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Foreword Preface Introduction 1 Islamic sects in contemporary Pakistan 2 Islam and sectarianism in the Indian sub-continent: an historical overview 3. Sectarianism, politics and the making of Pakistan, 1937-47 4. Sectarian conflict in the new state of Pakistan, 1947 - 1963 5. The Islamisation of Pakistan and sectarian conflict, 1963-1988 6. Sectarianism, proxy wars and global jihad : the Afghan-Soviet War, 1979-1989 7. Regional and local dimensions of sectarian conflicts in Pakistan 8. Contemporary sectarian violence in Pakistan: Islam in crisis 9. The future of sectarian conflict and prospects for peace Conclusion

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- 1. Hindrances to Modernity : Max Weber on Islam -- 2. The Institutionalization of Early Islamic Societies -- 3. Aspects of Islamization: Weber's Observations on Islam Reconsidered -- 4. Islamization in Late Medieval Bengal: The Relevance of Max Weber -- 5. Max Weber and the Patrimonial Empire in Islam: The Mughal Case -- 6. Paradise or Hell? The Religious Doctrine of Election in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Islamic Fundamentalism and Protestant Calvinism -- 7. Weber and Islamic Reform -- 8. Secularization, Weber, and Islam -- 9. Weber, Islamic Law, and the Rise of Capitalism -- 10. Weber and Islamic Sects -- 11. Weber's Analysis of Islam and the Specific Pattern of Islamic Civilization -- Bibliography -- Contributors -- Index

Many writers have associated contemporary manifestations of extremism with early Islamic sects, which is argued against in this article. The study employs critical analysis of available sources and argues for additional scrutiny. Our position is supported by detailed scrutiny of early sectarian contributions to the development of Islamic thought. We discovered remarkable limitations in the tracing of the roots to the early firaq (sects) due to a strong reliance on secondary sources muddled in the complexities of dogmatic polemics. Nonetheless, relevant historiography improved our view of what actually happened when nascent Muslims confronted humorless political and social problems. Rather than producing extremist deviants, early Islamic thought was exceedingly dynamic and governed by a pressing need to defend sound Islamic principles. Early Muslims sought answers to perennial issues and did much to stimulate subsequent Muslim philosophy and thought. Indeed, any negative understanding of this early legacy undermines the dignity of that era and people.

One of the more interesting phenomena in Islamic religious history is the development of the schools of law. This phenomenon has seldom failed to arouse ourinterest, though it has consistently eluded our understanding. The difficulty in grasping the significance of the schools of law is evidenced by vacillation in translating the termmadhhab. This term was first translated as 'sect,' then as 'rite' or 'school.' But a Sunni madhhab could not be a sect, since the term 'sect' is applied to a dissenting religious body, one that is heretical in the eyes of other members within the same communion. That is not the case with the Sunni madhhabs, all of which are regarded equally as orthodox. Nor is the term 'rite' an adequate one, since it applies to a division of the Christian church as determined by liturgy; and, unlike a transfer from one rite to another in Christianity, a transfer requiring certain formalities, the transfer in Islam is made from one madhhab to another without any formalities whatsoever. The term 'school,' for lack of a better term, is the most acceptable; it is the one that offers the least difficulty.

Following the toppling of Saddam Hussein, a Sunni-Arab leader, the United States has facilitated the rise to power of the Shiites in Iraq. This significant development raises questions regarding Washington's relations with the two dominant Islamic sects, Sunni and Shiite. The author examines American-Shiite relations in three settings: Iran, Iraq, and Lebanon. It argues that sectarianism does not drive U.S. policy in the Islamic world and that despite signs of rapprochement between the United States and the Shiites, the two sides still have long way to go before they can reach an understanding. Adapted from the source document.

Intro -- A Tribute to Hussein Ahmad Amin by his Brother, Galal Amin -- Hussein Amin: A Courageous Voice Calling for Reform -- Foreword to the Tenth Edition -- The Sorrowful Muslim's Guide -- Reflections on the Evolution of the Prophet's Biographies in the East and West -- Reflections on the Truth about Abū Lahab (the Judas of Banū Hāshim) -- The Role of Ahādīth (Traditions) Ascribed to the Prophet in the History of Islamic Societies -- Is Sufism Islamic? -- Reflections on the Status of the Awliyā' -- Political and Social Roots of Islamic Sects -- The Decline in the Position of the Clergy in the Eyes of Muslims -- The Chances of Successfully Establishing a Society Based on Islamic Principles -- The Awaited Mahdi in Contemporary Times -- A Plea for Religious Reform -- Index.

