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Master's thesis examines the inability of the states to agree on the regulation of lethal autonomous weapons at the United Nations. The chosen study case is analyzed by the method of process tracing analysis, a causal mechanism is constructed by using the regime theories and the theoretical assumptions of the formation of international norms. The thesis discusses the specificity of lethal autonomous weapons, issues of definitions of such weapon systems, their threats and benefits. The master's thesis proves the importance of new technologies for the development of international norms and identifies the factors that determine the formation of international norms.It is discussed that new military technology encourages competition between states, resulting in the possibility of changing the balance of power therefore the competition for power hinders cooperation at United Nations level.

Master's thesis examines the inability of the states to agree on the regulation of lethal autonomous weapons at the United Nations. The chosen study case is analyzed by the method of process tracing analysis, a causal mechanism is constructed by using the regime theories and the theoretical assumptions of the formation of international norms. The thesis discusses the specificity of lethal autonomous weapons, issues of definitions of such weapon systems, their threats and benefits. The master's thesis proves the importance of new technologies for the development of international norms and identifies the factors that determine the formation of international norms.It is discussed that new military technology encourages competition between states, resulting in the possibility of changing the balance of power therefore the competition for power hinders cooperation at United Nations level.

Master's thesis examines the inability of the states to agree on the regulation of lethal autonomous weapons at the United Nations. The chosen study case is analyzed by the method of process tracing analysis, a causal mechanism is constructed by using the regime theories and the theoretical assumptions of the formation of international norms. The thesis discusses the specificity of lethal autonomous weapons, issues of definitions of such weapon systems, their threats and benefits. The master's thesis proves the importance of new technologies for the development of international norms and identifies the factors that determine the formation of international norms.It is discussed that new military technology encourages competition between states, resulting in the possibility of changing the balance of power therefore the competition for power hinders cooperation at United Nations level.

Master's thesis examines the inability of the states to agree on the regulation of lethal autonomous weapons at the United Nations. The chosen study case is analyzed by the method of process tracing analysis, a causal mechanism is constructed by using the regime theories and the theoretical assumptions of the formation of international norms. The thesis discusses the specificity of lethal autonomous weapons, issues of definitions of such weapon systems, their threats and benefits. The master's thesis proves the importance of new technologies for the development of international norms and identifies the factors that determine the formation of international norms.It is discussed that new military technology encourages competition between states, resulting in the possibility of changing the balance of power therefore the competition for power hinders cooperation at United Nations level.

The rise of human rights in 20th century brought the idea of minimal international standard to ensure and protect those rights. In 2001 the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty made a report which suggested the doctrine of Responsibility to Protect based on the state's duty to respect its own citizens' rights and the duty of international community to step in if a state commits mass scale human rights violations. This final paper focuses on answering the question whether R2P has gained the status of customary law. For this reason the first chapter analyzes what defines international customary law and how can it be applied in particular cases. The second part of the paper focuses on presenting the R2P doctrine and its elements. The third and fourth chapters analyze the legal justification of use of force and the most recant example of R2P application in Libya. The conclusions bring the answer to the hypothesis that R2P is not yet an international customary law. Although the status of being one could be very beneficial in order to avoid political dead-end in the United Nations Security Council actions. In addition to this, this paper argues that state's duty to protect its own people is already an international customary law, on the contrary international community, if needed to cope with failed states, still waits for the UNSC authorization. This leads to the conclusion that the second element of R2P (the actions of international community) is not an international customary law.

The rise of human rights in 20th century brought the idea of minimal international standard to ensure and protect those rights. In 2001 the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty made a report which suggested the doctrine of Responsibility to Protect based on the state's duty to respect its own citizens' rights and the duty of international community to step in if a state commits mass scale human rights violations. This final paper focuses on answering the question whether R2P has gained the status of customary law. For this reason the first chapter analyzes what defines international customary law and how can it be applied in particular cases. The second part of the paper focuses on presenting the R2P doctrine and its elements. The third and fourth chapters analyze the legal justification of use of force and the most recant example of R2P application in Libya. The conclusions bring the answer to the hypothesis that R2P is not yet an international customary law. Although the status of being one could be very beneficial in order to avoid political dead-end in the United Nations Security Council actions. In addition to this, this paper argues that state's duty to protect its own people is already an international customary law, on the contrary international community, if needed to cope with failed states, still waits for the UNSC authorization. This leads to the conclusion that the second element of R2P (the actions of international community) is not an international customary law.

