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Imperium Americanum?: Mie̜dzynarodowe uwarunkowania sprawowania hegemonii
In: Seria z rekomendacja̜
World Affairs Online
Panstwa basenu Morza Srodziemnego a nowa architektura bezpieczenstwa europejskiego
In: Analizy - Syntezy, 35
World Affairs Online
Ewolucja polityki bezpieczeństwa Szwajcarii na przełomie XX/XXI wieku
Der Artikel erklärt die Entwicklung des Konzepts der schweizerischen Sicherheitspolitik an der Wende vom 20. zum 21. Jahrhundert. Die Analyse wurde auf der Basis der offiziellen Dokumente der Regierung, die insbesondere in den Jahren 1993, 1999 sowie 2010 veröffentlicht wurden. Die Jahrhundertwende war eine Zeit der außergewöhnli chen - danach haben sich Wahrnehmungsformen und Analyse von Fragen der nationalen Sicherheit erheblich verändert. Das letzte Jahrzehnt des 20. Jahrhunderts endete die Ära des traditionellen Verständnisses der Gefahren für die Sicherheit des Staates, vor allem im Zusammenhang mit internationalen Konflikte. Das erste Jahrzehnt des 21. Jahrhunderts brachte den Aufstieg neuer Bedrohungen – in erster Linie sind hier zu nennen: Terrorismus, organisierte Kriminalität und Naturkatastrophen. Mit der Neubestimmung von Bedrohungen ändert sich die Sicherheitspolitik der Schweiz, obwohl diese Änderungen (zumindest auf der normativen Ebene) keine Antworten auf viele zentrale Fragen zur Rolle der Schweiz in der internationalen Arena bieten. Zu einem großen Teil ist dies ein Resultat einer spezifischen innenpolitischen Situation, welche die Erreichung des schwierigen, sozialen Kompromisses erfordert, damit neue wegweisende Richtlinien geschaffen werden könnten. ; Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu "Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia". Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00.
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Cholera (Vibrio cholerae) - jako broń biologiczna
In: International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, Heft 9, S. 65-73
Terrorism is defined as use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to indulge fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, social or religious. Bioterrorism is terrorism by intentional release or dissemination of biological agents, mainly bacteria or viruses. Use of biological weapons is attractive from the terrorists' point of view because of low production costs, major range and easiness of transmission. The first mention of the use of primitive biological weapons date back to the 6th century. Use of plague-infested corpses as offensive means in the 14th century caused a spread of bubonic plague through the whole Europe. The biggest development of biological weapons took place in the interwar period and in the cold war era. Biological weapon trails and research were conducted by super powers such as USSR, UK, USA and Japan. At the beginning of the 20th century a new form of bioterrorism occurred, which put humanity in the face of a terrifying threat. Cholera is a deadly disease that has caused a worldwide phenomenon throughout history. Its imperative weapon, the Vibrio cholerae bacterium, has allowed cholera to seize control and wipe out a huge percentage of the human population. V. cholerae's toxins are the primary causes of cholera's lethal symptoms. The bacterium contains toxins that help it accomplish its job of invading the human system and defeating the body's powerful immune system. With its sibling bacterium Escherichia coli, V. cholerae has become one of the most dominant pathogens in the known world. V. cholerae's strategies in causing the infamous deadly diarrhea have been widely studied, from the irritation of the intestinal epithelium to the stimulation of capillary leakage, as well as the internal effects of the disease such as the Peyer's patches on the intestinal walls. Overall, the Vibrio cholera bacterium has made cholera a tough disease to overcome, and because of its deadly virulence factors, cholera has become one of the most frightening diseases a human body could ever encounter. Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative, comma-shaped bacterium. Some strains of V. cholerae cause the disease cholera. V. cholerae is facultatively anaerobic and has a flagellum at one cell pole. V. cholerae was first isolated as the cause of cholera by Italian anatomist Filippo Pacini in 1854, but his discovery was not widely known until Robert Koch, working independently 30 years later, publicized the knowledge and the means of fighting the disease. V. cholerae pathogenicity genes code for proteins directly or indirectly involved in the virulence of the bacteria. During infection, V. cholerae secretes cholera toxin, a protein that causes profuse, watery diarrhea. Colonization of the small intestine also requires the toxin coregulated pilus (TCP), a thin, flexible, filamentous appendage on the surface of bacterial cells.
