Many of us have enjoyed and taken advantage of the resources available on the INTERNET, a network of networks that makes the democratization of knowledge possible. The data that, as an input of fundamental importance, are accessed through the INTERNET to generate knowledge and support human development, must be processed so that they continue to give added value to the citizen, who will use them to contribute to social, economic, political and cultural welfare in the global electronic village. ; Muchos de nosotros hemos disfrutado y aprovechado los recursos disponibles en INTERNET, red de redes que hace posible la democratización del conocimiento. Los datos que como insumo de fundamental importancia son acesados mediante INTERNET para generar conocimiento y apoyar el desarrollo humano, deben ser procesados para que continúen dando valor agregado al ciudadano, quien los utilizara para contribuir al bienestar social, económico, político y cultural en la aldea global electrónica.
Controlling the Internet has for a long time been the privilege of academics in the USA. However, with the evolution of the Internet as the world communication medium of the 21st century and the world-wide-web providing the infrastructure for business and public services in the digital era, the stakes have risen dramatically. The value of the Internet is nowadays considered extremely important in a number of key areas of public life ranging from business, law, local and central government to international politics. Various proposals as to who should be responsible for controlling or even policing the Internet have been considered and debated upon over the past few years. The issue has been raised at an unprecedented level with governments of the most powerful countries on the planet locked in serious and longstanding diplomatic negotiations as to which of the super powers should be in control. Yet the less powerful and smaller nations have repeatedly called for the establishment of an international organization to guarantee independent control of the Internet. This paper considers the above two proposals and attempts to answer the following questions: a) Do single countries deserve the right of having absolute control and acting as the sole guardian of the ultimate communication medium? b) Would an international organization be the answer? If so, how independent can it be and how much security can it offer to the smaller nations and the individual user? The study of each case is performed on the basis of what criteria would apply in terms of legal framework adopted, transparency of procedures and degree of acceptance of the controlling body on a world wide basis. The ultimate question raised is: can the guardian be trusted and if so how widespread this trust would be? The results of the first internet governance forum meeting in Athens in 2006 and the aims of the second due in Rio de Janeiro in November 2007 are also discussed.
In der Praxis der Umweltpädagogik spielen Internetanwendungen derzeit noch eine untergeordnete Rolle. Das Internet wird dabei in wachsendem Masse als Präsentationsmedium genutzt. Für umweltpädagogische Anwendungen fehlen Internetkonzepte, bei denen Lernende selbst online recherchieren oder eigene Untersuchungsergebnisse gestalterisch im Netz umsetzen oder das Netz als einen kulturpolitischen Handlungsraum für lokale umweltpolitische Aktionen nutzen. Die Lernumgebung Internet erfordert von den Lehrenden neben Know how über Hardware und Softwareprogramme insgesamt ein anderes Lehrverständnis, das auf Begleitung und Orientierungshilfe ausgerichtet sein muss. Der Beitrag skizziert zunächst den aktuellen Stand der Umweltbildung im Internet (Präsentation, Information, Kommunikation), untersucht dann die Anforderungen an eine computerunterstützte Lernumgebung, verweist auf zu erwartende didaktisch-methodische Probleme und diskutiert abschliessend innovative Beispiele für die Umweltbildung im Internet. Forschungsmethode: anwendungsorientiert. (BIBB2)
In this digital and interconnected age, almost all users cannot spend a day without using their smartphone, so the intention of this work shows the areas of opportunity of the technology used by the Internet of Things and which has more and more followers. Among them, individuals, companies and government, taking advantage of the use of the Internet, because the world is quickly covered by networks that allow digital devices to interconnect and transmit, forming a mesh where any type of devices they monitor, communicate, connect, evaluate and in some cases automatically adjust to the data that is collected and transmitted. As these digital devices are adopted and according to the economic benefits of digitization, continue to increase, there will be a digital transformation, being the right environment for innovation in companies and industry. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a constantly growing industry, focused on improving the lives of all those who have any way are connected to the digital age, so it is expected that job opportunities in this sector grow and companies They will require all those professionals in IoT. ; En esta era digital y de interconexiones, casi todos los usuarios no podrían pasar un día sin utilizar su teléfono inteligente por lo que la intención de este trabajo mostrar las áreas de oportunidad de la tecnología denominada Internet de las cosas y que cada vez tiene más adeptos entre ellos, particulares, empresas y gobierno, aprovechando el uso de Internet, debido a que el mundo rápidamente se cubre por redes que permiten que los dispositivos digitales se interconecten y transmitan formando una malla donde se conectan cualquier tipo de disositivos que supervisan, comunican, evalúan y en algunos casos se ajustan automáticamente a los datos que se recopilan y transmiten. Conforme se adopte estos dispositivos digitales y según los beneficios económicos de la digitalización continuen en aumento, habrá una transformación digital, siendo el entorno adecuado para la innovación en las empresas y la industria. Internet de las cosas (IoT) es una industria en constante crecimiento, enfocada a mejorar la vida de todos aquellos que de alguna forma están conectado a la era digital, por lo que se espera que las oportunidades de trabajo en este sector crecerá y las empresas requerirán de todos aquellos profesionales en IoT.
