Suchergebnisse

OBJETIVO: Analisar os avanços na Norma Brasileira de Comercialização de Alimentos para Lactentes no período de 1988 a 2002, comparando seus diferentes textos entre si e com o Código Internacional de Comercialização de Substitutos do Leite Materno. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, cujos dados foram obtidos em documentos, relatórios, portarias e resoluções do Ministério da Saúde. As versões utilizadas na comparação foram a de 1992 e a de 2002. RESULTADOS: A análise comparativa permitiu identificar importantes avanços na legislação. Em 1992, foram incluídos os leites fluídos, em pó, as chupetas e frases de advertência na propaganda e na rotulagem dos produtos. Em 2002, a regulamentação dos produtos foi publicada pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, fortalecendo a ação de fiscalização e incluindo a regulamentação dos alimentos para crianças de primeira infância, fórmulas de nutrientes indicadas para recém-nascido de alto risco e protetores de mamilo. As frases utilizadas na promoção comercial e na rotulagem dos produtos, inclusive de chupetas e mamadeiras, passaram a ser de advertência do Ministério da Saúde. A rotulagem foi definida para cada tipo de produto, baseada em regras mais restritas. CONCLUSÕES: Foram identificadas importantes modificações no controle do marketing dos produtos dirigidos à mãe no período de lactação. No entanto, ainda há questões legislativas que possibilitariam o aprimoramento da norma brasileira, visando à proteção do aleitamento materno. É necessário também que o governo implante rotinas de monitoramento sistemático de fiscalização dessa legislação. ; OBJECTIVE: To assess the advances in the Brazilian norm for commercialization of infant foods from 1988 to 2002, comparing the different texts with each other and with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes. METHODS: This was a descriptive study based on data collected from documents, reports, ordinances and resolutions from the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The versions utilized in the comparison were from 1992 and 2002. RESULTS: Comparative analysis made it possible to identify important advances in the legislation. In 1992, liquid and powdered milk were included in the scope, along with teats and dummies (pacifiers), and also warning phrases in advertising and on product labeling. In 2002, regulations for products were published by the National Agency for Sanitary Surveillance, thereby strengthening supervisory actions and including regulations for baby foods, nutrient formulae for high-risk newborns, and nipple protectors. The phrases used in commercial advertising and on product labeling, including dummies, teats and bottles, became Ministry of Health warnings. The labeling was defined according to product types, on the basis of more restrictive rules. CONCLUSIONS: Significant modifications in the control over the marketing of products aimed at mothers during the lactation period. However, there are still some legislative questions that would make it possible to improve the Brazilian norm, in order to protect breastfeeding. There is also a need for the government to implement systematic monitoring routines to supervise this legislation.

OBJETIVO: Analisar os avanços na Norma Brasileira de Comercialização de Alimentos para Lactentes no período de 1988 a 2002, comparando seus diferentes textos entre si e com o Código Internacional de Comercialização de Substitutos do Leite Materno. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, cujos dados foram obtidos em documentos, relatórios, portarias e resoluções do Ministério da Saúde. As versões utilizadas na comparação foram a de 1992 e a de 2002. RESULTADOS: A análise comparativa permitiu identificar importantes avanços na legislação. Em 1992, foram incluídos os leites fluídos, em pó, as chupetas e frases de advertência na propaganda e na rotulagem dos produtos. Em 2002, a regulamentação dos produtos foi publicada pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, fortalecendo a ação de fiscalização e incluindo a regulamentação dos alimentos para crianças de primeira infância, fórmulas de nutrientes indicadas para recém-nascido de alto risco e protetores de mamilo. As frases utilizadas na promoção comercial e na rotulagem dos produtos, inclusive de chupetas e mamadeiras, passaram a ser de advertência do Ministério da Saúde. A rotulagem foi definida para cada tipo de produto, baseada em regras mais restritas. CONCLUSÕES: Foram identificadas importantes modificações no controle do marketing dos produtos dirigidos à mãe no período de lactação. No entanto, ainda há questões legislativas que possibilitariam o aprimoramento da norma brasileira, visando à proteção do aleitamento materno. É necessário também que o governo implante rotinas de monitoramento sistemático de fiscalização dessa legislação. ; OBJECTIVE: To assess the advances in the Brazilian norm for commercialization of infant foods from 1988 to 2002, comparing the different texts with each other and with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes. METHODS: This was a descriptive study based on data collected from documents, reports, ordinances and resolutions from the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The versions utilized in the comparison were from 1992 and 2002. RESULTS: Comparative analysis made it possible to identify important advances in the legislation. In 1992, liquid and powdered milk were included in the scope, along with teats and dummies (pacifiers), and also warning phrases in advertising and on product labeling. In 2002, regulations for products were published by the National Agency for Sanitary Surveillance, thereby strengthening supervisory actions and including regulations for baby foods, nutrient formulae for high-risk newborns, and nipple protectors. The phrases used in commercial advertising and on product labeling, including dummies, teats and bottles, became Ministry of Health warnings. The labeling was defined according to product types, on the basis of more restrictive rules. CONCLUSIONS: Significant modifications in the control over the marketing of products aimed at mothers during the lactation period. However, there are still some legislative questions that would make it possible to improve the Brazilian norm, in order to protect breastfeeding. There is also a need for the government to implement systematic monitoring routines to supervise this legislation.

