Suchergebnisse

The relevance of the research topic is not in doubt both theoretically and practically, in particular to clarify some theoretical provisions and develop practical proposals affecting the electoral process in the ICC and ICJ. As concerns about the conduct of judges of the ICC in the judiciary and beyond have grown, more attention is being paid to the election of ICC judges and how to improve this process. ICC judges play an important role in ensuring the long-term health of the institution: they manage its work well, create timely and authoritative judicial practice and give a general idea of the mission and goals. Without a proper process for the appointment and election of judges, the ICC as an institution will suffer. The hypothesis: the politicization in the ICC and ICJ electoral process leads to an increase in the number of incompetent judges, a distortion of fundamental human rights, a distortion of the judicial process, and question its fairness and objectivity. The object of study is the ICC and ICJ electoral system. The subject of the study is the particularities of the international legal regulation of the electoral activities of ICC and ICJ. The aim of this work is to consider and analyse the problems that arise in the ICC and ICJ election system, as well as to find recommendations for solving them. Tasks of this work is to analyse the system of international criminal judiciary and the procedure for the election of ICC and ICJ judges, also to determine the characteristics of some of the few nominated candidates and to identify shortcomings occurring during the ICC and ICJ election process. As the methodological basis of the study are logical and legal, comparative - legal, system - structural, theoretical modelling, some other methods. In the process of writing, the achievements of the science of international, criminal, criminal procedure law were applied. The practical significance of the study is the possibility of using the results of the work to develop criteria for the election of judges in the ICC and ICJ. The literature under consideration and other sources of information that are devoted to the issue of elections to the ICC and ICJ examine both the legal and political sides of the issue. At the same time, there is a comprehensive analysis of the election procedure, which can reflect the problems present. From which it follows that openly available literature allows us to consider and analyse the development of this institution, its election system and the problems of this issue.

The relevance of the research topic is not in doubt both theoretically and practically, in particular to clarify some theoretical provisions and develop practical proposals affecting the electoral process in the ICC and ICJ. As concerns about the conduct of judges of the ICC in the judiciary and beyond have grown, more attention is being paid to the election of ICC judges and how to improve this process. ICC judges play an important role in ensuring the long-term health of the institution: they manage its work well, create timely and authoritative judicial practice and give a general idea of the mission and goals. Without a proper process for the appointment and election of judges, the ICC as an institution will suffer. The hypothesis: the politicization in the ICC and ICJ electoral process leads to an increase in the number of incompetent judges, a distortion of fundamental human rights, a distortion of the judicial process, and question its fairness and objectivity. The object of study is the ICC and ICJ electoral system. The subject of the study is the particularities of the international legal regulation of the electoral activities of ICC and ICJ. The aim of this work is to consider and analyse the problems that arise in the ICC and ICJ election system, as well as to find recommendations for solving them. Tasks of this work is to analyse the system of international criminal judiciary and the procedure for the election of ICC and ICJ judges, also to determine the characteristics of some of the few nominated candidates and to identify shortcomings occurring during the ICC and ICJ election process. As the methodological basis of the study are logical and legal, comparative - legal, system - structural, theoretical modelling, some other methods. In the process of writing, the achievements of the science of international, criminal, criminal procedure law were applied. The practical significance of the study is the possibility of using the results of the work to develop criteria for the election of judges in the ICC and ICJ. The literature under consideration and other sources of information that are devoted to the issue of elections to the ICC and ICJ examine both the legal and political sides of the issue. At the same time, there is a comprehensive analysis of the election procedure, which can reflect the problems present. From which it follows that openly available literature allows us to consider and analyse the development of this institution, its election system and the problems of this issue.