In seiner Entscheidung vom 24. 01. 2012 (III ZR 98/12) hat der Bundesgerichtshofs anerkannt, dass das Internet mittlerweile zur Grundversorgung des Einzelnen zähle. Unabhängig von einem konkret darlegbaren Schaden lasse sich allein aus der Nichtverfügbarkeit ein Schadensersatzanspruch begründen (eine ähnliche Bedeutung wurde bisher nur dem Kfz und dem herkömmlichen Telefonanschluss zugebilligt). Dieser Einordnung ist zuzustimmen, sichert der Zugang zum Internet – und nur um diesen kann es gehen – doch eine zeitgemäße, dem Stand der Zivilisation entsprechende Persönlichkeitsentfaltung. Nur welche Folgen hat diese Erkenntnis für Gesetzgebung und Verwaltung?
It has now become quite obvious that the Internet has brought significant changes to our society and a break on how we lived before its emergence. It is still too early to assess the impact on society of the new services at our disposal, such as the capacity to communicate faster and cheaper on a global scale, access information and, perhaps more importantly, to produce and disseminate information in a way that is accessible to all. It is clear that the advent of the Information Society implies changes in our society that constitute a point of no return. However, contrary to what happened when we entered the Industrial Age about three centuries ago, when the changing process was slow and led by older individuals, these days the entrance into the Information Society is taking place rapidly and the decisive players are younger people. The global nature of the Internet, the possibility of producing and distributing any type of content in digital form at almost zero cost, as well as the vast number of people who use the web, have highlighted the need for new forms of intervention in a sector where there are many types of players. It is in this context that the problem of Internet Governance becomes a very current issue, inasmuch as one feels the need to guarantee a diversity of rights and duties, which may appear difficult to reconcile. This paper presents a brief overview of the main players and initiatives which, in the field of Internet Governance, have tried to contribute to turning this network into a factor for social development and democraticity on a global scale.
Internet can develop the communication and information freedom on society but unfortunately in some nations, especially in Asia, it cannot be fully accessed because of government censorship. This report explains the relationship between the practice of Internet censorship imposed by the Chinese government and the freedom of its citizens (in the internet surfing experience) as the realization of human rights in the freedom of expression and opinion (seek, receive-use, and communicate information) which is traced through the relevant literature study. China is a unique case since the internet censorship regulation contributes to its status as the country with the least internet freedom yet at the same time it is credited as having the most internet users globally. In addition, China known as the communist country that began opening up to globalization and information of technology, but the government's control over it is still so tight and binding, not only in the press, or the traditional media, but also in new media with the internet censorship. The control over this information may have a clear objective to maintain a climate of information in the community, but on the other hand, such control is tantamount to restricting the right of citizens to make, use, and distribute information, and more fatal as a violation of human rights.Keywords: Internet, ICT, Censorship, China, Asia
Dieser Erfahrungsbericht schildert die Exkursion zum Internet Governance Forum (IGF) 2019, einer jährlichen Multi-Stakeholder-Veranstaltung zur Internetregulierung, welche erstmalig in Deutschland, genauer gesagt Berlin, stattfand. Hier wurden zahlreiche Themen rund um Netzpolitik, Menschenrechte und die Zukunft des Internets präsentiert und diskutiert. Die Studierenden, welche sich in ihrem Kurs mit öffentlich-rechtlichen Medien befassten, nahmen an verschiedenen Veranstaltungen, wie Workshops, Panels und Sitzungen, teil.
Dieser Erfahrungsbericht schildert die Exkursion zum Internet Governance Forum (IGF) 2019, einer jährlichen Multi-Stakeholder Veranstaltung zur Internetregulierung, welche erstmalig in Deutschland, genauer gesagt Berlin, stattfand. Hier wurden zahlreiche Themen rund um Netzpolitik, Menschenrechte und der Zukunft des Internets präsentiert und diskutiert. Die Studierenden, welche sich in ihrem Kurs mit öffentlich-rechtlichen Medien befassten, nahmen an verschiedenen Veranstaltungen, wie Workshops, Panels und Sitzungen, teil. ; This text chronicles an excursion to the Internet Governance Forum (IGF), an annual multi-stakeholder event based around internet governance, in Berlin. This was the first IGF to be held in Germany. Multiple topics were discussed, among them internet policy, human rights and the future of the internet. The students, while focusing on public service media in their course, took part in multiple events, such as workshops, panels and meetings.
