture with force planning; managers as flattened coaches organization 2. Stable Competition- Process under Internal focus, Short-term focus, oriented reactive statistical control; control oriented, fragmented bench-marking as functional division capacity, little IT, a result of reaction, hierarchical, inflexible process, difficult to get has many information, no handoffs and a formal HR policy substantial number of non-value-added tasks I . Ignorant Disoriented- Fire-fighting Ad- No clear vision, Don' t know where chaotic hoc, unpredictable, resources exist fragmented Rumor mill rampant 35 e-Business Model Storefront Model Auction Model Portal Model Dynamic Pricing Model Comparison Pricing Model Demand-Sensitive Pricing Model Table 2 Web Business Models Description The~ storefront model is what many persons think of when they bear the word ebusiness. The storefront model combines transaction processing, security, online payment and information storage to enable merchants to sell their products on lhe web. This is a basic form of e-commcrce where the buyer and seller interact directly. To conduct storefront c-commerce, merchants need to organize an online catalog of products, take orders through their Web sites, accept pnyments in a secure envi ronment, send merchandise to customers, and manage customer data. One of the most commonly used e-commercc enablers is the shopping cart. This order-processing technology allows customers to accumulate items they wish to buy as they continue to shop. www.amazon.com is a good example. Forrester Research reveals that an estimated $3.8 billion will be spent on online person-to-person auctions in the year 2000 alone. This number is expected to rise to $52 billion for Business-to-Business (B2B) auctions. Usually auction sites act as forums through which Internet users can log-on and assume the role of either bidder or seller. As a seller, you are able to post an item you wish to sell, the minimum price you require to sell it, your item, and a deadline to close the auction. As a bidder, you may search the site for availability of the item you are seeking, view lhe current bidding activity and place a bid. They usually do not involve themselves in payment and delivery. www.ebay.com is a good example. Portal sites give visitors the chance to find almost everything they are looking for in one place. They often offer news, sports, and weather, as weU as the ability to search the Web. Search engines are h01i zontal portals, or portals that aggregate information on a broad range of topics. Yahoo! at www.yahoo.com is an example of a horizontal portal. America Online (AOL) www.aol.com is an example of a vertical portal because it is a community-based site. The Web has changed the way business is done and the way products are priced. Companies such as Priceline (www.pricelinc.com) and Imandi (www.imandi.com) have enabled customers to name their prices for travel, homes, automobiles, and consumer goods. The name-your-price model empowers customers by allowing them to choose their price for products and services. The comparison pricing model allows customers to polJ a variety of merchants and find a desired product or service at the lowest price (i.e. www.bottomdollar.com). The Web has enabled customers to demand bener, faster service at cheaper prices. It has also empowered buyers to shop in large groups to achieve a group rate (i.e., www.rnercata.com). Customers become loyal to Mercata because it helps them save money. 36 e-Business Model Bartering Model Advertising Model Procurement Model B2B Service Provider Model · Online Trading Model Online Lending Model Online Recruiting Model Online Travel Service Model TabJe 2 (Continued) Description A popular method of conducting e-business is bartering, offering one item in exchange for anotiier. If a business is looking to get rid of an overstocked product, iSolve ~isolve.com) can help sell it PotenHal customers send their pricing pre ferences to the merchant who evaluates the offer. Deals are often part barter and part cash. Examples of items typically bartered are overstocked inventory items, factory surplus, and unneeded assets. Forming business models around advertising-driven revenue streams is the advertising model. Television networks, radio stations, magazines, and print media usc advertising to fund their operations and make a profit. www.Iwon.com is a portal site that rewards users with raffle points as they browse the site's content. www.freemerchant.com offers free hosting, a free store builder, a free shopping cart, free traffic logs, free auction tools and all the necessary elements for running an e-commerce storefront. Frccmerchanl makes money from its strategic partnerships and referrals. The procurement model means acquiring goods and services with effective supply chain management via a B2B Exchange. ICG Commerce Systems (www.icgcommerce.com) is a site that enables businesses, customers, suppliers, purchasers, and any combination of these to interact and conduct transactions over the Internet. The system supports B2B, B2C, and all variations of these models. · B2B service providers make B2B transactions on the Internet easier. These e-businesscs help other businesses improve policies, procedures, customer service, and general operations. Ariba (www.ariba.com) is a B2B service provider. The online trading model is essentially securities trading on the Internet. Trading sites allow you to research securities and to buy, sell, and manage all of your investments from your desktop; they usually cost less. Charles Schwab (www.schwab.com) is a notable example. Companies are now making loans online. E-loan (www.eloan.com) offers creditcard services, home equity loans, and the tools and calculators to help you make educated borrowing decisions. Recruiting and job searching can be done effectively on the Web whether you are an employer or a job seeker. Refer.com (www.refer.com) rewards visitors for successful job referrals. Web surfers can search for and arrange for all their travel and accommodations online, and can often save money doing so. Cheaptickets (www.cheaptic kets.com) .is a similar site that helps customers find discount fares for airl.ine tickets, hotel rooms, cruise vacations and rental cars. 37 e-Business Model Online Entertainment Model Energy Distribution Model Braintrust Model Online Learning Model Click-and-Mortar Model Table 2 (Continued) Description The entertainment industry has recognized this and has leveraged its power to sell movie tickets, albums and any other entertainment-related content they can fit on a Web page. ICast.corn (www.icast.com) is a multimedia-rich entertainment site. A number of companies have set up energy exchanges where buyers and sellers come together to corrununicate, buy, sell, and distribute energy. These companies sell crude oil, electricity, and the products and systems for distributing them. Altranet (_www.altranet.com) also sells energy commodities. Companies can buy patents and other intellectual property online. Yet2 (www.yct2.com) is an e-business designed to help companies raise capital by selling intellectuaJ property such as patents and trademarks. Universities and corporate-training companies offer high-quality distance education directly over the Web. Click2learn ~www.click2 1earn.com) has created a database of products and services to elp mdtvtdunls and companies fi.nd the education they need. Brick-and-mortar companies who wish to bring their businesses to the Web must determine the level of cooperation and integration the two separate entities will share. A company that can offer its services both offline and o nline is called click-and-mortar, such as Barnes & Noble (www.bn.com). 