Despite the relevance of judicial services for the operation of government and society as a whole, the provision of this service in Brazil has almost no received interest from public administration scholars. In this essay we discuss the judicial services based on the co-production concept, the management models and the mechanisms of user's participation. The purpose of this article is to encourage the co-production of judicial services in Brazil. The work shows how some judicial services are co-produced and how this process could be improved based on the role of judges and managers. Therefore, we offer a set of theoretical propositions to be tested empirically in future studies. We provide conceptual tools to assist researchers in the description, evaluation and prediction of different modes of coproduction of judicial services. In addition, we reinforce with managers and members of the Judiciary the importance of strategically considering the experience and participation of users in the production and delivery of services. ; A pesar de la relevancia de los servicios judiciales para el funcionamiento del gobierno y la sociedad como un todo, una prestación de este tipo de servicio no Brasil prácticamente no recibió interés por parte de los estudiosos de la administración pública. Discutimos no presente ensaio los servicios judiciales con base no concepto de coproducción, nos modelos de gestión y nos mecanismos de participación de usuarios y prestadores de servicios. El objetivo del artículo es incentivar la coproducción de servicios judiciales en Brasil. O trabalho muestra como algunos servicios judiciales son coproduzidos, y como esta coproducción está relacionada con el papel de juicios y gestores. Para tanto, se ha propuesto un conjunto de propuestas teóricas y se ha probado empíricamente en estudios futuros. El trabajo ofrece herramientas para los investigadores auxiliares en la descripción, la evaluación y la preimpresión de los diferentes modos de coproducción de los servicios judiciales. Además, los gestores y los miembros del sistema judicial están alertados de la importancia de considerar estratégicamente la experiencia y participación de los usuarios en la producción y entrega de los servicios. ; Apesar da relevância dos serviços judiciários para o funcionamento do governo e da sociedade como um todo, a prestação desse tipo de serviço no Brasil praticamente não tem recebido interesse por parte de estudiosos da administração pública. Neste ensaio, discutimos os serviços judiciários com base no conceito de coprodução, nos modelos de gestão e nos mecanismos de participação de usuários e prestadores dos serviços. O objetivo do artigo é incentivar a coprodução dos serviços judiciários no Brasil. A pesquisa mostra como alguns serviços judiciários são coproduzidos e como esse processo poderia ser aprimorado com base no papel de juízes e gestores. Para tanto, oferecemos um conjunto de proposições teóricas a ser testado empiricamente em estudos futuros. Fornecemos ferramentas conceituais para auxiliar pesquisadores na descrição, avaliação e predição dos diferentes modos de coprodução de serviços judiciários. Além disso, reforçamos junto a gestores e membros do Judiciário a importância de considerar estrategicamente a experiência e a participação dos usuários na produção e na entrega dos serviços.

THIS ARTICLE EXAMINES THE MOBILIZATION OF LAW AS A METHOD OF POPULAR PARTICIPATION IN JUDICIAL DECISION MAKING. THE AUTHOR DIFFERENTIATES BETWEEN REACTIVE AND PROACTIVE APPROACHES, CHARACTERIZING THE FIRST AS PARTICIPATORY AND THE LATTER AS REPRESENTATIVE OR REPUBLICAN. SHE EXPLORES THESE MODES OF LEGAL ACTION IN THE CONTEXT OF INSTITUTIONS THAT PROVIDE COUNSEL TO THE POOR, SEARCHING FOR A STRUCTURE THAT BEST COMBINES RESPONSIVENESS TO THE NEEDS OF THE POOR WITH PLANNED LEGAL CHANGE.

УДК 340.158The subject. Features of the organization of justice and the quality of procedural law enforcement in the USSR in the 1930s.The purpose. The determination of historical patterns of judicial enforcement in the USSR in the 1930s and the identification of the causes of the ineffectiveness of the proceedings in this period.Methodology. The author uses historical legal method, formal legal interpretation of statutes, the method of analysis of judicial statistics.Results, scope of application. After the criminal law campaigns of the early 1930s the judg-ment in the Soviet Union was in a disturbed condition. The Soviet civil process was almost absolutely eliminated. Tens thousands materials of court cases were lost throughout the Union every year. The courts were extremely busy.The courts used accusatory approach. The petitions of the accused were almost never solved. Prisoners were not handed copies of the indictments.During the terror of the old evils of the judicial system worsened, the destruction of the judicial process began. The timeframe for completing cases increased. Almost half of criminal cases in case of complaint (appeal) has been revised by the higher courts. The courts again applied the simplified procedure.At the end of the 1930s the procedural regulation of the judicial work was the duty of People's Commissariat of Justice of the USSR and of the Supreme Court of the USSR. USSR Supreme Court continued to take decisions in litigation in the plenums. The Boards of Su-preme Court examines cases influencing law of practice.The quality of judgment by the Supreme Courts of the Republics of Soviet Union in the late 1930s did not change significantly in comparison with the previous period. This was due to constant staff turnover and low level of qualification of judges. The Supreme Courts of the Republics had no Plenum, so they could influence law of practice by the rulings of of the Boards. These rulings were extremely ignorant in many republics. The low quality of staff in the regional courts led to numerous errors.The role of statistics in assessing the quality of the judiciary increased.One of the reasons for the ineffectiveness of the proceedings can be considered as bad organization of work of the courts. So, due to the negligence of secretaries, in some regions up to 50 % of the cases appointed for consideration were sabotaged. Low qualification of judges often led to comical or controversial resolution of cases.Conclusions. Timid attempts of the Supreme bodies of justice to rehabilitate civil and criminal proceedings in the mid 1930s were frustrated during the campaign of the Great Terror in 1936-1938 years. The cycle of rule of law (1933-1936) was replaced by a new cycle of lawlessness. Since 1938 the authorities began to make efforts to restore normal proceedings.The authors distinguish the following main reasons of inefficient work of judicial bodies of the USSR in 1930s: the low qualification of the judges, the dependence of courts on local and Central government, the inability to normally perform some judicial acts, not satisfactory logistical support of court activities, the noisy and senseless political campaigns, unleashed by Stalin. ; УДК 340.158Статья раскрывает историю применения процессуальных норм в СССР в 30-е гг. ХХ в. Рассматривается общая динамика судопроизводства в СССР. Объясняются основные причины проблем, возникающих при применении гражданского и уголовного процесса.