In this article I will defend the progressive use of the so-called learning and communication technologies (LCTs) in the school classrooms, understood as a privileged resource in educational innovation, never as an end in itself. But first, it is necessary to clarify some general questions regarding the role of technologies in contemporary societies. It is common to read phrases and writings that give technologies, especially the most recent ones, a fundamental role in social change, even historical change. There is talk of a new era, a new society, etc. Behind these statements, we sometimes find theories that are based on determining a direct relationship between technological and historical progress. Some defend what, in my opinion, is a naïve thought that considers, for example, that the Internet is in itself the cause of a great historical transformation, a transformation that underestimates in its disquisition the set of factors that really explain social change: economic, social, political, cultural dynamics, etc. These theories, which sometimes become ideologies, assume that technology will directly change society and individuals. This is what is stated by experts who put us on our guard against this technocratic ideology, which explains evolution and social transformation in such a schematic and unilateral way. ; Defenderé en este artículo la progresiva utilización de las llamadas tecnologías del aprendizaje y la comunicación (TAC) en las aulas escolares, entendidas como un recurso privilegiado en la innovación didáctica, nunca como un fin en sí mismas. Pero conviene antes aclarar algunas cuestiones generales referidas al papel de las tecnologías en las sociedades contemporáneas. Es frecuente leer frases y escritos que otorgan a las tecnologías, sobre todo las más recientes, un papel fundamental en el cambio social, incluso en el histórico. Se habla de nueva era, nueva sociedad, etc. Tras estas afirmaciones, en ocasiones, encontramos teorías que se basan en determinar una relación directa entre avance tecnológico y progreso histórico. Algunos defienden lo que, a mi juicio, es un pensamiento naïf que considera que, por ejemplo, Internet es por si misma la causa de una gran transformación histórica, transformación que minusvalora en su disquisición el conjunto de factores que, realmente, explican el cambio social: dinámicas económicas, sociales, políticas, culturales, etc. Estas teorías, que en ocasiones devienen en ideologías, suponen que la tecnología cambiará directamente la sociedad y los individuos. Así lo exponen expertos que nos ponen en guardia ante esa ideología tecnicista, que explica la evolución y la transformación social de una manera tan esquemática y unilateral.
Kaum eine technische Entwicklung der letzten Jahrzehnte hat die Lebens- und Arbeitsweisen der Menschen in aller Welt so schnell und nachhaltig beeinflußt wie die vom Internet gebotenen neuen Kommunikationsformen. Das Wachstum des Internet sucht in der Technik seinesgleichen. Waren es 1990 noch ca. 1 Million Nutzer, so sind es heute inzwischen ca. 600 Millionen. Ihre Zahl steigt immer noch expotentiell um etwa 70% pro Jahr. Das Internet ist zum Anlaß für einen grundlegenden Paradigmenwechsel für unser kulturelles, wirtschaftliches und privates Leben geworden. Nicht zuletzt auf seiner Grundlage haben die Begriffe der Wissensgesellschaft und Globalisierung ihre heutige Bedeutung erlangt. Die Medien sind voll mit Hinweisen auf das Internet. Jede Firma, die etwas auf sich hält, hat ihre Homepage bzw. Internetadresse, die das Publikum jederzeit "besuchen" kann. Die Suche nach IT Fachleuten mit der Green Card hat viel mit dem Internet zu tun. Werben, Einkaufen und Verkaufen über das Internet wird als die Geschäftsform der Zukunft angesehen. Auch die Politik mißt dem Internet größte Bedeutung zu. So kam sie auf dem G8 Treffen des Jahres 2000 zu dem Schluß, daß das 21.Jahrhundert entscheidend vom Internet geprägt sein wird. All das unterstreicht, daß die Entwicklung des Internet ein unglaublicher Erfolg ist, den in seinen Anfängen wohl niemand in dem Umfang vorausgesehen hat.
