The establishment and maintenance of order—that is, of settled rules and arrangements that regulate actors' behavior—is central to politics at all levels, including the international level. Political order, after all, is a requisite for modern human existence. Given the priority of the problem of order, the most important questions that can be addressed in an introductory International Relations (IR) course are those that concern the sources, nature, and historical evolution of international order. But a survey of conventional introductory IR textbooks reveals that these questions are typically dealt with glancingly or ignored altogether. Thus a strong case can be made that conventional IR textbooks overlook a vital aspect of the subject they are intended to cover. This failure appears to arise from an effort by IR textbook authors to explain international politics in terms of timeless dynamics that exist apart from history. But excluding history as a source of explanation comes at a high cost. In effect, it prevents textbooks from adequately weighing the significance of the historically specific bargains that have provided the foundation for international order in modern times.
International Marketing, a compilation of open educational resources, discusses how organizations market goods and services internationally, and how the scope of marketing subsequently broadens as it interacts with other dimensions like national culture and countries' political, legal, and economic systems. The text reveals how, when marketing across national boundaries, organizations must decide what it is going to sell, what markets to target, and what marketing mix (product, place, promotion, price, and people) to embrace. Course: MKT 392 ; https://spiral.lynn.edu/ludp/1012/thumbnail.jpg
Reciprocity is a key principle governing the negotiations under the GATT/WTO agreement, which calls for a balance of concessions among the WTO members. In recent years, however, various politicians across the world have voiced concerns about their country's excessive obligations under the WTO and a lack of reciprocation by their trading partners. The objective in the first chapter is to evaluate the degree to which the pattern of applied tariffs across WTO members deviates from a balanced-concession condition. To this end, we employ a quantitative trade model and use alternative definitions of reciprocity (based on market access or welfare) to measure the concessions received and given by each country during 1995-2011 for a large set of 64 economies and 20 sectors, relative to the counterfactual of unilateral optimal tariffs. We characterize how the balance of bilateral and multilateral concessions have shifted over time due to changes in applied tariffs and in market sizes, and how they systematically differ across developed WTO members, old developing members, and new developing members. The World Trade Organization disciplines regulatory protectionism by the principle of national treatment, which prohibits discrimination between imported and domestic "like" products. In the second chapter, we provide the first empirical analysis on how product likeness, approximated by elasticity of substitution, affects trade frictions associated with non-tariff barriers that are subject to national treatment. Regression results using both product- and firm-level trade data are consistent with the hypothesis that technical barriers to trade create more frictions when the corresponding market and product have a smaller elasticity of substitution. We also construct a model that features heterogeneous terms and production relocation to illustrate the role of product likeness under national treatment. In the third chapter, we demonstrate that treating trade imbalance as gifts (discrepancies between local income and expenditure, ...