"Religious conflicts have increased interfaith suspicion between Christians and Muslims in Nigeria with each group being determined to outshine the other in the propagation of its religious beliefs. In fact, even Islamic sect Boko Haram was formed on the belief in the superiority of Islam as a monotheistic religion and with a divine mandate to purge Islam of Western influences. This paper examines the complex issues surrounding the advent of the Boko Haram sect in Nigeria. It argues that religious conflict in Nigeria results from the propagation of radicalized exegeses and the use of religious sentiments for gain political advantage. Government's failure to act decisively also accounts for religious conflict in Nigeria and the Boko Haram in particular. Keywords: Boko Haram, conflict, religion, ideology, violence, Islam."

"The first encyclopedia of Islamic political thought from the birth of Islam to today, this comprehensive, authoritative, and accessible reference provides the context needed for understanding contemporary politics in the Islamic world and beyond. With more than 400 alphabetically arranged entries written by an international team of specialists, the volume focuses on the origins and evolution of Islamic political ideas and related subjects, covering central terms, concepts, personalities, movements, places, and schools of thought across Islamic history. Fifteen major entries provide a synthetic treatment of key topics, such as Muhammad, jihad, authority, gender, culture, minorities, fundamentalism, and pluralism. Incorporating the latest scholarship, this is an indispensable resource for students, researchers, journalists, and anyone else seeking an informed perspective on the complex intersection of Islam and politics. Includes more than 400 concise, alphabetically arranged entries -- Features 15 in-depth entries on key topics -- Covers topics such as: Central themes and sources of Islamic political thought: caliph, modernity, knowledge, shari'a, government, revival and reform -- Modern concepts, institutions, movements, and parties: civil society, Islamization, secularism, veil, Muslim Brotherhood -- Islamic law and traditional Islamic societies: justice, taxation, fatwa, dissent, governance, piety and asceticism, trade and commerce -- Sects, schools, regions, and dynasties: Mu'tazilis, Shi'ism, Quraysh, Mecca and Medina, Baghdad, Indonesia, Nigeria, Central Asia, Ottomans -- Thinkers, personalities, and statesmen: Mawardi, Shafi'I, Saladin, Tamerlane, Akbar, Atatürk, Nasser, Khomeini -- Contains seven historical and contemporary maps of Muslim empires, postcolonial nation-states, populations, and settlements -- Guides readers to further research through bibliographies, cross-references, and an index."--Provided by publisher

The U.S. has been battling ISIS and its forerunners for over two decades; however, ISIS continues to endure and expand. While described as a death cult by some political leaders and other key stakeholders, this assertion received little consideration in the scholarly literature. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether ISIS satisfied the criteria of an apocalyptic Islamic cult through the application of a historical qualitative research design and meta-analysis. Based on the results, the null hypothesis that ISIS does not satisfy the criteria of an apocalyptic Islamic cult was rejected, and the hypothesis that ISIS satisfies the criteria of an apocalyptic Islamic cult was accepted. This outcome has significant implications regarding U.S. policy and how practitioners develop effective strategies to neutralize the threat.

Andalusian civilization was formed by a combination of complex societies consisting of Arabs, Berbers, Goths, Israelis, Africans, and Salsabes. Logically it is difficult for multi-ethnic communities to coexist peacefully. This social mosaic is a challenge when Islam entered Andalusia. That is because Islam was born in the Arabian Peninsula which has a different culture from Andalusia. Based on the problem of how the influence of Islamic and Muslim tolerance on freedom of religion, culture and thought in Andalusia and through literature study with a historical approach; data collection (heuristic), verification, interpretation and historiography, the authors get the conclusion that cultural assimilation has interacted with tolerance as an influence of Islamic teachings. The influence is not only limited to the development of teachings, but the life of the Andalusian people. For example the birth of the Moor and Mozarabic groups, the development of linguistics and politics. Another indication is the attitude of the Andalusian community and especially Muslims who tolerate religious schools, sects that are different from Islam. Andalusian people lived side by side peacefully for centuries. Educated Jewish and Christian communities are satisfied with their situation under Islamic hegemony and its laws.