Suchergebnisse

Целью настоящего исследования является выявление причин, по которым делегаты IX-го Всероссийского съезда судей (декабрь 2016 г.) не продолжили линию развития отечественного правосудия, провозглашенную Постановлением VIII-го Всероссийского съезда судей № 1 от 19 декабря 2012 г. «О состоянии судебной системы Российской Федерации и основных направлениях ее развития». В ходе проведенного исследования автором были выявлены две основные причины произошедшего. В качестве одной из них называется отсутствие в России самостоятельного государственно-властного органа, разрабатывающего стратегию развития механизма судебной власти, обеспечивающего ее реализацию. Второй, более значимой причиной автор считает недостаточную научно-правовую проработку самого понятия справедливости в механизме правосудия. ; The purpose of this study is to identify the reasons why the delegates of the IX All-Russian Congress of Judges (December 2016) did not continue the line of development of the domestic justice proclaimed by the Decree of the previous congress (VIII All-Russian Congress of Judges no 1, December 19, 2012 – «On the State of the Judicial System of the Russian Federation and the Main Directions of Its Development»). At that time, the delegates of the congress noted, «the need to develop a state project of strategic reforms of the organizational and legal mechanism of domestic justice, whose ultimate goal would be to build a fair court that meets the aspirations of the Russian society, is becoming an ever more pressing need.» They also named the method for solving this problem. In the course of the study, the author has identified two main reasons for the highest body of the country's judicial community not to continue the line for strategic modernization of the justice mechanism and the development of the state fair trial project. Among such reasons, the author names the absence of a separate, independent state-power body in Russia, which would propose a strategy for the development of the judicial power mechanism to ensure its implementation and to be responsible for the case's success. Such an authority is not, nor can be, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the Judicial Department under the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, nor any other state body, or any body of the judicial community. Yet such state-power (and constitutional) bodies can be found worldwide, including the CIS member states. This is a reason of the organizational quality – simply for the absence of such named body, we have no one to act as a commissioner for the development of this state project. The second, a more significant reason, is of scientific and legal properties, which the author considers to be the insufficient scientific and legal research on the very concept of justice in the legal system. Aristotle singled out the problem of assessing judicial activity from the position of justice many years ago, and many scientists have turned to it since then. Yet nowadays judges are not guided by scientifically grounded signs of justice, but by their own intuition. The absence of a state power body personifying the judiciary in the country, as well as the inadequacy of the scientific and legal elaboration of the category of justice in the legal system, served as a basis for delegates of the IX All-Russian Congress of Judges to delicately bypass the decision of the delegates of the previous congress, who had considered it necessary to draft a state project for a fair Court. At the same time, it should be noted that objectively, by and large, the general situation in the mechanism of the domestic justice is clearly not so deplorable as the adherents of the Russia's flawedness argue; this mechanism is much better today than it was just ten years ago. Yet the general attitude of the Russian society to the mechanism of domestic justice is not as positive as it should be. Thus, the task set by the delegates of the VIII All-Russian Congress of Judges remains there. It will not resolve itself but it must be solved. In the opinion of the author, the problem is in the first place of scientific nature, rather than organizational, legislative, etc. Therefore, there is the need for the Program for the development of the State Project «Fair Trial», the draft itself is in its form close to the four-volume edition of the legislative acts, which completed the development of the documents for the Judicial Reform in Russia in 1864. Fundamentally, it is the nature of each of the three components of the justice mechanism – Judicial, arbitral and judicial-statutory – which needs to implement the appropriate clear benchmarks of justice.

On the basis of unpublished historical sources and notes, periodicals of the last third of the XIX century. It draws attention to the incidents that took place in the parish court and contemporaries petitions to reform detached from the general system of estate courts. However, representatives of government agencies, understood the injustice and backwardness of the peasants justice, were not ready for its radical restructuring.

The article deals with the analysis of social justice as a universal value that determines the evaluation of social practices in all the spheres of social life. But the study of such an evaluation of society in the sphere of interethnic relations is faced with a number of theoretical problems. The authors show that when evaluating interethnic relations in accordance with the criterion of social justice, due to the ambiguous interpretation of their meaning, it is necessary to rely on an interdisciplinary approach. An important area of this analysis is the correlation of the theoretical understanding of ethnicity and the practice of state building in the context of the cultural diversity of the population. Two strategies for achieving social justice in the sphere of interethnic relations are shown: the building of the SU ethno-nations and the building of the RF nation with securing civil rights in the sphere of the implementation of ethno-cultural identity and providing conditions for the development of ethno-cultural diversity.

The article discusses the philosophical concept of restorative justice , which the 70- ies of XX century, defines the direction of the juvenile justice system in Russia and foreign countries. The authors represent the philosophical foundations of the concept of restorative justice, show their manifestation in the criminal legislation of the countries near and far abroad. ; В статье рассматривается философская концепция восстановительного правосудия, которая с 70-х годов XX века определяет направления развития ювенальной юстиции России и зарубежных странах. Авторы статьи излагают философские основания концепции восстановительного правосудия, показывают их проявления в уголовно-процессуальном законодательстве стран дальнего и ближнего зарубежья.