38 Electronic Transaction T e Credit Card Transactions E-wallets Debit cards Digital Currency Table 3 Electronic Transactions Descrjption Merchant must have a merchant. account with a bank. Specialized Internet merchant accounts have been established to handle online credit card transactions. These transactions are processed by banks or third-party services. To faci litate the credit card process, many companies are introducing electronic wallet services. E-wallets allow you to keep track of your billing and shipping information so it can be entered with one click. Banks and businesses are also creating options for online payment that do not involve credit cards. There are many forms of digital currency; digital cash is one example. It is stored electronically and can be used to make online electronic payments. Digjtal cash is often used with other payment technologies such as digital wallets. Digital cash allows people who do not have credit cards to shop online, and merchants accepting digital-cash payments avoid creditcard transaction fees. 39 Examples Companies like Cybercnsh (www.cybercash.com) and ICat (www.icat.com) enable merchants to accept credit card payments online like www.Charge.com. www. visa.com offers a variety of ewallets. Entrypoint.com offers a free, personalized desktop toolbar that includes an e-wallct to facltitate one click shopping at its affiliate stores. In order to standardize e-wallet technology and gain wider acceptance among vendors, Visa, Mastercard, and a group of e-wallet vendors have standardized the technology with the Electronic Commerce Modeling Language (ECML), unveiled in June 1999 and adopted by many online vendors. Companies such as AroeriNet allow merchants to accept a customer's checking-account number as a valid form of payment. AmeriNet provides authorization and account settlement, handles distribution and shipping (fulfi11ment), and manages customer service inquiries. E-Cash Technologies (www.ccas.b.com) is a secure digitalcash provider that allows you to withdraw funds from your traditional bank account. Gift cash is another form of digital currency that can be redeemed at leading shopping sites. Web. Flooz (www.Jlooz.wm) is an example of gift currency. Some companies offer points-based rewards. www.beenz.com is an international, points-based currency system. Electronic Transaction Peer-to-peer Smart Cards Micropaymenls Table 3 (Continued) Description Peer-to-peer transactions allow online monetary transfers between consumers. A card with a computer chip embedded on its face is able to hold more information than an ordinary credit card with a magnetic strip. There are contact and contactless smartcards. Similar to smart cards, ATM cards can be used to make purchases over the Internet. Merchants must pay for each credit card transaction that is processed. The cost of some items could be lower than the standard transaction fees, causing merchants to incur losses. Micropayments, or payments that generally do not exceed $10.00, offer a way for companies offering nominal.ly priced products and services to generate a profit. 40 Examples cCash runs a peer-to-peer payment services that allows the transfer of digital cash via email between two people who have accounts at eCashcnablcd banks. Pay Pal offers a digital payment system known as X payments. PayPal allows a user to send money to anyone with an email nddress, regardless of what bank either person uses or whether the recipient is pre-registered with the service. EConnect has technology in the form of a device that connects to your computer and scrambles financial data, making it secure to send the data over the Internet. EpocketPay is another product developed by eConnect that allows a consumer to make secure purchases from the ePocketPay portable device. This device acts as a cell phone with a card reader built into it and will allow you to make secure purchases anywhere. Millicent js a micropayment technology provider. Millicent handles all of the payment processing needed for the operation of an e-busi ness, customer support, and distribution services. Millicent's services are especially useful to companies that offer subscription fees and small pay-per-download fees for digjtal content. c-Billi ng Electronic llill Presentment and payment (EllPP) offers the ability to present a company's bill on multiple platforms online. Payments arc generally electronic transfers from consumer checking accounts. 41 The Automated Clearing House (ACH) is the current method for processing electronic monetary transfers. Table4 NGI Participating Agencies _A~c~ro~t~1Y~n_l_ _~ E_x~p_a_n_si~n --- ~ --- ~--~ --- DARPA Defense Advnnced Research Projects Agency DOE Department of Energy (beg inning in PY 1999) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NIH National Insti tutes of Health NIST National Institute of Standards and Tec hnology NSF National Science Foundation 42 Occupation Entrepreneur e-Commerce Program Manager Enterprise Architect Business and Infonnation Architect Table 5 Occupational Roles in illE Descdptjon An entrepreneur on the Internet is usually the person with the initial idea for the entire business and is involved in its early stages of inception before official management takes over. e-Commerce Program Managers are involved in enterprise-wide ecommerce initiatives and projects, managing e-cornmerce integration and overall business and technology architecture and infrastn1cture. Usually, they arc senior-level line managers who are effective at uniting the business and technology front by coordinating units within an organization and across the extended enterprise. Enterprise Arc hitects are involved in the definition, alignment, and refinement of the overall ente rprise architecture. Their responsibilities include seeing to it that many of the tasks of program management are can·ied out properly. More important, they must provide guidance so individual projects can make optimal use of infrastructure resources for e-Cornmerce. A balancing act between business requirements and tcchnologicnl capabilities is accomplished through their efforts . Enterprise Architects have a duty to identify the requirements, goals, and constraints of the project. They allocate