The purpose of the article is to research the process of constitutionalization of associative relations between Ukraine and European Union. The authors distinguish and reveal two significant aspects of this process: meaningful and implementing. It is determined that the meaningful constitutionalization by its essence is the constitutional modernization, where the meaningful updation of the Constitutional provisions is being made in order to form the constitutional pillars for further democratization of social and political life in Ukraine, the approximation of the national political and legal system in accordance with the European values and principles, the improvement of the internal legal framework. The implementing aspect of constitutionalization means the purposeful formation of constitutional preconditions for the implementation of Association Agreement's provisions to the national legal system. The authors stipulate that the fulfillment of both meaningful and implementing constitutionalization of Ukraine's association with EU shall be implemented mainly by incorporating of this process directly into the context of the constitutional reform in Ukraine. The article analyzes the organizational and legal measures aimed at the realization by Ukraine of its European integration purpose and determines that such measures should be carried out by three fundamental directions. Such tendencies include: 1) reformation of the meaningful and implementing principles of the Fundamental Law of Ukraine in order to ensure the constitutional support of this process; 2) concretization and detalization of the constitutional norms and principles in legislation (primarily, in those legislative and bylaws that refer to the harmonization of national law with EU law); 3) legal and law enforcement activity of national public authorities, and especially judicial bodies of constitutional and general jurisdiction, in order to ensure the implementation of Association Agreement's provisions. The special attention is paid to certain problems of the reformation of Constitution of Ukraine ensuring the European integration. The authors express the critical reservations related to the amendments to the Constitution with the provisions of strategic orientation of Ukraine for the long term perspective. The authors conclude that the implementation of constitutional reform and the establishment of associative relations with the EU are two interrelated processes. Therefore, only a high-level synchronization of measures carried out within these areas, the determination of their priorities, the coordination and concordance of current tasks will allow to develop a comprehensive strategy of a constitutional reform and provide a holistic nature to constitutional transformations. ; Метою даної статті є дослідження процесу конституціоналізації асоціативних відносин між Україною та Європейським Союзом. Автори виокремлюють та розкривають два основні аспекти цього процесу: змістовний та імплементаційний. Визначається, що змістовна конституціоналізація по своїй суті є конституційною модернізацією, у ході якої відбувається змістовне оновлення положень Конституції з метою формування конституційних засад для подальшої демократизації суспільно-політичного життя в Україні, наближення національної політико-правової системи до європейських цінностей та принципів, удосконалення внутрішньодержавної законодавчої бази. Імплементаційний аспект конституціоналізації полягає у цілеспрямованому формуванні конституційних передумов для імплементації положень Угоди про асоціацію до національної системи права. Автори вважають, що здійснення як змістовної, так і імплементаційної конституціоналізації асоціації України з ЄС можна реалізувати лише шляхом включення даного процесу безпосередньо у контексті конституційної реформи в Україні. У статті проаналізовано заходи організаційно-правового характеру, спрямовані на реалізацію мети європейської інтеграції України і визначено, що такі заходи мають здійснюватися за трьома основними напрямами: 1) реформування змістовних та імплементаційних засад Основного закону України для забезпечення конституційного супроводу цього процесу; 2) конкретизація та деталізація конституційних норм і принципів у законодавстві (передусім у тих законодавчих та підзаконних нормативно-правових актах, які спрямовані на гармонізацію національного права з правом ЄС); 3) правотлумачна та правозастосовна діяльність національних органів державної влади, і особливо судових органів конституційної та загальної юрисдикції, для забезпечення реалізації положень Угоди про асоціацію. Звертається увага на певні проблеми реформування Конституції України у зв'язку із забезпеченням європейської інтеграції та висловлюються критичні застереження, пов'язані з доповненням Конституції положеннями щодо стратегічного курсу України на довготривалу перспективу. Автори роблять висновок про те, що проведення конституційної реформи та встановлення асоціативних відносин із ЄС є двома взаємопов'язаними процесами і тому лише максимальна синхронізація здійснюваних у межах цих напрямків заходів, визначення їх пріоритетів, координація та узгодження поточних завдань дозволять розробити комплексну стратегію конституційного реформування та нададуть конституційним перетворенням цілісного характеру.