Modern sociology places dignity and justice at the center of social debate. In estatebased societies only the aristocrats possessed the right to dignity and honor. The article analyzes these concepts as elements of the general structure of meaning underlying the institutions of modern societies. However, the progress of society conducive to their entry into the state of modernity the right to dignity kept extending towards an ever greater number of citizens. Dignity became an element of the policy of equality that tended to override the line of distinction charted by estates or other social subjects. In the early years of equalization policy, the struggle of dignity and equality assumed the form of recognition of the so-called natural rights of man, that constituted the essence of human condition. The idea of natural rights led to a debate and later to policy measures that resulted in the modern concept of citizenship. The latter asserted the right of every human being to dignity, equality before law and freedom to engage in productive, entrepreneurial activity without interference from other actors of political or economic life. The idea of equality, embedded in citizenship, came to be expressed in the policy of inclusion that overcame social prejudice and consequently in policies that extended political recognition to ever wider social groups. In the 20th century the egalitarian policy led to a wider scope of social rights that were regarded as a necessary condition of social justice and human independence. At present the principles of dignity and justice are implemented in social policy as acquired "capabilities" — a sum of life forces and means that allow citizens to uphold their citizenship regardless of the conditions in which they find themselves. Inclusion turns into the main vector of social policy, setting out to endow citizens with equal rights and resources that are necessary for their implementation.

Статья посвящена сюжету, обойденному вниманием историков, – деятельности Ивана Сергеевича Аксакова в качестве ревизора земского и уездного судов Астраханской губернии. Обращение к отчетам, подготовленным титулярным советником Аксаковым по особой, им самим разработанной системе, позволяет увидеть, каким образом начинающий чиновник-правовед представлял программу переустройства провинциальных судов в дореформенное время. В рабочих документах и литературном наследии Аксакова отчетливо прослеживается прогрессистская логика столичных чиновников, которые, ориентируясь на западные идеи и институты, понимавшиеся как более развитые, свысока смотрели на «темную» провинцию. В статье представлены конкретные меры, предлагавшиеся Аксаковым для того, чтобы направить провинциальное правосудие в русло закона, а также следствия указанных инициатив, отразившиеся в его дальнейшей судьбе.
The article is devoted to the activities of Ivan S. Aksakov as an inspector of the zemstvo and uyezd courts of Astrakhan Governorate, a subject to which historians have paid little attention. Referring to the reports prepared by titular counselor Aksakov according to a special system, which he devised himself, allows us to see how the novice jurist official presented the program for reforming provincial courts during the pre-reform period. Aksakov's working documents and literary legacy clearly show the progressist logic of the capital's officials who looked down on the "benighted" province, considering Western ideas and institutions as better developed. The article presents specific measures proposed by Aksakov in order to direct provincial justice in line with the law and the consequences of those initiatives, which reflected in his fate.

Справедливость приговора суда обеспечивается взаимодействием социальных регуляторов правосудия по уголовным делам и зависит от двух факторов, один из которых – законодательство, а другой – усмотрение судьи. Справедливость процедуры рассмотрения уголовного дела создает условия для вынесения справедливого приговора. Справедливость приговора основывается на установлении юридической истины. ; Justice of the court sentence is provided by the interaction of the social regulators of justice on criminal cases and depends on two factors, one of which is legislation, and the other is discretion of judge. Justice of the criminal procedure creates conditions for the fair sentence. Justice of the sentence is based on establishment of the legal truth.

The article analyzes the idea of justice in Western political philosophy. Drawing on his earlier publications, the author traces the history of the concept of justice in the "great ideologies" (liberalism, conservatism, and Marxism), and also examines in detail the main approaches to the understanding of justice in modern political theory. The author's task is not only to analyze certain attitudes to the problem of justice, but also to find the most satisfactory conception. As such, the conception of "functional capabilities" proposed by contemporary researchers Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum is mentioned first of all. ; Статья посвящена анализу идеи справедливости в западной политической философии эпохи модерна. Автор, отталкиваясь от своих более ранних публикаций, прослеживает историю концепции справедливости в «великих идеологиях» (либерализм, консерватизм, марксизм), а также достаточно подробно рассматривает основные подходы к пониманию справедливости в современной политической теории. Задача автора — не только анализ тех или иных позиций в отношении проблемы справедливости, но и поиск наиболее удовлетворительной ее концепции. В качестве таковой названа прежде всего концепция «функциональных возможностей» современных исследователей Амартии Сена и Марты Нуссбаум.

