Suchergebnisse

AbstractThe article reassesses some of the recent historiographic developments in studies of the Russian Revolution and the collapse of the Russian Empire. In particular, it focusses on the role of nationalist politics in late Imperial Russia, in 1917, and in early Soviet politics. It also considers the end of the Russian Empire within the context of historiographical approaches to the collapse of other European empires. Based on these considerations, the article concludes that the place of nationalist politics in the Russian Revolution can be exaggerated.

This study uses an endogenous switching-regression model to examine the impact of slash-and-burn cultivation practice on the application of commercial fertilizer and pesticides, as well as yields and net returns. The empirical evidence of the study indicates that cross-section analysis of the impact of technology adoption on input demand and output supply should take into consideration sample selection, and also examine the impact separately for adopters and non-adopters. The results show that education, access to credit, land rights, and visits by extension agents reduce the probability of farmers adopting slash-and-burn farm practices. Environmental variables, such as soil quality and plot slope, do not impact on the adoption decision, but affect output supply of both adopters and non-adopters of slash-and-burn technology.

L'émergence des logiciels de modélisation a récemment conduit à une complexification des formes architecturales. Les processus de prise de forme sont maintenant pleinement intégrés dans l'univers numérique et il est désormais possible de décrire précisément des géométries aux multiples courbes à l'aide de l'ordinateur. Toutefois, lorsque des techniques traditionnelles sont employées pour construire de telles géométries, il en résulte une utilisation importante de ressources et un décuplement du temps de chantier. Dans ce contexte, les résilles en bois se présentent comme une solution crédible pour répondre à la matérialisation des formes issues des explorations numériques. En abordant les concepts de forme, structure, matière et lumière sous l'angle de l'architecture biophilique, cette recherche-création traite de l'intégration entre les bâtiments et leur environnement en abordant la génération de la forme architecturale. Plus spécifiquement, elle présente une classification de précédents de résilles en fonction de leur complexité et propose d'investiguer des treillis hybrides pour faciliter leur mise en place. Elle développe également une méthode constructive alliant des grilles souples aux membrures de petites sections combinées à un réseau primaire de composantes rigides. De plus, la recherche s'intéresse aux ambiances des résilles et suggère que la lumière puisse être un intégrateur de l'architecture biophilique. Enfin, la thèse avance que les résilles en bois devraient se démocratiser davantage, autant pour la réalisation de bâtiments singuliers que génériques. ; The emergence of modelling software has recently led to the complexification of architectural forms. Form-finding processes are now fully integrated into the digital world and it is now possible to accurately describe geometries with multiple curves using computers. However, when traditional techniques are used to construct such geometries, it results in a significant use of resources and an increase in construction time. In this context, timber gridshells present themselves as a credible solution to the materialization of shapes resulting from digital explorations. By approaching the concepts of form, structure, matter and light from the perspective of biophilic architecture, this research-creation deals with the integration between buildings and their environment. More specifically, it presents a classification of gridshells according to their complexity and proposes to investigate hybrid structures to facilitate their implementation. It develops a constructive method combining flexible grids with small section members combined with a primary network of rigid components. Moreover, the research evaluates the ambiences of gridshells and suggests that light can be an integrator of biophilic architecture. In short, the thesis argues that timber gridshell should become more democratic, both for the creation of singular and generic buildings.

The employment of adolescents is an extremely important phenomenon, although doctrine rarely discusses it. This solution enables young people to gain qualifications early and promises long and successful cooperation for the employer. It should be remembered, however, that at such a young age the most important sphere of life is not work, but education and appropriate psycho-physical development. Bearing in mind the delicacy of children and adolescents, it is necessary to create legal constructions which will protect young people from too early collision with problems connected with work such as: stress, exhaustion, and pressure. The notion of adolescence is constantly intertwined with the notion of child and it is not easy to judge when these terms are used. This article intends to discuss these terms, and to present them through the applicable laws. In addition, the article presents research on the employment of adolescents and children in Poland based on reports from the National Labour Inspectorate. The legislator had a difficult task - to create appropriate regulations which would not only make work possible, but at the same time properly secure the already mentioned most important spheres of life of adolescents and children. This task undoubtedly becomes even more difficult when the change of other legal acts forces a rush to regulate such a delicate legal sphere. The aim of this article is to present advantages and disadvantages of current legal constructions based on the analysis of regulations and statistics. ; The employment of adolescents is an extremely important phenomenon, although doctrine rarely discusses it. This solution enables young people to gain qualifications early and promises long and successful cooperation for the employer. It should be remembered, however, that at such a young age the most important sphere of life is not work, but education and appropriate psycho-physical development. Bearing in mind the delicacy of children and adolescents, it is necessary to create legal constructions which will protect young people from too early collision with problems connected with work such as: stress, exhaustion, and pressure. The notion of adolescence is constantly intertwined with the notion of child and it is not easy to judge when these terms are used. This article intends to discuss these terms, and to present them through the applicable laws. In addition, the article presents research on the employment of adolescents and children in Poland based on reports from the National Labour Inspectorate. The legislator had a difficult task - to create appropriate regulations which would not only make work possible, but at the same time properly secure the already mentioned most important spheres of life of adolescents and children. This task undoubtedly becomes even more difficult when the change of other legal acts forces a rush to regulate such a delicate legal sphere. The aim of this article is to present advantages and disadvantages of current legal constructions based on the analysis of regulations and statistics.