While the 1990s and 2000s saw International Relations scholarship moving away from the 'realism' of inter-state relations towards the 'liberal' framings of global politics, the 2010s marked a shift away from universal, modernist or 'linear' understandings of power and agency. In a world, construed as more complex, contingent and relational and replete with crises and unpredicted 'tipping points', traditional assumptions are up-ended and unintended consequences seem more relevant than 'good intentions'. Concomitantly, the methodological focus has switched away from understanding the essence of entities and towards privileging the analysis of relations, networks and contexts. Key to this has been debates focused around climate change and global warming which explicitly cast policy problems not as external threats to the 'good life' (that requires securing) but as instead questioning the starting assumptions of separations between inside/ outside, humanity/ nature, solutions/ problems and referents/ threats. This elicits a very different way of thinking, the implications of which may not always be easy for students (and their lecturers) to immediately grasp. This article seeks to provide a much needed basis for engaging with this exciting and growing field, which will fundamentally influence approaches to the politics and problems of International Relations
The private actors have always participated in the development of international humanitarian law, even though their participation has reached an unprecedented dimension in recent decades. The legal status of the participating actors, as well as the mechanisms provided for the participation are however heterogeneous. In addition to the ICRC and the NGOs, the international law scholars and the judges, in the case of expressing their own individual or dissenting opinion, seem to contribute to the sources of international law. The influence and the interpretation should be regarded as two forms of the participation of private actors which could take place through the informal means of action as well as the tools provided by accreditation. Nevertheless, the participation remains quite limited, given that the UN consultative provisions and the accreditation process in the international conferences are subject to numerous restrictions. The constraints resulting from the interstate nature of the international legal order as well as those related to the diversity and the legitimacy of private actors also raise the questions about the efficiency of the participation. ; Depuis la création du droit international humanitaire, les personnes privées ont toujours participé à son développement, même si leur participation a atteint une dimension inédite ces dernières décennies. La nature juridique des personnes participantes ainsi que leurs mécanismes de participation sont hétérogènes. Ainsi, outre le CICR et les ONG qui sont les principaux acteurs concernés, les contributeurs de la doctrine et les juges, lorsqu'ils expriment une opinion séparée, apportent une contribution normative aux sources du droit international. La participation prend la forme tantôt de l'influence tantôt de l'interprétation et se réalise par le recours tant aux outils fournis par l'accréditation qu'aux moyens d'action informels. Néanmoins, l'effectivité de cette participation demeure assez limitée dans la mesure où les mécanismes prévus à l'ONU et aux ...
Understanding the world and Humanity changes due the Globalization phenomenon allows to identify the special conditions created that promote the implementation and the dissemination of the International Organized Criminality, in short time, affecting the International Community in all dimensions. As one of the most serious threats to the Rule of Law, violating the national legal systems and the International Law, being especially dangerous to the states and human lives in a global context. The International, regional and (most of) national juridical and judicial systems recognize the International Organized Criminality as a emergent problem that needs to be in the top of the political agenda and of the action by the Institutions aiming to prevent and fight their evolution, their dangerous damages and consequences to all their target – human and institutional. Although all difficult but effective legal, political, economic, and social work in this fight, mainly by the United Nations in cooperation with International Organizations and States, the Council of Europe (CoE) assumed their responsibility to protect their State Members, their citizens, and the rest of the world by inherence. There is an enormous political and legal work, with a straight position based on their main structure document, the European Convention on Human Rights, but with the specialized work teams, understanded as need in each case. Consequently, the CoE has a continuous production of legislation and management of procedures and activities, as well as International political and governance diplomatic relations in networks, in compliance with the International Law facing the challenge that context obliges permanently. Since 1959, with the Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, the strategic action promoted is the multidimensional International Cooperation between all "actors" in the International Community, preventing the violation of the International Law, generated conditions to apply the International Penal Law and developing policymaking articulated with the real contexts and needs. Within International Community, the Cooperation is the best key to join procedures to transcend the difficulties and constraints to achieve to the prevention and fight against the International Organized Criminality. This scientific research is being developed based on juridical, criminal, and political methodology, mainly qualitative, but presenting statistic data to demonstrate the results discussed. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Understanding the world and Humanity changes due the Globalization phenomenon allows to identify the special conditions created that promote the implementation and the dissemination of the International Organized Criminality, in short time, affecting the International Community in all dimensions. As one of the most serious threats to the Rule of Law, violating the national legal systems and the International Law, being especially dangerous to the states and human lives in a global context. The International, regional and (most of) national juridical and judicial systems recognize the International Organized Criminality as a emergent problem that needs to be in the top of the political agenda and of the action by the Institutions aiming to prevent and fight their evolution, their dangerous damages and consequences to all their target – human and institutional. Although all difficult but effective legal, political, economic, and social work in this fight, mainly by the United Nations in cooperation with International Organizations and States, the Council of Europe (CoE) assumed their responsibility to protect their State Members, their citizens, and the rest of the world by inherence. There is an enormous political and legal work, with a straight position based on their main structure document, the European Convention on Human Rights, but with the specialized work teams, understanded as need in each case. Consequently, the CoE has a continuous production of legislation and management of procedures and activities, as well as International political and governance diplomatic relations in networks, in compliance with the International Law facing the challenge that context obliges permanently. Since 1959, with the Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, the strategic action promoted is the multidimensional International Cooperation between all "actors" in the International Community, preventing the violation of the International Law, generated conditions to apply the International Penal Law and developing policymaking articulated with the real contexts and needs. Within International Community, the Cooperation is the best key to join procedures to transcend the difficulties and constraints to achieve to the prevention and fight against the International Organized Criminality. This scientific research is being developed based on juridical, criminal, and political methodology, mainly qualitative, but presenting statistic data to demonstrate the results discussed. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Interpreting at international institutions refers to the interpreters' work in contexts with relatively stable sets of related norms and rules that pertain to the international system, the actors in the system and their activities (Duffield 2007). Interpreting is a common practice in this context, and involves organisational, ideological and historical aspects of the institution where the interpreting takes place and the impact of the institution on interpreters (Moore 2018). In this entry, the focus will be on global intergovernmental organisations (IGOs), such as the United Nations and the European Union. This entry provides a survey of the characteristics of interpreting in this context, through a summary of the research carried out thus far, and drawing on my own experience as an interpreter at international organisations. It will examine different aspects of the issue, such as language combinations, interpreting modalities, admission exams and challenges faced by the interpreter. Interpreters are indeed faced with manifold challenges that have been driven by new realities, including the following: the combined increase of speeches written to be read and textual material in meetings, and the reduction of speaking time allocated to speakers have resulted in an increase in delivery rate. The growing use of English as a lingua franca in international fora and the fact that speakers come from different parts of the world results in a growing palette of non-native accents. The rise of paperless work has reconceptualised the processes of preparation, documentation and information management. In addition, organisations are keen to save on travelling costs, which, together with the need for interpreters with rare languages, has led to the increasing use of videoconferences and remote interpreting. The entry concludes with some general remarks on potential avenues for research.
With an estimated number of approximately 213 million, SMEs are the backbone of economies in many countries. They account for the majority of businesses and are important job creators by creating over 50% of employment worldwide. Therefore, SMEs play a critical role in forming democratic welfare of societies especially in developing countries. For this reason, International Business, particularly with a special emphasis on internationalisation of SMEs needs to be an integral aspect of higher education. International Business students need to learn that internationalisation is not only a business of big multinationals but also a challenge for SMEs.