responsibilities for each of the architectural elements. They are also responsible for lhe coordination of the modeling and design activities for the overall enterprise architecture. They are the chief e-commerce architects because they coordinate the work information, infrastructure and application architects. All architects and modelers should be completely capable in design patterns common to the many facets of business and technology. The design pattern movement has affected all aspects of analysis, design, and implementation of componentbased systems. Design patterns are the reusable material of architecture and have an important role in the complex distributed information systems lhat are conceived and developed today. Business and Information Architects have business domain knowledge, including business processes and logical information structures. They coordinate the work of business and technology analysts and modelers who develop abstract representations or business object models of the subjects, rules, roles, events, tasks, activities, and policies of the business domain. Application-neutral models that are built enable the reuse of business engineering analysis and design patterns and artifacts 43 Occupation Infrastructure Architect Application Architect Humru1 Factors Engineer Business Manager Internet Commerce Architect Table 5 (Continued) Description Infrastructure Architects identify the technical services required of the technology infrastructure to empower and support the logical busi ness and information architecture. They evaluate existing infrastructure services, s\~l ect those appropriate to a given project and acquire (via build or buy) new components needed in the infrastructure. They oversee the work of technical specialists in modeling the service architecture of the technical infrastmcturc. They maintain the technical components of the development repository. Application Architects coordinate the business process modeling activities across multiple projects and business domains. They coordinate the work of domain modelers and maintain the repository of business and component models. They evaluate existing business component services, sclectthose appropriate to a given project and (via build or buy) new components needed in the evolving business model. They maintain the business application components of thC development repository. Most importantly. tl1ey guide solution developers in blending the business object model with the infrastruchJre services needed to implement the models in an e~com merce platform. Human Factors Engineers are needed to design the next generation of user interfaces. While the graphical user Interface (GUD is recognized as the enabler of wide-spread personnl computing, task centered user interfaces provide assistance to end-users and can be a boon to productivity in the world of e-commerce. E-commerce transactions can involve a multitude of complex steps and processes. Well-designed user interfaces can help navigate and guide the user through these tasks, keeping track of the progress, and picking up where users leave off when transactions span multiple sessions of work. The Business Manager is responsible for the business approach on the Internet, creating and operating the Internet presence for the business, deciding what products and services are sold online, determining pricing, and establishing the key business relationships needed lo make a venture successful. This is primarily a business role, with particular attention paid to the success of the online business and bottom line. The Internet Commerce Architect is generally a systems analyst who turns the business requirements into a system design that incorporates the creation and management of content, the tnmsaction processing, fulfillment, and technical aspects of customer service 44 Occupation Solution Developer Content Designer Content Author Implementor Database Administrator Internet Sales and Marketing Customer Service Representative T~lble 5 (Continued) Description Solution Developers are application developers. They develop the use cases for the specific application at hand, compose solutions through extensive use of business object models, and use repositories. They assemble application components to implement c-commercc application. Unlike conventional programmers or programmer/analysts, they do not build or pmgram components. Instead, they assemble or glue together business solut ions from prefabricated components. They use highly integrated development environments (IDEs) such as IBM's VisuaiAge, Symantec's Visual Caf6, Sybase's PowcrJ, and Inprise's Jbuilder. Emerging Computer Assisted Software Engineering (CASE) tools and related methods will likely appear that tighten the link between business modeling and software development. Tools for understanding and managing business processes, such as Inte11icorp's LiveModel allows solution developers to build logical business that can automate the configuration and management of the SAP/R3 ERP system. The Content Designer is responsible for the look and feel of an Internet commerce system, including the graphic design, page layout, and user experience. The Content Author creates or adapts product information into a form that can be used for internet commerce, working within the design laid out by the content designer. The Impleme::ntor is responsible for creating any programs or software extensions needed to make the Internet commerce system work. For example, an Implementor might write the software or construct an ASP page using Drumbeat 2000 that takes product information from a database and dynamically renders it into a Web page. In the case that a database is used in the back-end, the Database Administrator (DBA) manages the creation and operation of the database to ensure its reliability, integrity, and performance. The Sales and Marketing team is responsible for focused efforts in promoting Internet-based commerce. Customer Service Representatives answer questions about products, assist buyers with registration or the purchasing of goods and services. 