The purpose of the article is to research the process of constitutionalization of associative relations between Ukraine and European Union. The authors distinguish and reveal two significant aspects of this process: meaningful and implementing. It is determined that the meaningful constitutionalization by its essence is the constitutional modernization, where the meaningful updation of the Constitutional provisions is being made in order to form the constitutional pillars for further democratization of social and political life in Ukraine, the approximation of the national political and legal system in accordance with the European values and principles, the improvement of the internal legal framework. The implementing aspect of constitutionalization means the purposeful formation of constitutional preconditions for the implementation of Association Agreement's provisions to the national legal system. The authors stipulate that the fulfillment of both meaningful and implementing constitutionalization of Ukraine's association with EU shall be implemented mainly by incorporating of this process directly into the context of the constitutional reform in Ukraine. The article analyzes the organizational and legal measures aimed at the realization by Ukraine of its European integration purpose and determines that such measures should be carried out by three fundamental directions. Such tendencies include: 1) reformation of the meaningful and implementing principles of the Fundamental Law of Ukraine in order to ensure the constitutional support of this process; 2) concretization and detalization of the constitutional norms and principles in legislation (primarily, in those legislative and bylaws that refer to the harmonization of national law with EU law); 3) legal and law enforcement activity of national public authorities, and especially judicial bodies of constitutional and general jurisdiction, in order to ensure the implementation of Association Agreement's provisions. The special attention is paid to certain problems of the reformation of Constitution of Ukraine ensuring the European integration. The authors express the critical reservations related to the amendments to the Constitution with the provisions of strategic orientation of Ukraine for the long term perspective. The authors conclude that the implementation of constitutional reform and the establishment of associative relations with the EU are two interrelated processes. Therefore, only a high-level synchronization of measures carried out within these areas, the determination of their priorities, the coordination and concordance of current tasks will allow to develop a comprehensive strategy of a constitutional reform and provide a holistic nature to constitutional transformations. ; Метою даної статті є дослідження процесу конституціоналізації асоціативних відносин між Україною та Європейським Союзом. Автори виокремлюють та розкривають два основні аспекти цього процесу: змістовний та імплементаційний. Визначається, що змістовна конституціоналізація по своїй суті є конституційною модернізацією, у ході якої відбувається змістовне оновлення положень Конституції з метою формування конституційних засад для подальшої демократизації суспільно-політичного життя в Україні, наближення національної політико-правової системи до європейських цінностей та принципів, удосконалення внутрішньодержавної законодавчої бази. Імплементаційний аспект конституціоналізації полягає у цілеспрямованому формуванні конституційних передумов для імплементації положень Угоди про асоціацію до національної системи права. Автори вважають, що здійснення як змістовної, так і імплементаційної конституціоналізації асоціації України з ЄС можна реалізувати лише шляхом включення даного процесу безпосередньо у контексті конституційної реформи в Україні. У статті проаналізовано заходи організаційно-правового характеру, спрямовані на реалізацію мети європейської інтеграції України і визначено, що такі заходи мають здійснюватися за трьома основними напрямами: 1) реформування змістовних та імплементаційних засад Основного закону України для забезпечення конституційного супроводу цього процесу; 2) конкретизація та деталізація конституційних норм і принципів у законодавстві (передусім у тих законодавчих та підзаконних нормативно-правових актах, які спрямовані на гармонізацію національного права з правом ЄС); 3) правотлумачна та правозастосовна діяльність національних органів державної влади, і особливо судових органів конституційної та загальної юрисдикції, для забезпечення реалізації положень Угоди про асоціацію. Звертається увага на певні проблеми реформування Конституції України у зв'язку із забезпеченням європейської інтеграції та висловлюються критичні застереження, пов'язані з доповненням Конституції положеннями щодо стратегічного курсу України на довготривалу перспективу. Автори роблять висновок про те, що проведення конституційної реформи та встановлення асоціативних відносин із ЄС є двома взаємопов'язаними процесами і тому лише максимальна синхронізація здійснюваних у межах цих напрямків заходів, визначення їх пріоритетів, координація та узгодження поточних завдань дозволять розробити комплексну стратегію конституційного реформування та нададуть конституційним перетворенням цілісного характеру.