Introduction: "Anforce the law, or the world will be destroyed" is an appropriate expression for environmental law enforcement. Many treaties have regulated the environment, mainly deforestation, and many countries have ratified these treaties. However, implementing these regulations did not necessarily stop countries from deforesting.Purposes of the Research: Furthermore, in this research, steps that could be implemented to tackle deforestation internationally were given.Methods of the Research: This research was normative juridical research that examined an international law regulation, using qualitative analysis, and using secondary data.Results of the Research: Based on international data, many countries still carried out desertification, which amounts to thousands of hectares per year. One of the reasons for the weak implementation of treaties relating to environmental protection was the absence of coercive power from international conventions over the State's sovereign authority in forest management.Weak international environmental enforcement is caused by inadequate supervision and control as well as strong authority based on state sovereignty over forest management and utilization which depends on government policies, and the system of settlement and imposition of fines that still originate from a lawsuit
Twitter hat sich für viele Disziplinen zu einem wichtigen Untersuchungsgegenstand und einer interessanten Datenquelle entwickelt. Jedoch wird die Kommunikationsplattform von Forscher*innen der transnationalen und Internationalen Beziehungen (IB) bislang wenig untersucht. Unter den verschiedenen sozialen Medien wird Twitter am intensivsten von politischen Akteur*innen genutzt. Dies liegt vor allem an der Zugänglichkeit, Öffentlichkeit und Schnelllebigkeit der Plattform. Twitter schafft so einen digitalen öffentlichen Diskursraum, in dem verschiedene Akteur*innen länderübergreifend und ohne Zeitverzögerung direkt miteinander interagieren können. In diesem Beitrag möchten wir aufzeigen, wie Twitter von Akteur*innen im Bereich der internationalen Politik genutzt werden kann, mit besonderem Fokus auf internationalen Verhandlungen. Abschließend erörtern wir die Möglichkeiten und Herausforderungen, die sich für Forscher*innen der IB bei der Nutzung von Twitter-Daten ergeben können. ; Twitter has become an important object of study and an interesting source of data for many disciplines. However, the communication platform has been little studied by researchers of transnational and international relations (IR). Among the various social media, Twitter is used most intensively by political actors. This is mainly due to the accessibility, publicity and fast-moving nature of the platform. Twitter thus creates a digital public discourse space in which different actors can interact directly with each other across countries and without delay. In this paper, we will show how Twitter can be used by actors in the field of international politics, with a special focus on international negotiations. Finally, we discuss the opportunities and challenges that IBR researchers may face when using Twitter data. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
This week's guests are panelists from The Faces of Trade panel discussion held at the Montana World Trade Center's Investment Day Conference. The panel included Heather McDowell, VP of Legal, Environmental and Government Affairs for Sibayne-Stillwater, the South-African owned operator of the Stillwater and East Boulder Mines; Patrick Flanagan, Chief Commercial Officer at Administrate, a software firm based in Scotland; Cassidy Marn, Executive Vice President of the Montana Wheat & Barley Committee; and Michelle Huie, the founder and CEO of Vim&Vigr. In this discussion we hear about the global forces that affect production worldwide, hear from panelists on the challenges within their industries and learn what excites panelists looking toward the future. ; https://scholarworks.umt.edu/anewangle_podcasts/1247/thumbnail.jpg
The rise of populism represents a threat to constitutionalism, democracy, and the rule of law. Populist governments are a threat to the international legal order and to the authority of international legal agreements. This article will, therefore, look at the serious threat to international law that is presented by populism. This fundamental threat to international institutions, multilateralism, and the funding received by NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) is based on the promotion by populist governments that the edicts of international law are merely a matter of coordination and interventionism. Populists and populist governments traditionally promote this ideal through their policies, which are anti-pluralist and are focused on a limited set of agenda-setting goals that are in opposition to the fundamental international goal-setting of protecting human rights, along with the collective agreements between nations for the enhancement of the international community. This article will ascertain the very real threat that is posed by the continued rise of populism and, in particular, a populist government.