The rise of human rights in 20th century brought the idea of minimal international standard to ensure and protect those rights. In 2001 the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty made a report which suggested the doctrine of Responsibility to Protect based on the state's duty to respect its own citizens' rights and the duty of international community to step in if a state commits mass scale human rights violations. This final paper focuses on answering the question whether R2P has gained the status of customary law. For this reason the first chapter analyzes what defines international customary law and how can it be applied in particular cases. The second part of the paper focuses on presenting the R2P doctrine and its elements. The third and fourth chapters analyze the legal justification of use of force and the most recant example of R2P application in Libya. The conclusions bring the answer to the hypothesis that R2P is not yet an international customary law. Although the status of being one could be very beneficial in order to avoid political dead-end in the United Nations Security Council actions. In addition to this, this paper argues that state's duty to protect its own people is already an international customary law, on the contrary international community, if needed to cope with failed states, still waits for the UNSC authorization. This leads to the conclusion that the second element of R2P (the actions of international community) is not an international customary law.

The master's thesis analyses anti-corruption recommendations issued to Lithuania during the period from 2005 to 2015 by international organisations – Council of Europe (GRECO), European Union and United Nations – and examines their role in reducing corruption in Lithuania. Part one examines the issue of definition and measurement of corruption, formation of collective "anti-corruption" identity, internalisation of international norms and compliance with them, following the theory of constructivism. Part two analyses three anti-corruption assessment mechanisms applied in Lithuania, identifying their strengths and weaknesses, collecting and systemising the recommendations issued to Lithuania by them. Part three explains the methodology of empirical research conducted to assess the role of anti-corruption recommendations in Lithuania. Part four analyses and summarises findings of qualitative research based on an in-depth individual interview with research participants who have had previous experience of working with international assessment mechanisms and implementation of the anti-corruption recommendations issued by them.

The master's thesis analyses anti-corruption recommendations issued to Lithuania during the period from 2005 to 2015 by international organisations – Council of Europe (GRECO), European Union and United Nations – and examines their role in reducing corruption in Lithuania. Part one examines the issue of definition and measurement of corruption, formation of collective "anti-corruption" identity, internalisation of international norms and compliance with them, following the theory of constructivism. Part two analyses three anti-corruption assessment mechanisms applied in Lithuania, identifying their strengths and weaknesses, collecting and systemising the recommendations issued to Lithuania by them. Part three explains the methodology of empirical research conducted to assess the role of anti-corruption recommendations in Lithuania. Part four analyses and summarises findings of qualitative research based on an in-depth individual interview with research participants who have had previous experience of working with international assessment mechanisms and implementation of the anti-corruption recommendations issued by them.

The master's thesis analyses anti-corruption recommendations issued to Lithuania during the period from 2005 to 2015 by international organisations – Council of Europe (GRECO), European Union and United Nations – and examines their role in reducing corruption in Lithuania. Part one examines the issue of definition and measurement of corruption, formation of collective "anti-corruption" identity, internalisation of international norms and compliance with them, following the theory of constructivism. Part two analyses three anti-corruption assessment mechanisms applied in Lithuania, identifying their strengths and weaknesses, collecting and systematising the recommendations issued to Lithuania by them. Part three explains the methodology of empirical research conducted to assess the role of anti-corruption recommendations in Lithuania. Part four analyses and summarises findings of qualitative research based on an in-depth individual interview with research participants who have had previous experience of working with international assessment mechanisms and implementation of the anti-corruption recommendations issued by them.

The master's thesis analyses anti-corruption recommendations issued to Lithuania during the period from 2005 to 2015 by international organisations – Council of Europe (GRECO), European Union and United Nations – and examines their role in reducing corruption in Lithuania. Part one examines the issue of definition and measurement of corruption, formation of collective "anti-corruption" identity, internalisation of international norms and compliance with them, following the theory of constructivism. Part two analyses three anti-corruption assessment mechanisms applied in Lithuania, identifying their strengths and weaknesses, collecting and systematising the recommendations issued to Lithuania by them. Part three explains the methodology of empirical research conducted to assess the role of anti-corruption recommendations in Lithuania. Part four analyses and summarises findings of qualitative research based on an in-depth individual interview with research participants who have had previous experience of working with international assessment mechanisms and implementation of the anti-corruption recommendations issued by them.