"Young women's identities are an issue of public and academic interest across a number of western nations at the present time. This book explores how young women attending an elite school for girls understand and construct 'empowerment'. It investigates the extent to which, and the ways in which, their constructions of empowerment and identity work to overturn, or resist, key regulations and normative expectations for girls in post-feminist, hyper-sexualised cultural contexts. The book provides a succinct overview of feminist theorisations of normative femininities in young women's lives in western cultural contexts. It includes familiar sexist discourses such as sexual double standards, as well as more recent commentary about the regulation of young women's subjectivities in neoliberal, post-feminist, hyper-sexualised cultures. Drawing on ethnographic research in the context of an elite girls' secondary school, the author explores how empowerment for young women is constructed and understood across a range of textual practices. From visual representations of young women in school promotional material, to students' constructions of popular celebrities, the question of how girls' resistance to normative femininities begins to develop is examined. This rich empirical work makes a unique contribution to the study of elite schooling within the sociology of education, drawing on important insights from the field of critical girlhood studies, and posing a challenge to popular feminist notions about media literacy, young women and empowerment. It will be of interest to scholars and postgraduates in the areas of gender studies, sociology, education, youth studies and cultural studies"--

While China is committed to upholding a United Nations (UN)-centred world order and support the implementation of the UN development agenda for the next 15 years, it has ramped up its island building and facilities construction in the South China Sea to assert its national interest. Greater uncertainty can be expected with China operationalising the facilities it has built and the United States bent on conducting freedom of navigation operations to challenge China's claims.

Abstract
The design of technologies with particular sets of affordances for user action reflects and embeds particular sociopolitical values in the technological artefacts themselves. In relation to networked communication technologies like the Internet, design values of openness and decentralization accord with the hegemonic value of freedom as an inherently positive social and political concept. Yet freedom is also an elastic concept that contains the possibility for the freedom of powerful interests to exert controls – technological, state and legal – over the very networks designed to facilitate freedom. This article reviews how such controls are made manifest, with a particular focus on the role of technology design, in the areas of surveillance, censorship and intellectual property. It then concludes by addressing how such controls might be resisted using the affordances of open and decentralized networks. The interplay between freedom and control in communication networks is crucial for the construction of contemporary modes of citizenship, publics and participation.

Summary. This summary aims to show, through the review of testimonial and institutional sources, revisionist and regional histories, that research into the development of the Mexican Army and Navy during the Porfiriato (1876-1911), mainly in its processes of 'professionalisation' and in the relationship between education and political power, changed gradually between the 960s and the 1980s, from 'personalists' stories to structural explanations and more and more complex interpretations. In addition, I will take the happy rebellion (October 1912) to test how the same interpretations have been reproduced in a case study as in general studies, including the change in the 1960s to 1980s. ; Resumen En el presente balance historiográfico se pretende mostrar, a través de la revisión de fuentes testimoniales e institucionales, historiografía revisionista y regional, que las investigaciones sobre el desarrollo del Ejército y Marina mexicanos durante el Porfiriato (1876-1911), principalmente en sus procesos de "profesionalización" y en la relación entre educación y poder político, tuvieron un cambio paulatino entre la década de l960 y 1980, al pasar de ser historias "personalistas" a dar explicaciones estructurales y a complejizar cada vez más las interpretaciones. Además, tomaré a la rebelión felicista (octubre 1912) para probar cómo en un estudio de caso se han reproducido las mismas interpretaciones que en los estudios generales, incluyendo el cambio en las décadas de 1960 a 1980.

Time, cost, quality and safety, are the four critical elements that contribute to project success. Traditionally, literature has focused on analysing only time and cost. Subsequently, other multi-objective optimization methods developed to optimize time, cost, quality or safety have been developed. New types of contracting methods designed by governments, included maximizing construction quality while minimizing its time and cost. Recently, due to the fact that the construction industry suffers from more accidents of greater severity than other industrial sectors, safety has become one of the four critical elements that contribute to project success. The project scheduling literature largely concentrates on the generation of a precedence and resource feasible schedule that optimizes the scheduling objective and that should serve as a baseline schedule for executing the project. However, these models do not allow to analyse alternative work plans that consider the trade-offs between time, cost, quality, and safety. In this paper, an integer linear programming problem is applied to a decision-CPM network in order to obtain an overall optimum including time, cost, quality and safety in a road building project. Using this type of model, the effects of alternative methods of performing the tasks can be considered and a greater degree of interaction between the planning and scheduling phases of a project is obtained.