Die vorliegende Studie untersucht, wie Hochschulen und ihr Personal politische und gesellschaftliche Erwartungen wahrnehmen, interpretieren und letztendlich in ihre Praxis einfließen lassen. Im Zentrum der Analyse steht der Verbleib hunderttausender internationaler Studierender, die zwischen 2010 und 2019 zum Studium nach Deutschland und Kanada zugewandert sind. Ihnen wird seitens der Politik ein hohes Fachkräfte- und Einwanderungspotenzial attestiert. Das Erkenntnisinteresse der Arbeit umschließt drei Teilbereiche: Erstens, das Ausmaß der deutschen und kanadischen 'Bleibepolitik' sowie die einschlägigen Erwartungen an Hochschulen. Zweitens, die berichtete Hochschulpraxis und drittens, die institutionellen Zusammenhänge zwischen Erwartung und Praxis. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Mehrheit der untersuchten Hochschulen den Verbleib internationaler Studierender auch ohne eine von außen zugeschriebene Zuständigkeit aktiv fördert. Einerseits konnten die befragten Hochschulprofessionellen ihre Beratungs- und Betreuungsangebote größtenteils frei und eigenverantwortlich gestalten. Andererseits war der Raum dessen, was aus Sicht des Personals als möglich und wünschenswert erschien, stark vorgeprägt durch den jeweiligen Landeskontext und die dort institutionalisierten Erwartungen: In Kanada stand der Gedanke des Wettbewerbs um internationale Studierende als zahlende Kundschaft und potentielle Einwanderinnen und Einwanderer häufig im Vordergrund. In Deutschland waren Hochschulen vergleichsweise weniger markt- und wettbewerbsorientiert. Die Handlungs- und Interpretationsmuster des Personals zeugten häufig von dem gleichen migrationspolitischen Pragmatismus, der in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten die Bundes- und Landespolitik mitbestimmt hatte. Internationale Studierende wurde somit als potenzielle Fachkräfte konstruiert, nicht aber als mögliche Einwanderinnen und Einwanderer. ; This research explores how higher education institutions respond to societal expectations, asking three interconnected questions: First, what are Canada and Germany's public higher education institutions expected to do to support the post-study retention of international students? Second, what do they report to be doing? And third, how are their reported practices and rationales associated with the expectations held by government agencies, the private sector, and other audiences outside of their formal boundaries? The findings show that between 2010 and 2019, a majority of higher education institutions in Canada and Germany chose to actively facilitate international students' transition to host country employment and, albeit to a lesser extent, immigration. Although the surveyed career development and international education professionals had considerable leeway to design student services, their actions were found to be focused by the oftentimes pro-(im)migration rules, norms, and beliefs that surrounded them. In Canada, many of the professionals were found to have internalized the same market and human capital orientation that had been promoted by the Canadian government and other stakeholders for decades. To them, international students were potential immigrants and paying customers in a competitive, globalized education market. In Germany, higher education practices were found to be less market-driven. Furthermore, most professionals in Germany were found to echo their country's historically reluctant and pragmatic approach to migration. Many reported to actively prepare international students for employment in Germany, but not for long-term immigration.
Seit dem Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts gelten Aktionsräume in den deutschsprachigen Raumwissenschaften weitgehend als randständigesKonzept. In der internationalen Forschung wurde die Methodik zu Aktionsräumen jedoch weiterentwickelt und sie erfahren seit einiger Zeit wachsende Aufmerksamkeit. Dieser Beitrag nimmt eine umfassende Definition von Aktionsräumen vor und stellt ak tuelle Anwendungsbereiche anhand von Verkehrs-, Segregations- und Gesundheitsforschung dar. Für die räumliche Forschung, Planung und Politik sind Aktionsräume relevante Konzepte: Mit den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen lassen sich Wechselwirkungen zwischen Individuen und ihren jeweiligen sozialen bzw. baulichen Umgebungen besser abschätzenund darauf aufbauend adäquate Maßnahmen entwickeln. Um in diesem Kontext die systematische Generierung künftiger Forschungsfragen, Hypothesen, Forschungsdesigns und praxisrelevanter Erkenntnisse zu erleichtern, werden ein neues analytisches Konzept und etablierte Methoden zur Untersuchung von Aktionsräumen präsentiert. Der Beitrag schließt mit Überlegungen zu möglichen Forschungsperspektiven, die über den gegenwärtigen Forschungsstand hinausreichen. ; Since the late 20th century activity spaces have mainly been perceived as a niche concept in German-speaking spatial research. Meanwhile, international research on activity spaces has developed further and gained quite some attention recently. This paper elaborates a comprehensive definition of activity spaces and presents current fields of application with special regard to research on travel behaviour, segregation and public health. Activity spaces as a concept improve estimates of the interactions between individuals and their respective social or built environments. Therefore, insights on activity spaces might ease the development of adequate planning and policy measures. In order to facilitate the systematic generation of future research questions, hypotheses, research designs and practice-oriented insights, this paper presents both a novel analytical concept and ...