AbstractPre-trial institution is a new institution which is regulated in the law no.8 of 1981 on the criminal procedure law abbreviated KUHAP (Books of Criminal Procedure Code). Then in accordance with the development of society and the development of criminal law, the constitutional court of the Repblik of Indonesia in its decision no. 21/PUU-XII/2014 dated October 30, 2014, has expanded the understanding of the pre-trialset forth in article 1 point 10 and article 77 of the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP). However, in its journey from pre-trial institutions has not fulfilled the hope of justice seekers, especially for victims of crime or those who feel aggrieved due to the crime itself. Considering that many pre-trial applications rejected by pre-trial judges imndicate thet pre-trial institutions' arrangements in legislation, especially the Criminal Procedure Code, have not been sufficiently effective and efficient, implying that pre-trial institutions are only to stall the time of the judicial process or to avoid the judicial process which inturn pre-petition in still rejectedby the judge as the case of former chairman of the House of Representatives, Setya Novanto. Likewise for criminal acts that can not be disclosed by the investigator, so many criminal act that can not be revealed by the investigator or the process in long-winded and protracted, thus harming the victim of a criminal act or the party who feel harmed due to the crime is due to experience prolonged injustice like KPK investigator case, Novel Baswedan. Keywords : pre-trial, vonis, constitutional court AbstrakLembaga pra peradilan merupakan lembaga yang baru yang diatur didalam undang-undang no. 8 tahun 1981 tentang hukum acara pidana yang disingkat KUHAP (Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Acara Pidana). Kemudian sesuai dengan perkembangan masyarakat dan perkembangan hukum pidana, Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia dalam putusannya no. 21/PUU-XII/2014 tanggal 30 Oktober 2014, telah memperluas pengertian dari pada pra peradilan yang diatur dalam pasal 1 angka 10 dan pasal 77 KUHAP. Namun didalam perjalanannya dari lembaga pra-peradilan tersebut belum memenuhi harapan pencari keadilan terutama bagi korban tindak pidana atau pihak yang merasa dirugikan akibat tindak pidana itu sendiri. Mengingat banyak nya permohonan pra peradilan yang ditolak oleh hakim pra peradilan menunjukkan bahwa pengaturan lembaga pra peradilan didalam peraturan perundang-udangan terutama KUHAP, belum cukup efektif dan efisien, sehingga terkesan lembaga pra peradilan hanya untuk mengulur-ulur waktu dari proses peradilan pidana atau untuk menghindar dari proses peradilan yang pada gilirannya permohonan pra peradilan tersebut tetap ditolak oleh hakim seperti kasus mantan ketua DPR RI, Setya Novanto. Begitu pula bagi tindak pidana yang tidak bisa diungkap oleh penyidik, begitu banyak tindak pidana yang tidak bisa diungkap oleh penyidik atau prosesnya yang bertele-tele dan berlarut-larut, sehingga merugikan korban atau pihak yang dirugikan akibat tindak pidana tersebut yang mengalami ketidak adilan yang berkepanjangan seperti kasus penyidik KPK, Novel Baswedan. Kata kunci : praperadilan, putusan, mahkamah konstitusi

Currently, alternative methods of dispute resolution are increasingly being developed, their specific forms of conflict resolution of different tones and hybrid forms of resolution of several different issues are also emerging. This article examines scientific-theoretical approaches as well as international and foreign legislation practices to reveal the importance and special features of such settlement as arbitration and mediation as one of the alternative forms of dispute resolution. In particular, the process of carrying out the conciliation process of such countries as China, Korea and India from Asian countries, the Russian Federation from the CIS countries, Germany, Hungary and Ireland from the European Union as well as Australia and Brazil will be analyzed comparatively by studying their similarities and different aspects

