Suchergebnisse

La langue étant l'un des Systèmes de Communication les mieux partagés au monde, son hégémonie ou sa survie est tributaire de la politique linguistique dont elle est régie. Dans son investigation de l'avenir du Français dans le trilinguisme officiel kinyarwanda-français-anglais, la présente étude s'est intéressée à la langue française au Rwanda dans son contexte post-conflit armé génocidaire de 1994.

The development of the Bantu languages Kinyarwanda and Kirundi is entangled within the colonial histories of Rwanda and Burundi, first under German and then Belgian rule. From the turn of the twentieth century on, missionaries compiled grammars and dictionaries of the two mutually intelligible languages, contributing to the development and instrumentalisation of two prestigious varieties out of a larger dialect continuum. In this contribution, I trace the missionary and colonial activities of corpus planning and textualisation and summarise how Kinyarwanda and Kirundi turned into official languages with distinct linguistic boundaries. The central research question is how speakers of Kinyarwanda and Kirundi thereafter came to be identified as "Rwandans" or as "Burundians," with each language indexing a specific national categorisation. Tentatively, I contrast these developments with contemporary fluid practices in multilingual neighbourhoods.

AbstractThe research activity generating data in times of transition is subject to politicization and needs to deal with widespread distrust due to the legacy of violence or atrocity. This article discusses the main principles of a research design that took into account these hindrances by making prudence its basic tenet. The objective was to generate understanding of the functioning of Rwanda'sgacacacourt process through a heightened awareness in data collection. In doing so, this article calls attention to the importance of a reflective and adaptive research process in times of transitional justice. Two research principles are discussed in detail: immersion and iteration. The latter were adopted to facilitate the generation of context-specific knowledge on both breadth and depth of the transitional justice process. This article demonstrates how a pragmatic stance that draws on a variety of epistemologies and methodological approaches facilitates data collection as well as navigation of the field of study. It will be argued that data collection and the activity of navigating the field while collecting data reciprocally produce knowledge.

The evolution of Rwanda's language policies since 1996 has played and continues to play a critical role in social reconstruction following war and genocide. Rwanda's new English language policy aims to drop French and install English as the only language of instruction. The policy-makers frame the change as a major factor in the success of social and education reforms aimed at promoting reconciliation and peace and increasing Rwanda's participation in global economic development. However, in Rwanda, the language one speaks is construed as an indicator of group affiliations and identity. Furthermore, Rwanda has the potential to develop a multilingual educational policy that employs its national language, Kinyarwanda (Ikinyarwanda, Rwanda), to promote mass literacy and a literate, multilingual populace. Rwanda's situation can serve as a case study for the ongoing roles that language policy plays in the politics of power. © 2010 The Author(s).

The evolution of Rwanda's language policies since 1996 has played and continues to play a critical role in social reconstruction following war and genocide. Rwanda's new English language policy aims to drop French and install English as the only language of instruction. The policy-makers frame the change as a major factor in the success of social and education reforms aimed at promoting reconciliation and peace and increasing Rwanda's participation in global economic development. However, in Rwanda, the language one speaks is construed as an indicator of group affiliations and identity. Furthermore, Rwanda has the potential to develop a multilingual educational policy that employs its national language, Kinyarwanda (Ikinyarwanda, Rwanda), to promote mass literacy and a literate, multilingual populace. Rwanda's situation can serve as a case study for the ongoing roles that language policy plays in the politics of power.

Alexis Kagame, the first and last Rwandan intellectual with direct access to the original sources of the country's history, contributed significantly to preserving oral history, and the indigenous language, Kinyarwanda.

Foreword: The quest for Rwandan identity -- Preface: Revealing the hidden intelligence of improvised cities -- Introduction: The challenge of informal settlements -- Family -- Society -- Neighbourhood -- Settlement -- Territory -- Afterword: Further reflections on study-abroad pedagogy -- Appendix: Kinyarwanda glossary of architectural and cultural terms

Research in developed countries is often considered as a means to pave the way towards sustainable development in different areas of the society including science and technology, the economy, governance and security. Researchers in developing countries rarely have the opportunity to use their indigenous languages to design, plan and conduct research. Nor do they communicate in their indigenous languages to share their insights and learnings from other parts of the world with colleagues or students. Utilising the languages that researchers, students and teachers, policymakers, the community, and others interested in research understand better can help to generate new knowledge embedded in local realities where sustainable development needs to take root. That is why this book is in Kinyarwanda. The authors hope that writing this book in Kinyarwanda will increase research capacity in the humanities and social sciences in Rwanda and in the region. And that it will increase interaction between all key stakeholders in the planning and conducting of research as well as in analysing, monitoring and evaluating the research process and its outputs.] - Mu bihugu byakataje mu majyambere, usanga ubushakashatsi ari itara rimurikira ibikorwa by'amajyambere kandi bukaba n'umuyoboro w'iterambere rirambye haba mu bukungu, ubumenyi n'ikoranabuhanga, imibereho myiza y'abaturage, imiyoborere y'igihugu, umutekano n'ibindi. Kuba abashakashatsi bo mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyamberere badakoresha cyane indimi zabo kavukire mu gukora ubushakashatsi no mu guhererekanya n'abandi ubumenyi bwavumbuwe hirya no hino ku isi bishobora kuba biri ku isonga mu bibangamira iterambere rirambye, ryihuta kandi rigera kuri benshi. Gukoresha ururimi abenegihugu bahuriyeho mu nzego zose – abashakashatsi, abanyeshuri n'abarimu, abafata ibyemezo, abaturage n'abandi bakenera ubushakashatsi cyangwa ibyabuvuyemo – bishobora gutuma hahangwa ubumenyi bwegereye abagenerwabikorwa, bakabugira ubwabo, bakabusangira kandi bakabusigasira. Ngicyo icyatumwe twandika iki gitabo mu Kinyarwanda. Tugamije kuzamura ireme ry'ubushakashatsi mu bumenyi nyamuntu n'imibanire y'abantu. Tugamije kandi kwimakaza ubwumvane hagati y'abafatanyabikorwa bose haba mu gutegura umushinga w'ubushakashatsi, kuwushyira mu bikorwa, gusesengura, kugenzura ndetse no gusuzuma uko ubushakashatsi bwagenze n'umusaruro bwatanze.