In der Wirtschaftspraxis wird dem Internet oft keine vorrangige Bedeutung für die Preispolitik beigemessen, obwohl spektakuläre Erfolge digitaler Produkte im Internet maßgeblich auf eine die Spielregeln der Internet-Ökonomie geschickt nutzende Preispolitik zurückzuführen sind. In diesem Beitrag werden die wichtigsten Preiseinflußfaktoren in der Internet-Ökonomie und ihre Konsequenzen für die Preisentscheidungen der Unternehmen skizziert. Es zeigt sich, daß das Preismanagement digitaler Produkte im Internet auf marktorientierten Ansätzen der Preisbestimmung beruhen sowie neben Follow the Free- und Penetrationsstrategien auch Preisdifferenzierungs- und Preisbündelungsstrategien in Erwägung ziehen muß.
Along with rapid economic development in China the INTERNET is being used more and more as a convenient way of communication. Since 1988 different, independent networks have been established by universities, research institutions and, more recently, by post and telecommunication agencies and even commercial units. Most of these networks have their own direct or indirect access to the global INTERNET. Because of this decentralized structure of networks the Chinese government has decided to launch the CERNET project. The goal of this project is to establish centralized management and enforce the further development of the Chinese INTERNET in a more planned way. By the year 2000 all Chinese universities, research facilities as well as the primary and secondary schools should be connected to CERNET. Access to the global INTERNET is to be reduced to 1 - 3 centrally controlled links. To manage and further control INTERNET access the Chinese government has recently issued certain INTERNET regulations. China will restrict the use of the network on the one hand by administrative means and on the other by high connection fees. With the support of a leading American software company China is working on software to control the use of the INTERNET by making access to certain INTERNET sites technically impossible. As, however, China considers the INTERNET an economic necessity today the network will continue to grow at an even faster rate and more and more Chinese users will be able to use the INTERNET to get the information they need. Today all INTERNET services are offered in China and can be accessed by users from all over the world. Different references and important INTERNET addresses (URLs) of Chinese servers are listed in the second part of this article. China related URLs of servers located outside the People's Republic are also given. ; Along with rapid economic development in China the INTERNET is being used more and more as a convenient way of communication. Since 1988 different, independent networks have been ...
Internet aura largement dominé la scène de la communication à la fin du xxe siècle, au point de devenir le réseau de base capable d'agglomérer tous les médias et de reprendre pour son compte tous les messages sur la communication qui ont eu cours au fil du siècle, en les sublimant dans un même ensemble de mythes. La courte histoire de l'Internet nous oblige à passer en quelques années de la réflexion sur la technique, les méthodes collaboratives d'élaboration des normes et protocoles, à une approche plus géopolitique. Au Nouvel ordre mondial de la communication de la fin des années 1970 succède le Sommet mondial sur la société de l'information, qui doit reposer les questions de l'impact social et économique des technologies. Une phase de concentration aiguë des acteurs conduit à une nouvelle forme de conglomérats industriels ayant une forte composante idéologique. Toutefois, on ne saurait comprendre l'engouement des internautes sans mesurer les changements culturels, les nouvelles relations sociales et pratiques collectives que le réseau rend possibles. Nous devons quitter les rivages des mythes autant que ceux de la technophobie pour comprendre les nouveaux rapports de force, les nouvelles formes d'oppression et les nouveaux moyens de libération qui sont rendus possibles par l'existence de ce réseau de communication. ; Since the Internet took centre stage in the field of communication in the late 20th century, it has become the network with the greatest capacity to compile all the different media and thereby take over all the messages concerning communication that have prevailed over the years, sublimating them into a single mythology. Over the Internet's short history, we have had to move, in the space of a few years, from reflections on techniques and collaborative methods for developing norms and protocols to a more geopolitical approach. After the New World Order in communication that prevailed from the late 1970s came the World Summit on the Information Society, which would again raise questions on the social and economic impacts of digital technologies. In its wake came a wave of intensive concentration of economic players that brought in a new type of industrial conglomerate with a significant ideological component. However, the Internet's tremendous popularity cannot be fully understood without an appraisal of the cultural changes and the new social relationships and collective patterns that the Internet makes possible. If we want to understand the new balance of powers, the new forms of oppression and the new means of liberation afforded by the existence of Internet communication, we now need to move away from the rocky shores of myth and technophobia.
Obtaining sound inferences over remote networks via active or passive measurements is difficult. Active measurement campaigns face challenges of load, coverage, and visibility. Passive measurements require a privileged vantage point. Even networks under our own control too often remain poorly understood and hard to diagnose. As a step toward the democratization of Internet measurement, we consider the inferential power possible were the network to include a constant and predictable stream of dedicated lightweight measurement traffic. We posit an Internet "heartbeat," which nodes periodically send to random destinations, and show how aggregating heartbeats facilitates introspection into parts of the network that are today generally obtuse. We explore the design space of an Internet heartbeat, potential use cases, incentives, and paths to deployment.