The article "Information Security of Foreign Investments Process in the System of General Investment Security of Ukraine" substantiates the necessity and importance of providing informational security of foreign investments in Ukraine in order to increase the attractiveness of the investment climate for foreign capital and enhance the overall level of investment security of Ukraine.The last decades are marked by the rapid formation and development of the information society in Ukraine and the global information space, the widespread use of information and communication technologies in all spheres of life. Such processes have both advantages and disadvantages.It is important to recognize that over the past five years Ukraine has been able to significantly improve its level of information security. However, in many aspects of socio-political and economic life, negative phenomena continue to emerge that pose real and potential threats to the information security of Ukrainian citizens, society and the state. Understanding the fact that information space, information resources, information infrastructure and information technologies also greatly influence the level and pace of socio-economic, scientific, technical and cultural development of our country, implementation of information security measures will not only be a guarantee for effective implementation of socio-political and economic reforms, but also the practical implementation of Ukraine's national security strategy.One of the main priorities of economic reforms in Ukraine is to increase the investment potential of the national economy and use it to develop the internal market - a task that the Ukrainian government plans to solve in the next 5 years. Therefore, when approaching the issues of investments systematically, in the situation of increasing volumes and increasing the rate of foreign direct investment, it is also necessary to take into account the investment security of Ukraine as a whole, which information security of investments is a component of.The existing diversity of investment security interpretations was systematized at the legislative level and was first reflected in the Methodology for calculating the level of economic security of Ukraine, developed by the Ministry of Economy, and then became definitive in the Methodological recommendations for calculating the level of economic security of Ukraine, approved by the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine. The document also significantly improved the existing methodology for assessing the investment security of our country, supplementing the existing list with more informative indicators of the country's investment security.Regarding the state and tendencies of foreign direct investment inflows into the domestic market, they indicate a number of trends that allow us to confirm a certain mismatch between the volumes and directions of investing and the strategic needs of our country. Unfortunately, foreign investors often prefer industries with rapid turnover of capital (trade, intermediation, financial sector) and almost completely ignore the high-tech ones, which are a prerequisite for ensuring expanded reproduction and solving the modernization problems of the domestic economy.Analysis of the dynamics and structure of foreign investment is an important information supplement to the indicator of the general level of investment security of the state. This indicator, unfortunately, indicates that the vast majority of indicators are only within the critical level. The reasons for this state of investment security are the Ukrainian-Russian war, an unreformed economy with a significant level of monopoly power in all key sectors, an under-reformed judicial system and, therefore, a naturally low attractiveness of the investment climate.However, even when these negative factors are eliminated, the impetus for attracting foreign direct investment must be ensured by information security of investments. Its strengthening will be influenced not only by the creation of clear and secure legal mechanisms for the preservation of commercial information of a foreign investor and the protection of his property rights. Foreign investor security will also be determined by the availability of detailed information on the investment climate in Ukraine and its regions.A systematic approach to the formation of key parameters of the investment security of Ukraine will require active involvement in the process of state authorities and local self-government, which today have all the necessary tools to motivate foreign investors to open new businesses in our country and to form in them a real feeling of information security of their investments.Keywords: investment, foreign investment, information, information security, investment security, investment and innovation ; У статті «Інформаційна безпека іноземного інвестування в системі загальної інвестиційної безпеки України» обґрунтовується необхідність та важливість забезпечення в Україні інформаційної безпеки іноземних інвестицій з метою збільшення привабливості інвестиційного клімату для іноземного капіталу та посилення загального рівня інвестиційної безпеки України.Ключові слова: інвестиції, іноземне інвестування, інформація, інформаційна безпека, інвестиційна безпека, інвестиційно-інноваційна безпека.

En vigencia de las medidas sanitarias adoptadas por el gobierno colombiano para evitar el contagio y expansión del virus COVID-19, fue preciso suspender la función pública de administrar justicia. Sin embargo, por su carácter de esencial, tal servicio público no podía dejar de funcionar indefinidamente ya que comprometía la vigencia de otros derechos. Así las cosas, el legislador extraordinario colombiano expidió el Decreto Legislativo 806 de 2020 con el fin de prestar el servicio público en comento, pero a través de la utilización de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación, de suerte que garantizara la vida y salud de los funcionarios judiciales, usuarios y demás intervinientes del proceso judicial, en la medida en que relegó a la excepcionalidad la presencia física en él. Al ser la virtualidad una novedad procesal en Colombia, amerita un análisis de la norma jurídica que le dio vida a partir del principio de oralidad y del derecho fundamental de acceso a la justicia, el cual se toma, entonces, en el objetivo central de la presente monografía. ; In force of the health measures adopted by the Colombian govemment to prevent the spread and spread of the COVID-19 virus, it was necessary to suspend the public function of administering justice. However, dueto its essential nature, such public service could not cease to function indefinitely since it compromised the validity of other rights. Thus, the extraordinary Colombian legislator issued Legislative Decree 806 of 2020 in order to provide the public service in question, but through the use ofinformation and communication technologies, in such a way as to guarantee the life and health ofjudicial officials, users and other participants in the judicial process, to the extent that it relegated the physical presence in it to exceptionality. As virtuality is a procedural novelty in Colombia, it merits an analysis ofthe legal norm that gave it life from the principie of orality and the fundamental right of access to justice, which then becomes the central objective ofthe present monograph. ; Magíster en Justicia y Tutela de los Derechos con énfasis en Derecho Procesal ; Maestría