The issue of risk management has gained attention in the field of administration due to the dissemination of international frameworks. In Brazilian federal public administration, risk management is a recent and expanding practice. This research analyzes how international corporate risk management frameworks have been adopted by the federal government through regulations and guidelines. The study adopts the concepts of coercive, normative, and mimetic forces from the neo-institutional theory, and examines the presence of international norms in the Brazilian regulations. Through a qualitative approach, content analysis in documents, norms, interviews, and seminars was used to identify traits of the COSO ERM and ISO 31000/2009 frameworks, which were chosen based on relevance. Results identify important actors pushing for the use of international frameworks, such as international organizations, professional associations, and public agencies, especially those related to government audits. Despite the strong international influence, the Brazilian norms are adapted to the organizations' context and allowing the maintenance of national autonomy. ; El interés en la gestión de riesgos ha crecido de manera constante, fortalecido por la difusión de modelos internacionales. En la administración publica federal de Brasil, el uso de la gestión de riesgos es reciente y se está expandiendo. Esta investigación analiza como las normas y directrices del gobierno federal adoptan los modelos internacionales de gestión de riesgos corporativos. Siguiendo la teoría neoinstitucional, se investigó la exposición a fuerzas coercitivas, normativas y miméticas, y la presencia de conceptos de normas internacionales en la reglamentación brasileña. Se utilizó el análisis de contenido en documentos, normas, entrevistas y seminarios para identificar los rasgos de los modelos COSO ERM e ISO 31000/2009, adoptados por su relevancia. Los resultados identifican actores importantes que ejercen presión para la adopción de modelos internacionales, como organizaciones internacionales, asociaciones profesionales y agencias públicas, especialmente las vinculadas a la auditoria gubernamental. A pesar de la fuerte influencia, la estructuración de estándares permite el mantenimiento de la autonomía nacional y su personalización en el contexto de las organizaciones. ; O interesse no gerenciamento de riscos tem crescido continuamente, fortalecido pela disseminação de modelos internacionais. Na administração publica federal brasileira, o uso da gestão de riscos e recente e encontra-se em expansão. Esta pesquisa analisou como modelos internacionais de gerenciamento de riscos corporativos são adotados pelas normas e orientações do Governo Federal. Aplicam-se os conceitos de forças coercitivas, normativas e miméticas da teoria neoinstitucional e observa-se a presença de conceitos das normas internacionais na normativa brasileira. Aplicou-se a análise de conteúdo em documentos, entrevistas, normas e palestras, afim de identificar traços do modelo do Comitê das Organizações Patrocinadoras de Treadway (Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission [COSO]) para Gerenciamento de Riscos Corporativos (Enterprise Risk Management [ERM]), conhecido como modelo "COSO ERM", e do modelo da Organização Internacional de Normalizacao (International Organization for Standardization [ISO]), conhecido como Norma ISO 31000:2009, adotados por sua relevância. Os resultados identificam que importantes atores exercem pressões para adoção dos modelos internacionais, como os próprios organismos internacionais, associações profissionais e órgãos públicos, em especial aqueles ligados a auditoria governamental. Apesar da forte influência verificada, a estruturação das normas permite a manutenção da autonomia nacional e sua customização no contexto das organizações.

Radical pan-Islamism is a serious threat to universal secularism, the central norm of international order since the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. International secularism rests on two principles: firstly, the organization of religion within states is subject to their sovereignty & not to supranational or transnational revolutionary movements, & secondly, religion must not determine the foreign policies & the alliances of the state. The resurgence of pan-Islamic radicalism since September 11, 2001 as a central issue in world politics challenges both principles. Adapted from the source document.

Self-determination is a crucial concept in establishing the legitimacy of political communities in the international system, and thereby in constructing social identities and political loyalties. At the most general level, self-determination refers to an idea of a right to freedom. In international politics, it also refers to a norm on ways of bounding political communities. At the same time, what selfdetermination precisely means is contested and contingent. I argue that self-determination evolves today amidst a tension between the challenges of diversity and liberal peace dictates. While diversity has to do with varieties of cultural expression, socioeconomic organization and political status, liberal peace dictates concern global governance practices that tend to impose previous liberal models of democracy, development and human rights. The essay first presents the evolution of the meaning of self-determination in international politics. Then it addresses critical approaches upon contemporary liberal peace. The remaining sections analyze how contemporary self-determination movements present claims highly suggestive to rethink forms of political community, of state-community relation, and of participation in global governance structures.

Self-determination is a crucial concept in establishing the legitimacy of political communities in the international system, and thereby in constructing social identities and political loyalties. At the most general level, self-determination refers to an idea of a right to freedom. In international politics, it also refers to a norm on ways of bounding political communities. At the same time, what self-determination precisely means is contested and contingent. I argue that self-determination evolves today amidst a tension between the challenges of diversity and liberal peace dictates. While diversity has to do with varieties of cultural expression, socioeconomic organization and political status, liberal peace dictates concern global governance practices that tend to impose previous liberal models of democracy, development and human rights. The essay first presents the evolution of the meaning of self-determination in international politics. Then it addresses critical approaches upon contemporary liberal peace. The remaining sections analyze how contemporary self-determination movements present claims highly suggestive to rethink forms of political community, of state-community relation, and of participation in global governance structures.

The new paradigm in which the People's Republic of China is perceived (from weak & politically fragile to strong) & its growing soft power, in part due to the high rates of economic development, led to the general acceptance of its influence in the South. Perceived as a more convenient partner than the Western countries, China legitimates its presence in Africa & Latin America presenting its own development model, in which economic progress is not linked with political democratization. Using the slogan of South-South cooperation & replacing the so-called Western norms by others with "Chinese characteristics," as the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, Beijing challenges European & US interests in those regions. Adapted from the source document.