Socrates, Or On Human Knowledge is the first sceptical treatise of the early modern period to be written by a Jew. This work, written in the vernacular and signed by the author describing himself as a "Venetian Jew," must be considered a key work for investigating the intensive transfer of knowledge between Jews and Christians and as a mirror of the contemporary philosophical leanings and social and political changes.
Over the last decades, European education policies have encouraged the Member States to develop training programs to raise the instructional levels of the population and to foster the acquisition of key competences, in order to ensure lifelong learning for all citizens (Europe 2020). However, there is still greater attention to knowledge transfer and a lesser emphasis on metacognitive and affective-motivational dimensions in formal learning contexts. While, theselatest factors are strongly related to the development of strategic skills and the ability to project into the future.This research shows the results found from administering two questionnaires to 500 students from General Didactics Course of Roma Tre University: the «Learning Strategies Questionnaire» (Pellerey & Orio, 1996) and the «Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory» (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999; Tr. it. M. Riccucci, 2009). The project is aimed at stimulating University students' reflection and self-assessment on learning strategies and time perspectives and promoting theability to direct themselves in study and work. The results show how academic success is related both to good strategic competences and to the future time perspective. ; Le politiche educative europee invitano, da alcuni decenni, i Paesi membri a sviluppare programmi per innalzare i livelli d'istruzione della popolazione e porre maggiore attenzione sulla formazione delle competenze chiave per garantire a tutti i cittadini un apprendimento permanente (Europa 2020). Tuttavia è ancora frequente verificare nei contesti di apprendimento formale una maggiore, se non esclusiva, attenzione al trasferimento di conoscenze e scarso rilievo alle dimensioni metacognitive e affettivo-motivazionali che sono fortemente connesse allo sviluppo di competenze strategiche e alla capacità di proiettarsi nel futuro.Questo studio presenta gli esiti della somministrazione del «Questionario sulle strategie di apprendimento» (Pellerey & Orio, 1996) e del «Questionario sulla Prospettiva Temporale» ...
The book traces the main stages of third mission and social impact assessment, in the context of the (recent) history of higher education and research assessment in Italy, starting with a review of the transformation of the relationship between the University and the society. Several social drives are leading the university to a series of transformations, at the national, European and international level. The requirement to use transparency criteria and the associated returns of research spending (in accountability) has become a fundamental issue in informing government, business, citizens and society on the achieved results. The introduction of social impact assessment frameworks is also advancing research agendas towards socially relevant domains, to provide solutions in international competitiveness, social welfare, sustainability and other grand challenges. A terminological and conceptual shift is occurring from a traditional concept of technology transfer and third mission towards a broader meaning of knowledge exchange and co-creation between universities and extra-academic actors and the impact generated. However, this shift towards a transdisciplinary, trans-epistemic and inclusive evaluation framework poses new challenges to capture this complexity, requiring the adoption of new methods and tools presented in this book. The international literature and debate on practices are vital combined with trial-and-error approaches, community involvement, and targeted pilot studies. Beyond controversies, resistances, and easily contrived enthusiasms, this is what this volume tries to investigate.