In article we'we analyzed legal acts, which are the legal basic for solvency renewal or declaring bankruptcy of individual entrepreneur. Among these acts we include the following ones: Civil Code of Ukraine, the Commercial Code of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine "On solvency renewal or bankrupt declaring of debtor", and the Draft Code of Ukraine on Bankruptcy Procedurs, which will determine the legal basis for individual entrepreneur bankruptcy in the near future, after its adoption by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine.There is the increasing focus on unequal judicial practice, which was caused by inadequate of legal basis of the individual entrepreneur bankruptcy.The current and forward-looking solvency renewal or declaring bankruptcy of individual entrepreneur legislation were compared. The common and distinctive features of them were also emphasized.There is issue of judicial process specification of solvency renewal or declaring bankruptcy of individual entrepreneur, the initiation of such proceedings and the issue of features as to the basic for the proceeding in such cases.Based of the problematic issues, directions for improvement the legal basis of solvency renewal or declaring bankruptcy individual entrepreneur were proposed.To such directions is assigned: determination of the possibility of application in bankruptcy cases of individualsentrepreneurs of judicial procedures for the disposal of property and sanation; clarification of the provisions on the possibility of initiating a bankruptcy case for an individual entrepreneur also on the initiative of creditors; specification of the grounds for opening bankruptcy proceedings of individual entrepreneurs as separate subjects of management.In order to implement these directions, the author proposes to introduce amendments to the Draft Code of Ukraine on Bankruptcy Procedurs after it enters into force. ; У статті проведено аналіз правової основи відновлення платоспроможності або визнання банкрутом фізичної особи-підприємця.Звертається увага на неоднакову судову практику, яка зумовлена недосконалістю правової основи банкрутства фізичної особи-підприємця. Проведено порівняльний аналіз чинного та перспективного законодавства щодо відновлення платоспроможності або визнання банкрутом фізичної особи-підприємця.На підставі виявлених проблемних питань запропоновано напрями вдосконалення правової основи відновлення платоспроможності або визнання банкрутом фізичної особи-підприємця.

South Africa has a very long history of gun violence, particularly politically motivated. The politically motivated gun violence did subside after 1994, however there was an increase in criminal gun violence. In 2004 Dr Liebenberg from the University of Cape Town conducted a study on the victimology and investigative outcomes of firearm deaths of 1999 in the Salt River Medico - Legal Laboratory drainage area. There were some compelling results, including a remarkably low conviction rate of 7.21%. In 2000 new legislation was enacted, which is the Firearms Control Act (1) of 2000 and from 2001 to 2005 there was a 13.6% decrease in firearm homicides which was consistent after the introduction of the new act, likely due to the decrease in the number of firearms in circulation. Because of the changes in firearm legislation and reported crime rates, it was decided to conduct a follow - up study one decade later, looking at the investigative outcomes of firearm deaths to see whether the decreased contribution of firearms in homicides and crime made an impact on the investigative and judicial process of the Salt River Medico - Legal Laboratory cases. In 2009 there were 281 firearm deaths investigated at Salt River Medico - Legal Laboratory as opposed to 532 in 1999. In 1999, 89.29% of firearm deaths were due to homicide as opposed to 86.12% in 2009. In 1999 the majority of firearm homicide victims were Black and Coloured males between the ages of 21 and 30 years, this is similar to what is seen in 2009, however there were fewer Coloured victims in 2009. In both years homicides occurred more often on weekends, at night time. In 1999 there were peaks in May and then from October through to December. In 2009 however, the peaks were in March, May and August. One might thin k that with such a large decrease in the number of firearm deaths (not considering other crime trends), the criminal justice system might have fewer cases to investigate and prosecute and that the investigative outcomes (particularly conviction rate) of th ese cases might improve. Even though there was a significant drop in the number of firearm deaths in 2009, there has been no improvement in the conviction rate, with 2009 having a rate of 5.69%. The number of cases still being investigated was also similar at 104 cases (37.01%) for 2009 versus 182 cases (34.54%) for 1999. In 2009 only 58 (20.64%) cases completed the judicial process by 2014, which includes the 16 cases (5.69%) that ended in a guilty verdict, 18 (6.41%) cases where a suspect was acquitted (not guilty) and also 24 (8.54%) cases that were withdrawn in court. Of the 281 cases for 2009, 10 (3.56%) were still in court, which was significantly less than the 59 (11.20%) cases in 1999. From 2009 there were 87 cases that reached an impasse (30.96%) by 2014, as opposed to the 114 (21.63%) cases from 1999 by 2004, which is a statistically significant difference.