La mort ne veut pas de moi, Fixot, 1997, 17.23 euros, ISBN 2-221-08593-0;N'aie pas peur de savoir, Robert Laffont, 1999, 18.69 euros, ISBN 2-290-30063-2;Les Blessures du silence, Actes du Sud, 2001, 24.90 euros, ISBN 2-7427-3563-1.par Yolande Mukagasana
Le substantif « témoin » en Kinyarwanda se traduit comme « umugabo », terme qui signifie en français « homme » au sens masculin du terme. Même la preuve par neuf couramment utilisée en arithmétique par les enfants de l'école élémentaire se traduit comme «umugabo» en kinyarwanda. Il est donc clair que dès le plus jeune âge, l'enfant rwandais apprend inconsciemment la validité et le pouvoir de la parole masculine et indirectement le caractère éphémère et banal de la parole féminine. Au Rwanda traditionnel, le témoignage était donc conçu au départ comme un acte de parole réservé aux hommes et duquel les femmes étaient exclues. La crédibilité du témoin féminin est réfutée notamment quand le contenu du témoignage constitue un sujet sérieux ou tabou. L'acte de témoigner du génocide est encore plus compliqué parce que le témoin doit rendre l'indicible dicible par le pouvoir de la parole. Dans ses trois livres, Yolande Mukagasana, une femme rwandaise qui a perdu presque toute sa famille pendant le génocide de 1994, réclame l'acte de témoigner, se l'approprie et pousse même ceux qui ont peur de la parole et ceux qui l'ont perdue à la reprendre et à la récupérer pour enfin témoigner.

L'ouvrage se veut un travail de mémoire afin de ne pas oublier le génocide rwandais d'avril à juillet 1994. L'hypothèse développée dans l'oeuvre porte sur le concept de reconnaissance du génocide. Pour ce faire, l'auteur a privilégié une démarche multidisciplinaire faisant appel à trois approches : historique et anthropologique permettant une vision critique sans négationnisme. Aussi, pour placer le problème rwandais dans l'histoire, au sens où il doit être abordé dans les manuels scolaires et aussi pour montrer que l'histoire du Rwanda ne se réduit pas qu'au génocide. L'approche anthropologique exploite des outils qui font partie de la tradition orale des royaumes d'antan, telle la langue kinyarwanda, les contes traditionnels et également la poésie guerrière, pastorale et dynastique, les mythes et légendes et enfin, la médecine traditionnelle.

Imibereho y'Abatutsi kuri Republika ya mbere n'iya kabiri (1959-1990),par Antoine Mugera Les Éditions rwandaises, 2004, 445 pp., 10.000 Frw (US$ 16).
Dans toute la littérature qui a marqué la 10e commémoration du génocide des Tutsi de 1994, un livre mérite une attention spéciale : celui que Antoine Mugera a publié en langue nationale (le kinyarwanda) en mars 2004 sur les conditions de vie des Tutsi sous la 1ère et la 2e république. À première vue, ce livre, écrit dans un style simple et accessible, n'affiche pas une grande ambition analytique et théorique. Sa démarche se veut inductive, ce qui fait son originalité par rapport aux écrits récents sur ce thème, faisant parler les faits que l'auteur a sélectionnés avec beaucoup de soin.

In the 1994 Rwanda genocide, around 1 million people were brutally murdered in just thirteen weeks. This book offers an in-depth study of posttraumatic growth in the testimonies of the men and women who survived, highlighting the ways in which they were able to build a new, and often enhanced, way of life. In so doing, Caroline Williamson Sinalo advocates a new reading of trauma: one that recognises not just the negative, but also the positive responses to traumatic experiences. Through an analysis of testimonies recorded in Kinyarwanda by the Genocide Archive of Rwanda, the book focuses particularly on the relationship between posttraumatic growth and gender and examines it within the wider frames of colonialism and traditional cultural practices. Offering a striking alternative to dominant paradigms on trauma, the book reveals that, notwithstanding the countless tales of horror, pain, and loss in Rwanda, there are also stories of strength, recovery, and growth.