The application of international treaties depends not only on the provisions of a specific tax treaty but also on the state legal system and the doctrine reflected in it: monistic or dualistic. In the majority of states (as a rule, Anglo-Saxon legal systems) the dualistic approach is predominant—international and national law are considered to be separate systems and, thus, the incorporation of international norms into national law is necessary. Meanwhile, the majority of EU Member States (as well as Lithuania) follow the monistic approach by entrenching the supremacy of the sources of international law over national legal systems.EU legal norms are integrated into the Member States' legal systems and operate directly within their internal legislation. Thus, tax treaties drawn up between EU Member States and third parties, upon the accession of the former to the EU, cannot be in conflict with the provisions of the European Community Treaty (EC Treaty), whereas tax treaties drawn up prior to the accession to the EU are not influenced by the EC Treaty. However, all Member States have to strive to eliminate the existing incompatibilities with the EC Treaty.The Constitutional Act 'On Membership of the Republic of Lithuania in the European Union' establishes that EU legal norms are part of the Lithuanian legal system, and in case of a collision with the Lithuanian legal norms the former are supreme. Thus, all national law has to be in conformity with the provisions of the EC Treaty. The provisions of tax treaties (except those drawn up prior to the accession to the EU) also have to be in line with the EC Treaty.

The application of international treaties depends not only on the provisions of a specific tax treaty but also on the state legal system and the doctrine reflected in it: monistic or dualistic. In the majority of states (as a rule, Anglo-Saxon legal systems) the dualistic approach is predominant—international and national law are considered to be separate systems and, thus, the incorporation of international norms into national law is necessary. Meanwhile, the majority of EU Member States (as well as Lithuania) follow the monistic approach by entrenching the supremacy of the sources of international law over national legal systems.EU legal norms are integrated into the Member States' legal systems and operate directly within their internal legislation. Thus, tax treaties drawn up between EU Member States and third parties, upon the accession of the former to the EU, cannot be in conflict with the provisions of the European Community Treaty (EC Treaty), whereas tax treaties drawn up prior to the accession to the EU are not influenced by the EC Treaty. However, all Member States have to strive to eliminate the existing incompatibilities with the EC Treaty.The Constitutional Act 'On Membership of the Republic of Lithuania in the European Union' establishes that EU legal norms are part of the Lithuanian legal system, and in case of a collision with the Lithuanian legal norms the former are supreme. Thus, all national law has to be in conformity with the provisions of the EC Treaty. The provisions of tax treaties (except those drawn up prior to the accession to the EU) also have to be in line with the EC Treaty.

Secondly, through three fundamental statements of metatheoretical constructivism (on intersubjective construction of meanings, relationship of ideas and materiality, and mutual constitutive relation of structure and agency) it is demonstrated how they are transformed and applied in more particular theoretical and empirical works of international relation discipline. The analysis of social construction of meaning is presented through the research on the representations of US national interests during the Cold war. The securitization theory demonstrates how the analysis of the formulation of the security problems allows combining the ideal and the material factors of the state agency into one theoretical model. The mutuality of structure and agency is demonstrated through the international norm research. In the end several recommendation are provided on the main principles of constructivist research in international relations. It is recommended, first, not to be afraid of methodological and theoretical experiments, second, to realize that the constructivist methodological positions is best defined as methodological pluralism, third, to remember that the constructivist research design is inseparable from the researched problem and the understanding of the social world.

Secondly, through three fundamental statements of metatheoretical constructivism (on intersubjective construction of meanings, relationship of ideas and materiality, and mutual constitutive relation of structure and agency) it is demonstrated how they are transformed and applied in more particular theoretical and empirical works of international relation discipline. The analysis of social construction of meaning is presented through the research on the representations of US national interests during the Cold war. The securitization theory demonstrates how the analysis of the formulation of the security problems allows combining the ideal and the material factors of the state agency into one theoretical model. The mutuality of structure and agency is demonstrated through the international norm research. In the end several recommendation are provided on the main principles of constructivist research in international relations. It is recommended, first, not to be afraid of methodological and theoretical experiments, second, to realize that the constructivist methodological positions is best defined as methodological pluralism, third, to remember that the constructivist research design is inseparable from the researched problem and the understanding of the social world.