The papers published in Occupational Safety and Hygiene III cover the following topics:- Occupational safety- Risk assessment- Safety management- Ergonomics- Management systems- Environmental ergonomics- Physical environments- Construction safety, and- Human factors.The contributions are based on research carried out at universities and other research institutions, and on practical studies developed by Occupational Health & Safety (OHS) practitioners within companies. This book will help to get acquainted with the state-of-the-art within the above mentioned domains, as well as with some practi

This article analyses current attempts to interpret the factors underlying long-term economic growth, paying special attention to the Latin American case. It discusses both the interpretations whose advocates claim that geographic conditions have a decisive role in shaping the development process and those according to which colonization is seen as giving rise to an institutional framework ill-suited for development. The author - based on his own estimates - emphasizes the importance of market access and the effect of social fragmentation on the establishment of an efficient and credible institutional framework. The article concludes with a discussion of the impact of inequality on both the quality of institutions and the dynamics of growth. (CEPAL Rev/GIGA)

International law — In general — Sources — Treaties — Priority of specific treaty over other treaties and general public international law.Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of — Reliance on text — Natural and ordinary meaning — When insufficient — Literal and grammatical analysis of words of complicated provision — Teleological interpretation.Relevance of prior general practice concerning subject-matter of treaty.Multilingual treaty — Comparison of official texts.Treaties — Interpretation of — Consideration of preparatory work — In relation to purpose of treaty — Meaning of a preparatory document — Distinction between preparatory and preliminary documents — Interpretation of multilateral treaty — Admissibility of preparatory work against acceding State which did not take part in negotiations leading to conclusion of treaty — Discretion of tribunal and circumstances of case as criteria for admissibility of preparatory work against such State.Treaties — Special kinds of — Treaties of peace — Analogous instruments — Convention on the Settlement of Matters Arising out of the War and Occupation, 1952-1954 — Nature of Convention — Approximation to peace treaty — Whether negotiated or imposed settlement — Relationship between Convention and Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947.Arbitration — Evidence — Unfettered discretion of arbitration commission in admitting evidence.442Treaties of peace — Performance of — Analogous instruments — Convention on the Settlement of Matters Arising out of the War and Occupation, 1952–1954 — Restitution under Article 4, paragraph 1, of Chapter Five of Convention — Conditions for restitution or for compensation in lieu under that provision — Basis of right to restitution — Continuance of private property rights of residents of occupied countries — Restitution distinguished from reparation — Provisions of Treaty of Versailles, 1919, and Settlement Convention compared — Identification of restitutable property — Whether distinction to be drawn between formal and substantial identification — Whether identification possible of property no longer existing — Postponement of payment of compensation for unrestitutable property to future Treaty of Peace with Germany.

E. F. Benson's Mapp and Lucia novels are often read as nothing more than comedies of manners. Yet this interpretation risks missing their collective commitment to make-believe and the prioritizing of performance over being: Benson's characters move in the realm of appearances by which Hannah Arendt defines the political. Contending that the novels dwell on how and where politics merges with storytelling, this article examines the freedom with which these willfully frivolous characters reinvent the everyday and turn the facts of their existence into props in a communal game. Benson's characters, like his readers, play without concern for correction from outside.

The German relationship to the Greeks was central to German self-understanding. It defined German identity culturally through the exclusion of democracy from the idealized image of Greece and through the emphasis on Greek originality that served to devalue the Roman, Latin and Renaissance translations of the Greek heritage. Hostility to the legacy of the Latin spirit, to legal thought and to rationality, reinforced the German rejection of French intellectual and cultural hegemony. These German fictions about the Greeks were closely linked with reflections on modernity, the death of the Christian God and a disenchanted Cartesian universe. They led Nietzsche and Heidegger to more `original' interpretations of the Greeks as the source of German rebirth.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to use the experience of the Landless Farmworkers Movement (MST) in the state of Ceará to identify the consequences of political mediation in the lives of subjects involved in the struggle for land, especially for their world view, indicating the contradictions and impasses in the construction of a new hegemony. It is an analytical and qualitative study supported by bibliographic research, field observation, document analysis and semi-structured interviews. The theoretical-methodological procedures were conducted with a critical analysis and the results obtained represent an attempt to approach the historical and procedural reality.