Superintending Democracy is a very fine collection of articles about the role of the judicial branch and our electoral system. It is an especially timely book in view of the Supreme Court's ruling in Bush v. Gore. However, the book does not focus on that one decision. Rather, the articles run the gamut and cover all the times the courts and electoral politics intertwine.

The article is devoted to historical and legal analysis of the organization and activity of judicial bodies in Galicia in the composition of Austria and Austro-Hungary (1772–1918). The activities of gentry, church and city courts in the first years of the Austrian authorities in Galicia are characterized. The main attention is paid to the analysis of the organization of county district courts as well as the Highest district court in Lviv in the composition of Austria and Austria-Hungary.It is noted that the district court in Lviv consisted of the following departments: management of civil court deposits, the court office, the management of soil books, the management of prisons, the sanitary service, priests, court interpreters, chemists, lustrators, land surveyors, appraisers of land estates, buildings with industrial facilities, buildings in Lviv, examination in matters of print and publishing, notaries and the notary chamber in Lviv, lawyers and the chamber of lawyers in Lviv. Other county courts as well as District court in Chernivtsi did not differ significantly from Lviv district court. The county court in Sambir extended its jurisdiction over «mountain» cases to the Sambir, Syanotsky, Przemysl, Stryi, Lviv and Zhovkva regions. At the same time, there were doctors, notaries, trade senators, appraisers of estates, appraisers of mines, earthmover, translator, appraisers of houses and urban areas, appraisers of haberdashery and «Nuremberg» goods, appraisers of joiner's products and, finally, an expert chemist. Other county courts sometimes had other appraisers (of sewing products, drinks, etc.). In such a form, district courts existed before their liquidation in 1918.It is shown that the revolution of 1848 in the Austrian Empire initiated the process of reforming the judicial system. Transformations were bourgeois and aimed at finally separating the court from administration, liquidating civil courts, abolishing «self-governing» city courts, making all courts public, and thus strengthening state power. The principles of the implementation of judicial reform in the final stages of separating the judiciary from administrative bodies are emphasized. It is noted that in 1849, after the proclamation of the March Constitution, the law on the restructuring of the judicial system was adopted, under which the jurors, district courts and county collegial courts were introduced. The reorganization of the judiciary in the Austrian empire took place on the basis of the Court Statute of 1849, extended to Galicia and Bukovyna in 1850. Both of these areas were divided into judicial districts, in which district courts were created. There were several district courts in the administrative district. In Galicia, consequently, 218 judicial districts were created, and district, county courts, as well as the Highest district court in Lviv were organized.It is also stated that the Austrian Constitution of 1867 restored the jury (abolished in 1852). The Criminal Procedure Code of 1873 referred to their competence 22 types of serious criminal offenses (punished by imprisonment of at least 5 years) and 9 crimes of a political nature. The jury (12 persons) acted in the district and county courts. ; Проведено історико-правовий аналіз організації і діяльності судових органів у Галичи­ні в складі Австрії та Австро-Угорщини (1772–1918 рр.). Охарактеризовано діяльність шляхетських, церковних і міських судів у перші роки австрійської влади у Галичині. Основ­ну увагу приділено аналізу організації повітових крайових судів та вищого крайового суду у Львові у складі Австрії та Австро-Угорщини.Зазначено, що крайовий суд у Львові складався з таких підрозділів: управління цивіль­но-судових депозитів, судової канцелярії, управління ґрунтових книг, управління в'язниць, санітарної служби, священиків, судових перекладачів, експертів-хіміків, люстраторів, зем­лемірів, оцінювачів земських маєтків, будов з промисловими закладами та будов у Львові, експертиз у справах друку і видавництва, нотаріусів та нотаріальної палати у Львові, адвокатів і палати адвокатів у Львові. Інші окружні суди і Крайовий суд у Чернівцях нічим істотним від Львівського крайового суду не відрізнялися. Окружний суд у Самборі поши­рював свою юрисдикцію щодо «гірських» справ на Самбірську, Сяноцьку, Перемишльську, Стрийську, Львівську та Жовківську області. При цьому суді працювали лікарі, нотаріуси, торговий сенат, оцінювачі маєтків, оцінювачі гірських промислів, землемір, перекладач, оцінювачі будинків і міських ділянок, оцінювачі галантерейних та «нюрнберзьких» товарів, оцінювачі столярних виробів і, нарешті, хімік-експерт. В інших окружних судах іноді були інші оцінювачі (швейних виробів, напоїв і т. п.). У такому приблизно вигляді крайові суди існували до їх ліквідації в 1918 р.