The article emphasizes the necessity of using confidentiality as generally recognized principle in administering juvenile cases in criminal proceeding. The analysis of international legal acts, particularly, United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (Beijing Rules), showed that the right of juvenile offenders to confidentiality should be observed at all stages of criminal proceedings. The author of the article showed that confidentiality is also expressed in the denial the third party's access to the juvenile cases files and prohibition to publish the information about juvenile criminal cases in the media. The comparative analysis of the "Beijing Rules" and the Russian Federation Code of Criminal Procedure concerning juveniles made it possible to conclude that the right of juvenile to confidentiality is not protected by the Russian law. It is assumed that the confidentiality in juvenile cases legislated, the legal defense of the juvenile rights in legal proceeding could increase.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2015)2.1-18 ; В статье подчеркивается важность применения конфиденциальности в отношении несовершеннолетних в уголовном судопроизводстве как общепризнанного принципа. Анализ международно-правовых актов, в частности Минимальных стандартных правил Организации Объединенных Наций, касающихся отправления правосудия в отношении несовершеннолетних («Пекинские правила»), показал, что право несовершеннолетнего на конфиденциальность должно осуществляться на всех этапах уголовного судопроизводства. Автором показана конфиденциальность, которая выражается также в запрете на доступ к материалам уголовного дела несовершеннолетнего третьим лицам и на оглашение в СМИ сведений о несовершеннолетнем по уголовному делу. Сравнительный анализ «Пекинских правил» и Уголовно-процессуального кодекса РФ в отношении несовершеннолетних позволил сделать вывод о том, что в российском законодательстве право несовершеннолетнего на конфиденциальность не закреплено. Представляется, что принятие на законодательном уровне конфиденциальности в отношении несовершеннолетних послужило бы эффективности их правовой защиты в уголовном судопроизводстве.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2015)2.1-18

The article examines the criminal law principle of justice from the point of view of traditional philosophical thought, which assumes the division of the world into an ideal and material substance. As an example of the ideal substance of justice, the author suggests considering the moral world order, a particular manifestation of which should ideally be the constitutional system of a particular state. The material substance of justice, in the author's opinion, should be clearly refl ected in the norms of the criminal law. As a theoretical premise of the stated approach, the assumption is put forward that a person as a personal Creator and performer of law, passing through the idea of justice as a fundamental socio-philosophical, political and legal phenomenon, formulates the criminal law principle of justice. This approach plays an important methodological role in overcoming one-sided trends in the consideration of its nature and assumes its construction on the basis of a two-level structure that includes legislative and law enforcement elements. On the basis of the position put forward by the famous philosopher Thomas Aquinas on the requirements imposed on the law, analyzes the judicial practice and norms of the current criminal law for its compliance with the principle of justice. The thesis that its effective implementation is an indicator of the quality of the criminal law is substantiated. ; В статье проводится исследование уголовно-правового принципа справедливости с точки зрения традиционной философской мысли, предполагающей деление мира на идеальную и материальную субстанцию. Как пример идеальной субстанции справедливости автор предлагает рассматривать нравственный миропорядок, частным проявлением которого в идеале должен выступать конституционный строй конкретного государства. Материальная субстанция справедливости, по мнению автора, должна находить четкое отражение в нормах уголовного закона. В качестве теоретической предпосылки заявленного подхода выдвигается предположение о том, что человек как персональный творец и исполнитель права, пропуская через себя идею справедливости как фундаментальное социально-философское, политическое и правовое явление, формулирует уголовно-правовой принцип справедливости. Такой подход играет важную методологическую роль в преодолении односторонних тенденций в рассмотрении ее природы и предполагает его построение на основе двухуровневой конструкции, включающей в себя законодательный и правоприменительный элементы. На основе выдвинутого известным философом Ф. Аквинским положения о требованиях, предъявляемых к закону, проводится анализ судебной практики и норм действующего уголовного закона на предмет его соответствия принципу справедливости. Обосновывается тезис, что его эффективная реализация является показателем качества уголовного закона.

The paper highlights the publication of the first comprehensive edition on the history of domestic consitutional justice. An attempt to reconstruct the prehistory of domestic constitutional normative control supported by a profound source base is one of the values of the retrospection section (until 2001). The paper marks two opposite interpretations of constitutional control — constitutional (value-based) and functional (pragmatic). The ambivalent understanding of the nature of constitutional jurisdiction results in groundless, both conceptually and empirically, reproaches of constitutional justice for politicization. The chapters on the current stage provide both less properly justified and contradictory theses than those expressed in retrospection section chapters. Lack of strength of the expressed arguments adversely affect the methodological integrity and conceptual unity of the entire text.

В статье анализируется текущее состояние электронного правосудия в гражданском судопроизводстве. На основании статистики делается вывод об актуальности изучения данной темы. Выделен вектор, перспективы развития и недостатки электронного правосудия. Для решения выявленных проблем предлагается реформирование существующих информационных систем, переподготовка действующих и обучение будущих специалистов. Анализируется положительный опыт зарубежных стран и предлагаются пути его внедрения в отечественные системы. Сформулирован вывод о том, что российская судебная система достойно функционирует с использованием цифровых технологий, но некоторые аспекты требуют внимания законодателя и других специалистов. ; The article analyzes the current state of electronic justice in civil proceedings. Based on statistics, a conclusion is made about the relevance of studying this topic. The vector, development prospects and shortcomings of electronic justice are highlighted. To solve the identified problems, it is proposed to reform existing information systems, retrain existing and train future specialists. The positive experience of foreign countries is analyzed and ways of its implementation into domestic systems are proposed. The conclusion is made that the Russian judicial system functions with dignity using digital technologies, but some aspects require the attention of the legislator and other specialists.