45 Occupation Component Developer Operations Manager System Supervisor System Administrator Security Officer Fulfillment Agent CPO Internet Lawyer Internet Accountant Table 5 (Continued) Description Component Developers usually build components in the form of coding projects. They are masters of component technology and know the intricacies of composition, delegation, and object-oriented systems analysis and design. They are proficient in component development languages (such as Java and C++), modeling standards (such as UMLand XMI), and distributed computing platforms (such as CORBA, DCOM, EJB). They understand and think in terms of architectural design patterns. In the meanti me, they will close the gap between business requirements and available components. Component developers must be highly qualified software engineers since quality'components do not just happen. They are carefully constructed using quality soflware engineering disciplines. Component Developers, therefore, must be highly trained specialists and masters of software quality processes such as CMM and ISO, as well as masters of component-based development methods. The Operations Manager is responsible for managing all service activities for the Internet commerce system. The System Supervisor manages the system staff. The System Administrator is responsible for the technical operations of the computer systems and networks. The Security Officer ensures that appropriate security measures have been taken in the design and implementation of the Internet commerce system. The Fulfillment Agent is responsible for shipping and handling of physical goods or delivery of services. In the case of digital goods, the fulfillment agent is responsible for overseeing the operation of the fulfillment system. The Chief Privacy Officer is io charge of measures for ensuring the security of vital company information, such as customer credit card numbers remains secure within the company network. An Internet Lawyer is a legal expert for Internet fu nctions. The .importance of this position cannot be overstated, because new laws and regulations could ki ll a company without legal assistance, prevention, or intervention. The Internet Accountant is responsible for ensuring that the proper accounting procedures have been followed for Internet-based transactions. 46 Technique Domain name FAQ Forum Networking Faci litation Promotions c-Business advertising Pay-per-click Pay-per-lead Pay-per-sale Webcasting Interactive Advertising Public Relations and press releases Trade shows Table 6 Marketing Techniques on the Internet Description The Universal Resource Locator (URL) represents the address of the domain name, which must be chosen with care because it reflects the company's values immediately and connotes immediate meaning to customers with its first impression. One can purchose a domain name at www.networksolutions.com. A frequently asked questions (FAQ) section contributes to a userfiiendly site. An onli ne forum on the website enables customers to congregate at a pre-de~ign at cd place on the site to post comments and to share ideas. This promotes site activi ty. It is important to make it easy for the customer to recommend a site to a friend. This can be accomplished with a quick button that brings up an email exchange. c-Business promotions can attract visitors to your s ite and can influence purchasing. Netcenlives.com is a company that can provide your business with customer reward programs. P ublicizing through traditional channels such as television slots, movies, newspapers, and magazines is effective. Pay-per-click is a mode of operation that calls for paying the host according to the number of click-throughs to a site. Pay-per-lead is a mode of operation that pays the host for every lead generated from the advertisement. Pay-per-sale is a mode of operation that pays the host for every sale resulting from a click through. Webcasting is a broadcasting technique on the Web that uses streaming media to broadcast an event over the Web. Interactive Advertising involves consumers in the advertising campaign. An example is WebRIOT, a game show on MTV. The game is aired on television, and viewers can join in the game at the same time by playing online. Public Relations (PR) and press releases keep customers and your company's employees current on the latest information about products, services, and intemal and external issues such as company promotions and consumer reactions. Trade shows arc excellent opportunities to generate site interest by speaking at conferences, which increases brand awareness 47 Table 7 Customer Relationship Management CR.M:Area Handling Sales tracking Transaction support Data-mining Call center Log-file analysis Cookie Customer registrntion Personalization One-to-one marketing Onsite Search engine Registering with Internet search engines Partnering Afffiiate Programs Culture management Description Handling is essentially the maintenance of out-bound and in-bound calls from customers and service representatives. Sales tracking is the process of tracing and recording all sales made. Transaction support entails technology and personnel used for conducting transactions. Data-mini ng is a wny to analyze information collected from visitors. Data-mining uses algorithms and statistical tools to find patterns in data gathered from customer visits. A call center gathers customer-service representatives who can be reached by an 800 number or through email, online text chatting, or real-time voice communications. A log-file analysis is a useful way to keep track of your visitors in tenns of site visits, including each visitor's location, IP address, time of visit, frequency of visits, and other key indicators. A cookie is a technology that keeps a profile on each visitor. Customer registration is an excellent method to create customer profiles because visitors fi ll out a form with personal information. Personalization technology can help a company understand the needs of its customers and the effectiveness of its website, thereby catering to the whims of the customer. One-to-one marketing such as e-mails confirms purchases and offers new products, showing customers that the business appreciates their patronage. Onsite Search engines allow people to find information relative to a subject of interest amidst the large amounts of information available on a personal website. Registering with Internet search engines is important because there are reportedly over 400 se::arch engines in usc on the Internet. This process makes a website known to the world by submitting the website as a searchable domain name in a sea of domain names. Partncring is a way of forming a strategic union with another company. Generally, legal contracts are usually written to define the relationship in a wf'ly to help a company provide customers with complimentary services and product<;. An Affiliate Program is an agreement between two parties that one will pay the other a commission based on a designated consumer action. Affi liate programs establish new income streams for companies and individuals that host the advertising affili ate websites. Culture management is the ability to understand and cater lo a target audience's patronage and culture, especially in global enterprises. 