Dżuma (Yersinia pestis) - jako broń biologiczna
In: International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, Heft 9, S. 84-94
Yersinia pestis (formerly Pasteurella pestis) is a type of bacterium. It is believed to have been responsible for plagues of the early 1300s. More accurately, it is a Gram-negative rod-shaped coccobacillus. It is a facultative anaerobe that can infect humans and other animals. Human Y. pestis infection takes three main forms: pneumonic, septicemic, and bubonic plagues. All three forms are widely believed to have been responsible for a number of high-mortality epidemics throughout human history, including the Justinianic Plague of the sixth century and the Black Death that accounted for the death of at least one-third of the European population between 1347 and 1353. It has now been shown conclusively that these plagues originated in rodent populations in China. More recently, Y. pestis has gained attention as a possible biological warfare agent and the CDC has classified it as a category A pathogen requiring preparation for a possible terrorist attack. Every year, thousands of cases of plague are still reported to the World Health Organization, although, with proper treatment, the prognosis for victims is now much better. A five- to six-fold increase in cases occurred in Asia during the time of the Vietnam war, possibly due to the disruption of ecosystems and closer proximity between people and animals. Plague also has a detrimental effect on non-human mammals. In the United States of America, animals such as the black-tailed prairie dog and the endangered black-footed ferret are under threat from the disease.
Wąglik (Bacillus anthracis) - jako broń biologiczna
In: International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, Heft 9, S. 74-83
Terrorism is defined as use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to indulge fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, social or religious. Bioterrorism is terrorism by intentional release or dissemination of biological agents, mainly bacteria or viruses. Use of biological weapons is attractive from the terrorists' point of view because of low production costs, major range and easiness of transmission. The first mention of the use of primitive biological weapons date back to the 6th century. Use of plague-infested corpses as offensive means in the 14th century caused a spread of bubonic plague through the whole Europe. The biggest development of biological weapons took place in the interwar period and in the cold war era. Biological weapon trails and research were conducted by super powers such as USSR, UK, USA and Japan. At the beginning of the 20th century a new form of bioterrorism occurred, which put humanity in the face of a terrifying threat.
Bioterroryzm - zagrożeniem dla bezpieczeństwa regionalnego i światowego
In: International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, Heft 1, S. 28-34
Bioterrorism is a multi-faceted phenomenon and dynamic, occurring in various forms. It is difficult now to define a uniform definition of terrorism that is changing under the influence of the development of civilization, and especially the rapid scientific progress. The terrorists perfectly use the latest achievements of biological sciences in their terrorist attacks. The purpose of this article is to bring the phenomenon of bioterrorism.
Charakterystyka patogenów mogących mieć zastosowanie w ataku bioterrorystycznym
In: International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, Heft 3, S. 54-68
Bioterrorism is a complex and dynamic phenomenon, occurring in various forms. It is difficult now to define a uniform definition of terrorism that is changing under the influence of the development of civilization, and especially the rapid progress in scientific and technical knowledge. The terrorists perfectly use the latest achievements of biological sciences in their terrorist attacks. The purpose of this article is to bring the phenomenon of bioterrorism.
Wpływ zastosowania broni biologicznej na bezpieczeństwo młodych pokoleń w XXI wieku
In: Socjotechniczne aspekty bezpieczeństwa w szkole, S. 182-197
Wpływ zastosowania broni biologicznej na bezpieczeństwo młodych pokoleń w XXI wieku
In: Socjotechniczne aspekty bezpieczeństwa w szkole, S. 182-197