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This paper explores the effects of religion and Islamic sects on bilateral trade activities by employing an extended version of the gravity model. A stratified sample of 33 countries for the average period 1996-99 is selected. Although gravity models have been extensively used in the literature, to the best of our knowledge, they have neither been used to examine the impact of Islamic sects on bilateral trade nor to estimate religion within a model that incorporates oil-exporting countries, culture, regional trading arrangements, and political freedomessential control variables for the specification of the model. Findings reveal that Muslim majority countries trade less than their Christian, Jewish, Buddhist, or other counterparts. In addition, when disaggregating the Muslim sample into Sunni and Shia sects, results show that Sunni majority countries trade more than their Shiite counterparts. Other results and policy implications are discussed.

1.: Tab'a 1. - 1992 = 1412 h. - 203 S. - ( ... ; 1).; 2.: Al-Masadir ad-durziya. (Dt.: Drusische Quellen.). - Tab'a 1. - 1992 = 1412 h. - 191,35 S. - ( ... ; 2)

Bâtinism is one of the remarkable subjects in terms of the meanings it contains. On one side of the medallion, there are those who consider themselves lucky because they rely on intuition, emotion and their chosen charismatic leaders in reaching information. On the other side, we see communities that are demonized and excluded because they challenge the absolutized beliefs of mainstream politico-religious societies and states. There are social, economic, political and religious reasons for their emergence. Undoubtedly, Yezidis are one of the most important esoteric sects that emerged in Islamic societies. While bâtinism is generally associated with Shia in Islamic societies, the identity of Yezidis is based on different foundations. The Yazidis, as they often prefer, have experienced an "ambiguous" process in the historical sense and have survived to the present day.

"This volume analyses the transformation of social sectarianism into political sectarianism across the Arab world. Using a framework of social theories and socio-historical analysis, the book distinguishes between 'ta'ifa', or 'sect', and modern 'ta'ifiyya', 'sectarianism', arguing that sectarianism itself produces 'imaginary sects'. It charts and explains the evolution of these phenomena and their development in Arab and Islamic history, as distinct from other concepts used to study religious groups within Western contexts.Bishara documents the role played by internal and external factors and rivalries among political elites in the formulation of sectarian identity, citing both historical and contemporary models. He contends that sectarianism does not derive from sect, but rather that sectarianism resurrects the sect in the collective consciousness and reproduces it as an imagined community under modern political and historical conditions. 'Sectarianism Without Sects' is a vital resource for engaging with the sectarian crisis in the Arab world. It provides a detailed historical background to the emergence of sect in the region, as well as a complex theoretical exploration of how social identities have assumed political significance in the struggle for power over the state"--From dust jacket

Cover -- Series Page -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- I: The Origins of Kalām -- II: Pharaonic History in Medieval Egypt -- III: Magian Cheese: An Archaic Problem in Islamic Law -- IV: Early Islamic Dietary Law -- V: 'Anan and Islam: The Origins of Karaite Scripturalism -- VI: Weber and Islamic Sects -- VII: The Heraclian Dynasty in Muslim Eschatology -- VIII: Eschatology and the Dating of Traditions -- IX: An Early Islamic Apocalyptic Chronicle -- X: The Opponents of the Writing of Tradition in Early Islam -- XI: Ibn Qutayba and the Monkeys -- XII: A Koranic Codex Inherited by Mālik from his Grandfather -- Index.

"Studying Muslim fundamentalisms, this book compares key movements, examining their commonalities, differences and intricate relations, as well as their achievements and failures. Muslim fundamentalisms have the sympathy of approximately half of the Muslim population in the world. Yet, they are divided among themselves and are in a constant state of controversy. The research dwells on the leading fundamentalist movements, such as the Muslim Brothers, Tablighi Jamaʻat, al-Qaeda, and ISIS, and illustrates how differently they think about the West and its culture, democracy, and women's presence in the public sphere. By identifying these trends, and studying them comparatively, the book enables the interested reader to make sense of the plethora of fundamentalist movements, which are otherwise lumped together by the media and are barely discernible for the reader. Whereas most studies of Muslim fundamentalism focus on organizational or militant actions that the movements perform, this study concentrates on their efforts to Islamize society through everyday life in a peaceful manner. Identifying the different strands of Muslim fundamentalisms, the book will be a key resource to a wide range of readers including researchers and students interested in politics, religious, Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies"--

Sociopolitical change, Islamic reform, and Sufism in West Africa -- Conflict and colonization: a new generation of Sufi reformers -- The construction of the Murid synthesis: perceptions of Amadu Bamba and Maam Cerno -- Translating the Murid mission: the founding of Darou mousty -- Symbiosis: colonization and Murid modernity -- Murid Taalibe: historical narratives and identity -- Conclusion: Murid historical identity