48 LIST OF REFERENCES [1] 0. Aktunc, ";The Role of Component Technologies on Enterprise Engineering,"; Masters Thesis, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2002. [2] D.H. Liles, M.E. Johnson, L.M. Meade, and D.R. Underdown, ";Enterprise Engineering: A Discipline?"; Society for Ente1prise Engineering Conference Proceedings, June 1995. [3] L. Whitman, Enterprise Engineeiing IE8801 class webpage, http://webs.twsu. edu/enteng, 2002. [4] W.D. Barnett and M.K. Raja, ";Object-Oriented Enterprise Engineering,"; http:/ /webs. twsu .edu/enteng/papers/OOEE. pdf, 1999. [5] J. Orr, ";Enterprise Engineedng Modeling,"; http://www.cadinfo.net/editorial!eem. htm, 2002. [6] H. Eriksson and M. Penker, Business Modeling with UML, New York: Wiley, 2000. [7] G. Herzum and 0. Sims, Business Component Factory, New York: Wiley, 2000. [8] ";Enterprise Design and Engineering,"; http://www.eil.utoronto.ca/ent-eng/, 2002. [9] M. Segal, M. N. Tanju, 0. Aktunc, and M. M. Tanik, ";Strategy Formulation for E-Business ,"; in The fifth World Conference on Integrated Design & Process Technology, 2000, Proceedings CD. [10] E.M. Roche, ";Managing Information Technology in Multinational Corporations,"; Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1992. [11] C. Chandra and A.V. Smirnov, ";Ontology-Driven Knowledge Integration for Consumer-Focused Smart Companies,"; Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Conference of the Production and Operations Management Society, POM-2001, Orlando FL, 2001. [12] G.J. Cross, ";Now e-Business is Transforming Supply Chain Management,"; Journal of Business Strategy, March/April, pp. 36-39, 2000. [13] S. Chincholikar, 0. Aktunc, and M.M. Tanik, ";TheN-Queens Test-Bed,"; Technical Report 2001-1 0-ECE-0 11, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2001. [14] S. Davis and J. Botkin, ";The Coming of Knowledge-Bases Business,"; D. Tapscott, eds., Creating Value in the Network Economy, Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 1999. 49
Transcript of part one of the interview with Patrick Ryan about his experiences in the Army during World War I. He discusses his early life in Springfield, how he was drafted, his opinion on the war when it started and in the early days of the war in Europe, his training at Fort Devens, and some experiences he had during the fighting on the front in Germany and in France. ; World War I Transcriptions Date of Transcription: 3/21/18 Transcriber: John Pino (Interview Begins) Timothy Tierney (Interviewer): Tierney. Patrick Ryan (Interviewee): Tierney huh? I used to run with a fella by the name of Ed Tierney back in Springfield. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yeah, but that was quite a while ago though. Tierney: Yeah, distant cousins maybe. Ryan: Yeah, that was back in 1912 to 1914. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yeah I'm 80 years old. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yep. Tierney: Ah. Well I'm doin' an oral history project and the topic is: World War I. The date is March 23rd, and I'm here with Patrick Francis Ryan here in Fitchburg Mass. And I guess to star with; can you tell me the date and place of your birth? Ryan: Uhh, Springfield. Tierney: Springfield Mass.? Ryan: Mass. December 17th 1894. Tierney: 1894 huh? What kind of family did you come from? Ryan: A regular family, Irish. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yeah. Tierney: Irish-Catholic family? Ryan: Yeah. Tierney: Ah yeah, (clears throat), were you a working family would you say? Ryan: I had 3 brothers. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: And uhh… I worked for the street railway in Springfield for 47 years. I got retired. Tierney: Yeah? Ryan: At 63 (age). Tierney: Uh huh, just been taking it easy since then? Ryan: No I've been workin' down in lawbury house. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: For 10 years, going on 10 years. Tierney: How about your parents? Were they workin' people or…? Ryan: Yes they were. Tierney: yeah… would you classify yourself as maybe…? Ryan: Huh? Tierney: Would you say you were middle class or? Ryan: Middle class. Tierney: Middle class family? Ryan: Yeah. Tierney: Uhh, you ever have any strong political feelings in your family? Ryan: Just the fact that I've been a Democrat for most of my life. Tierney: So everyone's mostly Democrat? Ryan: So is the family. Tierney: Yeah, how about Springfield; did you live in Springfield proper right in the city? Ryan: All my life. Tierney: Yeah? It must have been a pretty big city back then. Ryan: The city now is about 160 or 70 thousand. Tierney: Yeah, I've been through there a couple times. Ryan: Oh course you got… I think you got 3 colleges down there. You got the Springfield College, the AIC (American International College), uhh… they got the Springfield Community College, there's 4 or 5 colleges down there now! Tierney: Yeah, yeah. How about uh, how about your school? Did you go to public school? Ryan: Public school. Tierney: Yeah? Ryan: I went up to the 8th grade. Tierney: 8th grade? You didn't have any high school? Ryan: No, no high school. Tierney: What, did you just go to work? Ryan: Just went to work after I was 14. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yup. Tierney: How much money you make back then? Ryan: You'd be surprised, I worked at ports and (unintelligible) for 2 and half dollars a week! Tierney (bewildered): 2 dollars and a half a week? Ryan: That's right. Tierney: Jeez, you get much more now for only an hour more! Ryan: Welp, ummm, then I went down to (unintelligible) in 1916 (clears throat) and uh, from 1914 to 15 we made 35 dollars a week polishing. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yup, and then in 1916 I went on the trolley car and we got 14 dollars a week for 7 days a week! Tierney: That's somethin'. Ryan: I worked on that until I got drafted in April of 1918. Tierney: Yeah. Ryan: Then I was in the army from April to August. (Clears throat and coughs heavily) April 1918 to August 1919! Tierney: Yeah, yeah. How about now, in June of 1914 that's when the war first broke out. Ryan: Yeah. Tierney: You must have been workin', where were you workin at the time? Ryan: Springfield, (unintelligible). Tierney: What did you think about it? When you first heard the news of uh… well really I guess it was built up for a long time but what finally triggered it was when that Serb patriot (Patriot? Contemporary historians would probably refer to Gavrilo Princip as a nationalist, or a even a terrorist) killed that archduke uhhh… Ryan: Ferdinand. Tierney: Yeah right, but anyway how did you first hear the news? Newspaper maybe? Or…? Ryan: The newspapers. Tierney: Yeah? Ryan: There wasn't much radio then. Tierney: No? Ryan: No. Tierney: I almost said T.V. too! Ryan: No, it was newspaper. Tierney: So like, in 1914, just what did you think of it when you first heard the news of the war? Ryan: I thought we'd get involved after a while, and we were. Tierney: You did think we would get involved? Ryan: When they sunk the Lusitania, that's when the United States got into it. Tierney: Yeah that was one of the big reasons. How about when during 1914, did you think most people really thought about the war? Ryan: Their own thoughts about it? Some thought it was going to last for a while, others thought it would be all over. Tierney: Hm. Ryan: People thought that Ferdinand's country would fight against who assassinated him and then Germany comes in, Kaiser Wilhelm or… Tierney: The second. Ryan: Yeah, Kaiser Wilhelm II, he got his big army