Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie japońskiego zjawiska zwanego kawaii, cechującego się silnym oddziaływaniem na całym świecie, szczególności w rozrywce, modzie oraz popkulturze. Kawaii jest przymiotnikiem oznaczającym "uroczy", "kochany", będącym znaczącym aspektem japońskiej kultury. Różnorakie japońskie postacie będące kawaii stały się popularne. Artykuł omawia znaczenie kawaii, jego genezę oraz przyczyny popularności.
This paper deals with the reality of political finance in Japan. In the text I describe how the election system influenced the process of creation of party system, especially segmentation of the Liberal-Democratic Party into factions. Consequences of this system include expensive election campaigns which in turn lead to close relationships between political parties and individual politicians and large, particularly corporate, donors. In effect the costs of election campaigns continue to increase and political parties, perpetually in need of money, constantly search for new donors. In this context it is not surprising that in Japan corruption is important problem. What is also important, however, is the fact that dysfunctional relationships between large, corporate donors and political parties were and are fundamental factors influencing economic policies of successive governments.
The article analyzes the actions of capitalist countries in the situation of the crisis, related to the Covid-19 pandemic, primarily the actions of the world's leading economic, powers (the United States, China, Japan, Germany, India). An attempt is made to find, the characteristics and motifs of these actions. On this basis, an assessment is made of the, adequacy of the definition of the capitalist state by Friedrich Engels as "the ideal collective, capitalist".
The paper aims to present the global determinants of the increased competitiveness of the European Union in the 21st century. Its detailed purpose was to determine the position of the European Union vis-à-vis the USA and Japan, to indicate the role of innovation and employment in the increased competitiveness of the EU, the position of the Common Agricultural Policy under the circumstances of increased competition, the increased importance of ser- vices, the position of the European Union as compared to the competitiveness of BRIC, and how the EU functions within WTO principles. The analysis of these research issues indicates that the European Union is facing a number of significant challenges in the early 21st century. Those related to the prices of goods and resources are particularly worth pointing out. They are closely, mutually related and concern political issues in the field of financial markets, de- velopment, trade, industry and external relations. ; The paper aims to present the global determinants of the increased competitiveness of the European Union in the 21st century. Its detailed purpose was to determine the position of the European Union vis-à-vis the USA and Japan, to indicate the role of innovation and employment in the increased competitiveness of the EU, the position of the Common Agricultural Policy under the circumstances of increased competition, the increased importance of ser- vices, the position of the European Union as compared to the competitiveness of BRIC, and how the EU functions within WTO principles. The analysis of these research issues indicates that the European Union is facing a number of significant challenges in the early 21st century. Those related to the prices of goods and resources are particularly worth pointing out. They are closely, mutually related and concern political issues in the field of financial markets, de- velopment, trade, industry and external relations.
Rated both positively and negatively, Shinzō Abe has achieved a lot as prime minister. He contributed to a new perception of Japan in the international arena. During the eight years of his rule in power, his administration carried out reforms aimed at better coordination of security policy, strengthened the position of the prime minister in this field, and increased the involvement of the SDF in ensuring security. They resulted primarily from changes taking place in its security environment: the development of North Korea's missile and nuclear program, the assertive attitude of the People's Republic of China, and an increase in arms spending and the intensification of Chinese military activity in the region (around the disputed Senkaku/Diaoyu islands and in the South China Sea). The article aims to analyze the changes in the security policy introduced during the rule of Shinzō Abe in the internal aspect.
Predomination of Liberal Democratic Party of Japan in the Party System – Selected AspectsThe Japanese party system, according to assumptions of Giovanni Sartori's classification, should be considered as the predominant-party system. Liberal Democratic Party is occupying a dominant position in this system. The LDP has been in power since 1955, except for a brief period in 1993 and 2009, when the party was deprived of power because of electoral defeats. In remaining elections, the party has been achieving victories and thanks to that the LDP gained an absolute majority in the parliament and could self-govern. The LDP should be considered as a conservative political power, realizing the neoliberal program in the economy. Among the reasons for the dominance of the party, particular attention should be paid to the fact that it bases on the rural electorate and that the electoral system works to its advantage
Terrorism is defined as use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to indulge fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, social or religious. Bioterrorism is terrorism by intentional release or dissemination of biological agents, mainly bacteria or viruses. Use of biological weapons is attractive from the terrorists' point of view because of low production costs, major range and easiness of transmission. The first mention of the use of primitive biological weapons date back to the 6th century. Use of plague-infested corpses as offensive means in the 14th century caused a spread of bubonic plague through the whole Europe. The biggest development of biological weapons took place in the interwar period and in the cold war era. Biological weapon trails and research were conducted by super powers such as USSR, UK, USA and Japan. At the beginning of the 20th century a new form of bioterrorism occurred, which put humanity in the face of a terrifying threat.
Artykuł poświęcony jest genezie, strukturze i obecnemu potencjałowi Europejskiej Agencji Kosmicznej. Struktura ta konsoliduje projekty państw europejskich, dotyczące badania przestrzeni kosmicznej. W ostatnich latach ESA podejmowała liczne projekty naukowo-badawcze. Mimo potężnego zaplecza, jakim jest europejska gospodarka, ESA ma jednak znacznie mniejsze możliwości niż jej główna konkurentka – amerykańska NASA. Badania kosmosu, prowadzone przez ESA często mają charakter uzupełniający i pomocniczy wobec planów NASA. Silnymi konkurentami dla ESA są też agencje kosmiczne innych państw – Rosji, Chin czy Japonii. ; The article is devoted to the genesis, structure and present potential of the European Space Agency. This structure consolidates the projects of European countries related to the exploration of space. In recent years, ESA has undertaken numerous scientific and research projects. Despite the powerful base, which is the European economy, ESA has much less opportunities than its main competitor – the American NASA. Space research conducted by ESA is often complementary and auxiliary to NASA's plans. Space agencies from other countries – Russia, China and Japan – are also strong competitors for ESA.
Artykuł poświęcony jest genezie, strukturze i obecnemu potencjałowi Europejskiej Agencji Kosmicznej. Struktura ta konsoliduje projekty państw europejskich, dotyczące badania przestrzeni kosmicznej. W ostatnich latach ESA podejmowała liczne projekty naukowo-badawcze. Mimo potężnego zaplecza, jakim jest europejska gospodarka, ESA ma jednak znacznie mniejsze możliwości niż jej główna konkurentka – amerykańska NASA. Badania kosmosu, prowadzone przez ESA często mają charakter uzupełniający i pomocniczy wobec planów NASA. Silnymi konkurentami dla ESA są też agencje kosmiczne innych państw – Rosji, Chin czy Japonii. ; The article is devoted to the genesis, structure and present potential of the European Space Agency. This structure consolidates the projects of European countries related to the exploration of space. In recent years, ESA has undertaken numerous scientific and research projects. Despite the powerful base, which is the European economy, ESA has much less opportunities than its main competitor – the American NASA. Space research conducted by ESA is often complementary and auxiliary to NASA's plans. Space agencies from other countries – Russia, China and Japan – are also strong competitors for ESA.