goin'. And then everything broke open… the United States was into it. Italy, France… we were in supporting action for 42 days after the Chateau-Thierry front, we went right into the Saint-Mihiel into the Argonne… Tierney: Yeah. Ryan: Then from the Argonne into the army of occupation. Tierney: Ok, getting back to the start of the war, like in 1914 and 1915, those years, was you yourself or most people for England and against Germany? Ryan: They were Germany, most of em'. Tierney: How about the Irish-Catholics? Ryan: Irish-Catholics were against England. Tierney: Right. Ryan: It was in 1916 when the Black and Tans went into Ireland (Irish royal soldiers who went to Ireland to reestablish British control during the Easter Rising, infamous reputation for killing civilians and terrorism). Tierney: Hm. Ryan: Do you remember readin' about the Black and Tans? Tierney: I've heard of it, yeah. Ryan: It was the massacre, the 1916 massacre of the Black and Tans in Ireland (Ryan might be getting the Black and Tans confused with the Irish nationalists that staged the Easter Rising in 1916). Tierney: Yeah. Ryan: My old (unintelligible), he was dead set against the English. Tierney: Yeah, there was a lot of- Ryan: He used to call em' "dirty limeys." Tierney: Oh yeah? Hm. You said that for the most part people were against Germany? Ryan: Yes. Tierney: Was there any propaganda? Any movies or anything like that against Germany? Ryan: I don't remember any movies. Tierney: How about the newspapers and stuff? Ryan: Newspapers were on the allied side. Tierney: Yeah, England, France and… yeah. Do you remember the execution of nurse Edith Cavell? Ryan: I've heard of it, the Germans killed her. Tierney: Yeah, she was an English nurse and the Germans executed her. Ryan: They took her and thought she was a spy. Tierney: Yeah, yeah that was the reason they gave. How about during the first couple years of the war, you know, 14' and 15', how about U-boat activities? You mentioned earlier the Lusitania, that was sunk on May 7th, 1915. Ryan: The Germans had a good fleet of U-boats. Tierney: Mhm. Ryan: The United States was caught red-handed! They got caught with their pants down, they didn't have nothin'. Tierney: What do you mean, they weren't- Ryan: They weren't prepared. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Then when the war was declared, they went to work and everyone started to work double time, overtime, big money to get goin'. Tierney: That was another question I was just going to ask about, Wilson was president then. Ryan: Wilson was president then, yes. Tierney: Do you think that he should have- he always tried to until the very last moment say that "America is gonna stay neutral," you know? Ryan: Yeah, he got elected on the slogan "He kept em' out of war." Tierney: Yeah, yeah. Ryan (correcting himself): "He kept us out of war." Tierney: You think Wilson should have worked harder to prepare? Ryan: Yes he did. He got all the appropriations so he could build all the war materials. Tierney: Yeah, yeah. So how about umm, how about getting back again to the Lusitania. What did people think about when that sunk? Ryan: When the Lusitania was sunk, they said "there's other ships that are gonna be sunk too." Tierney: Yeah. Ryan: And there was. Tierney: Do you think that's what really antagonized the Americans? Ryan: Yes and that's what brought the Americans into the war! Tierney: Do you remember the election of 1916? The presidential election? Ryan: That was when Wilson was elected. Tierney: Yeah, Wilson and Charles Evans Hughs for the Republicans. Ryan: Yeah, he was in Massachusetts (Hughs). Tierney: Yeah, Hughes, he won in Massachusetts, he won this state. Ryan: Yeah. Tierney: Do you remember who you voted for then? Ryan (coughing): I voted for Wilson. Tierney: You voted for Wilson? He was a Democrat. Ryan: Yep. Tierney: You mentioned a minute ago that one of the slogans he used was "He kept us out of war." Do you think that really aided him in being elected? Ryan: It help. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yes. Tierney: Did you feel at the time that people really voted for him because they thought if he got elected we wouldn't go to war? Ryan (coughing): I think so (coughs) (pounds chest). Tierney: You think that was a big reason? Ryan: Yes, who was his opponent? The Republican? Tierney: Hughes. Ryan: Hughes, Charles Evans Hughes. Tierney: Ok now- Ryan: He was a Massachusetts man, Hughes was, he carried Massachusetts. Tierney: Yeah, he did come from Massachusetts? Oh I didn't know that, I did know he won the state though. Ryan: I believe he was a judge at one time, a magistrate they called em'. Tierney: Ok, well, lets get to where you first entered the war. Uhh, in January, in 1917, Germany said they were going to reopen their submarine campaign. And this time they said they were going to sink merchant ships. They had curtailed it you know, a bit, and then they stopped it for a while mainly because of things like the Lusitania you know and other ships that they sunk. But again, in January of 1917, they said they were going to reopen their submarine campaign. I guess they must have been getting desperate, Germany was, and they said they were going to sink all the ships. No restrictions at all. And then, in mid-March, they had 4 unarmed American ships were sunk and one newspaper at the time noted, "The difference between war and what we have now: is that we aren't fighting back." Do you think that was a typical sentiment at the time? Ryan: Huh? Tierney: Do you think that was a typical sentiment at the time? Ryan: Yes. Tierney: Do you think people were really upset about the U-boat activities? Ryan: Oh yes, they were. They were afraid to sail! Tierney: Oh yeah? Afraid to go overseas? Ryan: Mhm. Tierney: Do you remember the Zimmerman note? (Zimmerman telegram) The note from Germany that was directed to Mexico? Ryan: I don't remember that. Tierney: Oh no? Ryan: No. Tierney: Oh it was just a thing that- Ryan: If Mexico had helped Germany they'd give em' back a part of the United States. Tierney: Yeah, Texas. Ryan: That's right, Texas. Tierney: You remember that happening or…? Ryan: No I don't. Tierney: Ok well, on April 2nd, 1917, Wilson gave his war message to Congress. And ya know, that's when he used "war to end war," he didn't originate that term but he used it a lot. And uhh, on April 6th 1917 the US declared war on Germany. Congress declared war. Do you remember how you felt at the time? Ya know, when the US actually did declare war? Ryan: Well, they all got prepared and after they declared war they put the draft in and everybody was readin' the papers to see who was being drafted. Tierney: Yeah. That was 6 weeks after they declared war, Congress passed a conscription bill or draft bill, how did you feel at the time were people anxious to get into the war you think or…? Ryan: Well, Danny, Manny and myself we all wanted to get into it. When I was examined first fort the draft I was rejected. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: On account of my eyesight. Tierney: Yeah I noticed you have glasses. Ryan: Then, when they got short of draftees, they gave me another examination and passed me into unlimited service! Tierney: Oh yeah. Ryan: But they sent me to Camp Devens and sent me to training down there. We went into Devens on the 27th of April 1918 and then the 4th of July we left Camp Devens to New Jersey and the 18th of July we landed in England. The 1st of August we were up onto the big guns! Tierney: (Chuckles). Yeah (talks to person in background) yeah, yeah it's some good detail. Ryan: Then we landed in the army of occupation, ya know its funny, Mary! (calling presumably his wife or caretaker). Mary: He's tapin' that, you don't want my voice in it! Ryan: Well he- you can put this in here if you want to. Tierney: Yeah it's ok. Ryan: Well we hit Germany first. I had on a 3 and a half blouse. Tierney (confused): I… uhhh. Ryan: It went by size, we went by size and it was 3 and a half. Now we were in Germany 7 months and a half, and when I left Germany at 7 months and a half later, I had on a 7 and a half blouse and it was too tight! Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: See, so that's what got a great big feat, we'd go in any German house there in Germany and get a feed of wild pig and sauerkraut! Tierney: Oh yeah? Good food huh? Ryan: Yeah, we had the life of Riley while we were in Germany! Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yeah, but as I told you, in France if the cow slept in the barn… we slept in the open. But in Germany we got the best room in the house! In the billets! (Temporary lodging in civilian housing for soldiers during wartime) Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yeah. Tierney: Oh that's funny. Ryan: Now I seen some funny sights over there, and I seen some horrible sights. We got in Germany and we had seen the kids washing their teeth with shoe polish! Tierney: (laughs) Oh yeah? Ryan: In the Argonne Forest, I wouldn't believe this if I didn't see it myself. One of those German shells come over… Tierney: Yeah, yeah. Ryan: And it landed in this shell hole with 8 doughboys in it. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: It killed 6 of em' outright, the 7th fella he died shortly after, and the last guy; both his legs were blown off! Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: And one was hangin' on by the cord here (hanging on by a tendon or bit of flesh) and a fella by the name Ray Callenwood, he was a stretcher-bearer, he carried a straight razor in his pocket. And he put a tourniquet around the stumps, to stop the flow of blood, and he cut the cord. Tierney: Yeah he cut the thing right off. Ryan: Cut it off, and believe it, this fella was going back to the first aid station singin'. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yes. Tierney: Ok, we'll get to that a little further on. Right now I'm kind of interested in-when you first went up you said you had to go twice [was accepted the second time after he got his draft notice] and then the second time you passed. You said you went to Fort Devens, were you in Springfield at the time? Ryan: I was in Springfield. Tierney: And you got shipped to fort- Ryan: Yes, Fort Devens, Camp Devens at the time we called it. It's Fort Devens now. Tierney: Yeah they call it Fort Devens now. How did you yourself and the other guys feel when you did get to Devens? What kind of morale was there? Ryan: Oh yeah we were a hell of a bunch coming from Springfield. We were all young lads, 21, 22 years old. Carefree, we didn't give a rat's ass what happened. Christ, we had plenty of liquor on the train goin' down to Camp Devens. A lot of em's come in there, some of em' had to get carried OFF the train! So we went down there, we took it good naturedly, we knew we were in the army we had to do what they told us! Tierney: How about the time…. At that time there were a few draft evaders, there weren't many during that time but there were a few around right? Ryan: There were a few of them, but not nearly as much as with the Second World War. Tierney: Yeah, yeah especially during Vietnam in the last few years. Ryan: They didn't have anything to do with this Vietnam War. There wasn't any of these draft evaders in the First World War. Tierney: Yeah, you didn't see any of em'. Ryan: No I didn't see ANY of them. Ya know, when we were in France; there was this other fella and myself. We were AWL for a day or two (Absence Without Leave, extended absence can result in Desertion, which is punishable by court martial or in some countries even death during this time). And did you ever hear of the trench bayonet in Verdun? Tierney: Uhhh, Verdun? I don't think I have, no. Ryan: There was what they'd called a "trench bayonet," there were a lot of French soldiers in there with bayonets on their rifles. Tierney: Yeah, yeah. Ryan: And they're trenches caved in, and buried every one of em! Tierney: Really? Ryan: Yup, and they were in the heights of Verdun. Under the heights of Verdun they had like a big reception hall. Tierney: Yeah. Ryan: They could feed a thousand soldiers in there at one time! Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yeah, we were all through that. Tierney: Ok but now getting back now, I was going to ask, what kind of training did you get at Fort Devens? Ryan: Oh we got trained everyday we worked, from dawn til dusk. Tierney: Oh yeah? Was it hard training? Ryan: Hard training? Oh yeah, we used to do squats from East and West (Ryan trails off and begins coughing). And then we went through actual warfare, we used to get down and crawl on our bellies through the woods. Carry our rifles. Tierney: Oh you mentioned you had a rifle did ya? Did you always have enough equipment? Ryan: We had good equipment; yeah we had Springfield rifles (The M1903 Springfield Rifle was the service rifle of the US military during WWI). Tierney: Springfield? Ryan: Yeah. Tierney: How about the clothes you got, the uniforms? Ryan: They were alright. Tierney: Did they fit ok? Ryan: Yup, that surprised me. When we went into Devens we had to take the civvies off (civilian clothing), then we get the clothes. Tierney: Yeah. Ryan: Then there was an officer, a clothing officer, he'd look at the guy, feel his muscles, then he'd look at him, see how tall he was, and he'd call out the size. And look at our feet and call our sizes. Tierney: Oh yeah? Just by looking at you? Ryan: Just by looking at us and he'd call the sizes. Then they'd give us and issue all the clothing and shoes. And some of them would have a coat that was too tight, another one would have a coat that was too loose, we'd swap. Same with the shoes, if fellas had shoes that were too tight or too loose we'd swap. But we all got fitted out pretty good! Tierney: Oh yeah? So it was pretty comfortable clothing? Ryan: Yes, we wore good clothes. Tierney: Oh yeah. Now getting back to the training, you do like a lot of marchin'? Ryan: We did a lot of marchin', we did a lot of uh, rifle range. And uh, we had to do a lot of uhh, sqaujeest(?), right and left and, all that stuff and we had to run, ya know, charge. When you had to fix bayonets and you'd have to have a big bag hangin' from a tree and, as if there's a German there, you run up and stick your bayonet into the bag. Tierney: Yeah, like the dummy (training dummy). How was the morale while you were in training? Ryan: Oh it was good, they had freedom. After retreat we could go to different towns, like I've been up to this place here (Fitchburg) when I was up in Camp Devens. Tierney: What you mean in Fitchburg? Ryan: Yup, and we got through here and other towns like Worcester and we could do that so long as we got back at midnight! Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yeah. Tierney: Hm, so you got along alright then yeah? Ryan: We had a lot of freedom, but we always got back. Tierney: Yeah, you get in trouble if you didn't I guess? Ryan: Yes. Tierney: Yeah. How about- did anyone ever like, ya know, could some soldiers not make it through training? Did some of them get sick or demoralized or something? Ryan: No I don't remember any of that. Tierney: No? Ryan: No. Tierney: Think more or less everyone got along alright? Ryan: We all got along good. Tierney: Would you say that for the most part, the soldiers were pretty patriotic perhaps? Ryan: Yes they were. Tierney: Yeah? Ryan: Yup. Tierney: Ok how about uh, how long did you stay at Fort Devens do you remember? Ryan: We were there from the 27th of April to around the 4th of July. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Then they shipped us to New York. Tierney: How'd ya get down to New York? Ryan: Train. Tierney: By train? Hm. How about, when did you first know about- Ryan: We didn't even know it. Just get ours and "we push out tomorrow." Tierney: Oh wow, just one day ahead of time that was all? Ryan: Yup. Tierney: Ok so you took a train down to New York and what happened then? Ryan: We got onto the ship. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: The Cedric. Tierney: And that was an English ship you mentioned? Ryan: English ship. Then we sailed and we left… I think it was Hoboken (New Jersey) I think we left. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: It took us 12 days to cross, we landed in Liverpool. Tierney: How about the ship itself, how was the conditions there? Ryan: Very good. Tierney: Yeah? Ryan: We got 2 meals a day. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yeah. Tierney: How was the food? Ryan: Good! Tierney: Was it good? Ryan: Yup. Tierney: Do you remember how many men were on the boat with you? Ryan: Oh ho, oh Christ it was an army, a whole army. It was… what the hell do ya call it? Tierney: A regiment? Ryan: A regiment! It was a whole division, about 4 or 5 regiments, all with headquarters, supply and all that stuff. Tierney: How about the sleeping quarters how were they? Ryan: They were like hammocks. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: One above the other. 3 to 4 deep (might mean how high in feet they were apart from each other.) Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yeah. The guy on the top hammock, he had to climb a ladder. Tierney: Did you ever get sick on your way over? Ryan: Nope, like I told ya, 12 days crossing the Atlantic Ocean, and nobody was sick. But 6 hours crossing the English Channel and was sick! Tierney: (chuckles) that's funny. While on the way over, when you got close to Europe, close to England or whatever, did you run into any U-boats or whatever? Ryan: No we didn't run into anything. Tierney: No, you didn't get bothered at all? Ryan: Never got bothered. They had a gun on the stern of the ship, we went over in a convoy. (interesting note here, convoys were most effective method of deterring submarine attacks. Depth charges, naval mines, and all sorts of other things helped, but it was simply traveling in a convoy that almost guaranteed safety. If the U-boat fired on any of the ships in the convoy, the rest would open fire on the U-boat, meaning it was almost guaranteed death for any U-boat crew.) And this gunner was on the back of the stern of the boat. And one of the ships would throw out a big target. Ya know? Tierney: Yeah. Ryan: And this gunner, on the stern, he let that gun go by Jesus but he didn't the target! It was about 2 or 3 miles away. Tierney: Yeah, yeah? Huh. Ok, how about way over? How was the morale way over? Were you yourself and the other soldiers still in good spirits? Ryan: Oh yeah. They were in good spirits, Christ it was card games and poker games and dice games all the way over. Tierney: Oh yeah? Did you play for money or…? Ryan: We had plenty of money going over. Tierney: You mentioned you had gone to England first, where was it? Ryan: Uh, we went to Liverpool. Tierney: Yeah? Ryan: Yup, at Camp Ramsay. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: In England. That was about 12 miles up from Liverpool and we lived there maybe a week or two. Then they hiked us down to Southampton. Tierney: Southampton huh? Ryan: Yeah. Then we got on the Queen Alexandra, and went across to L'havre. Tierney: How about when you first got to England, in Liverpool, was there a reception there like for you? Ryan: There was no reception. Tierney: No? Ryan: It was the dirtiest goddamn city I ever run into. Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: Yeah. Tierney: How about the English people, did you get in contact with any English people? Ryan: Oh ho ho, the Germans will get ya. I remember we went over on the boat, one of the English cooks he come out, and he had a dirty old chicken. He brought it up and said "This is the way the American eagle will look when the Germans get through with em'." (The English were more than likely very nihilistic by this point in the war, with all the English losses and air raids on London, they had lost any shred of optimism from the start of the war until now). Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: And there was a big Irishman next to me, the name was O'Connor I believe, he says "would you look at that son of a bitch…" You know how they have hobnail shoes? Tierney: Yeah? Ryan: With the big horseshoe in the heel? Well Jesus he let that shoe go. And the heel of that hobnail caught right in the bride of the nose! (Ryan laughs) Tierney: Oh yeah? Ryan: And it knocked him cold! They took him up to the sick bay and we never seen him after that! For the rest of the trip over. Tierney: That was an English guy on the boat? Ryan: Englishman, yeah. Tierney: How about the crew, the crew must have been English then huh? Ryan: There was an English crew yeah. Tierney: How did they get along with the men? Ryan: They didn't mingle with the soldiers at all going across. They stayed in their place. Cept' this one guy that came up with the chicken, and he got knocked cold! (Ryan laughs). (Tierney laughs) (Interview Ends, Continued in Part II)