Increasingly complex knowledge, new technologies, global-scale know-how needs to be translated on the local scale, to be truly effective. In this scenario, the role of the university is to codify this path into cognitive and practical terms, combining educational and training objectives with the knowledge transfer at the local level, as part of the third mission, by offering field-based learning. This approach has been adopted in recent years in the Urban Planning Techniques courses held within the Unique Cycle Master degree in Building Engineering and Architecture at the University of Bologna where, in the a.y. 2019/2020, it was proposed to students to measure themselves on a real case study such as the drafting process of the new General Urban Plan of the Municipality of Castelfranco Emilia (MO). However, the ongoing unexpected Covid-19 pandemic has challenged the teaching and planning process. It has imposed limitations and outlined new challenges, but at the same time it has allowed - both students and civil servants - to explore the opportunities offered by the digital resources available and by the panoramic navigation tools within the built environment, which have revealed some key potentials that so far have been only partially explored. Therefore, this paper intends to show, through a real case application, how the digitization of information and the new methodologies for teaching urban planning techniques can contribute to improve the accuracy of the knowledge available at the micro/ building scale, which is at the basis of the definition of tailored regeneration practices. ; Saperi sempre più complessi, nuove tecnologie, conoscenze prodotte su scala globale devono avere ricadute alla scala locale, per essere veramente efficaci. In questo scenario il ruolo dell'università è quello di tradurre in termini conoscitivi e pratici questo passaggio, coniugando obiettivi didattici e formativi al trasferimento delle conoscenze sul territorio, tipico della terza missione, proponendo insegnamenti "sul campo". Questo approccio è stato adottato negli ultimi anni nell'insegnamento di Tecnica Urbanistica presso il Corsi di Laurea a ciclo unico in Ingegneria Edile Architettura dell'università di Bologna dove, nell'a.a. 2019/2020, è stato proposto agli studenti di misurarsi con un caso reale legato al processo di redazione del nuovo Piano Urbanistico Generale del Comune di Castelfranco Emilia (MO). In modo del tutto imprevisto, il processo conoscitivo e progettuale inizialmente impostato ha dovuto misurarsi con la pandemia di Covid-19. L'emergenza sanitaria ha imposto limitazioni e delineato nuove sfide, ma al contempo ha consentito – sia agli studenti, sia ai tecnici comunali – di esplorare le opportunità offerte dalle risorse digitali disponibili e dagli strumenti di navigazione panoramica all'interno del tessuto costruito, che hanno reso evidenti potenzialità finora solo parzialmente esplorate. Il contributo intende quindi illustrare attraverso un caso applicativo come la digitalizzazione delle informazioni e le nuove metodologie didattiche per l'insegnamento della tecnica urbanistica possano contribuire ad un'attenta e puntuale conoscenza del contesto insediativo urbano alla base della definizione di politiche di riuso e di rigenerazione urbana.
2012/2013 ; Sotto la superficie del mare il suono svolge un ruolo fondamentale nella vita di molti organismi marini, in quanto fornisce una visuale in tre dimensioni dello spazio circostante il singolo individuo, che si estende spesso ben oltre quello fornito dagli altri sensi. L'introduzione da parte dell'uomo di diverse tipologie di rumori in questo ambiente, quindi, desta sempre maggiori preoccupazioni, poiché qualsiasi cosa alteri la capacità di individuare e analizzare il panorama acustico circostante può interferire negativamente con la comunicazione, il comportamento, la fitness e, in termini generali, con la sopravvivenza delle specie. La posizione strategica occupata dal golfo di Trieste, un bacino di acque relativamente poco profonde situato nel Nord Adriatico, unitamente alle caratteristiche geomorfologiche delle sue coste, fanno sì che qui possano svilupparsi molteplici attività che dipendono fortemente dal mare, come quella mercantile, alieutica e diportistica. Considerata la facilità di propagazione dell'onda sonora nell'acqua e tenendo conto che il rumore non conosce "barriere" giurisdizionali, le specie che vivono in esso saranno inevitabilmente sottoposte a pressioni di diversa portata, sia di tipo diffuso che puntuale. Nonostante la Comunità Europea, grazie alla Direttiva 2008/56/CE (Direttiva Quadro per l'ambiente marino, Marine Strategy Framework Directive, MSFD)cerchi di fornire gli strumenti per far fronte a questa preoccupante problematica che insiste sulle risorse marine, si sa ancora molto poco sulla distribuzione spaziale e temporale del rumore antropico subacqueo, sia nel golfo di Trieste che in Italia. Il presente lavoro di ricerca, svolto in collaborazione con l'Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente del Friuli Venezia Giulia (ARPA FVG),si è posto il fine di colmare le lacune conoscitive in tale ambito ed ha voluto dare 1) un quadro dettagliato della distribuzione annuale del rumore antropico subacqueo in tutto il golfo di Trieste, 2) individuare, grazie ad esso, in termini spazio-temporali, eventuali aree di "sofferenza acustica" per la fauna marina normalmente presente nell'area e, infine, 3) valutare, tramite l'utilizzo di un modello di propagazione del rumore, le modalità sito-specifiche di propagazione del rumore, simulando scenari a diverse frequenze e in diverse stagioni dell'anno. A tal fine il rumore ambientale subacqueo è stato registrato mensilmente da gennaio a dicembre 2012 in 12 stazioni collocate in posizioni strategiche nel golfo di Trieste, valutando contemporaneamente anche il numero di navi, imbarcazioni e natanti presenti al momento della registrazione. La perdita in trasmissione del suono e stata calcolata utilizzando la Parabolic Equation, risolta col modello di propagazione acustica Miami Monterey Parabolic Equation(MMPE). I risultati evidenziano un'assenza di variabilità tra il clima acustico estivo e quello invernale, con un'intensità media è pari a 125 dB re 1 µPa e con picchi di massima intensità in prossimità del porto di Trieste e della zona al largo di Lignano; le intensità medie delle bande di 1/3 di ottava centrate sui 63 e 125 Hz, invece, sono sempre inferiori ai 100 dB re 1 µPa. A livello spaziale la zona caratterizzata dai va-lori di minore intensità è posizionata nella parte occidentale del golfo. La frequentazione antropica è in gran parte a carico del naviglio mercantile e dei natanti da diporto di piccole dimensioni. Esaminando l'andamento nella stagione estiva e in quella invernale, non è possibile rilevare differenze significative nelle diverse tipologie considerate, fatto che sembra giustificare l'assenza di variazione stagionale del clima acustico. A livello spaziale, nelle tre zone considerate, sia annualmente che d'inverno, si notano differenze significative solo nel numero delle imbarcazioni da pesca. In generale, le grandi navi sono quelle che danno il maggior apporto al rumore ambientale locale. I Gadidae, Clupeiformes e Sciaenidae, nelle zone orientali e centrali del golfo di Trieste, sono gli organismi sottoposti al maggior superamento, da parte del rumore di fondo, della rispettiva soglia acustica. Le differenze maggiori si riscontrano per lo più tra i 200 ed i 300 Hz circa, dove si colloca la maggior sensibilità uditiva di molte specie. Proprio in questo range di frequenze il modello MMPE indica la minima perdita in propagazione dell'onda sonora, che può raggiungere anche i 20 km di distanza dalla sorgente. Il modello ha permesso di evidenziare, quindi, che nelle vicinanze di forti sorgenti di rumore potrebbero aver luogo reazioni di tipo comportamentale e, che, per avere quadro più esaustivo, sarebbe consigliato monitorare altre frequenze oltre alle 63 e 125 Hz attualmente proposte. I risultati di questa ricerca, prima in Adriatico su scala spazio-temporale così ampia, hanno fornito una dettagliata analisi delle pressioni, dei potenziali impatti predominanti nell'area e delle condizioni di clima acustico in cui versa il golfo di Trieste. Per rispondere alle richieste della MSFD, i valori di intensità rilevati non possono escludere che siano a livelli tali da non avere effetti negativi sull'ambiente marino: possono verificarsi, infatti, effetti di tipo fisiologico-stressorio a livello del singolo organismo, e di interferenza nella comunicazione nelle specie che utilizzano il suono come strumento di trasferimento di informazione intra e interspecifico. Si ritiene che i valori di riferimento proposti in questo lavoro, in un'ottica precauzionale, siano un valido contributo iniziale per la determinazione dello stato ecologico dell'area. L'attuale prosecuzione dell'attività di monitoraggio del rumore sottomarino condotta da ARPA FVG, da affiancare in futuro a sistemi di acquisizione in continuo ed all'analisi di altre componenti del fenomeno acustico, quali il movimento delle particelle, permetterà sicuramente di ampliare, unitamente ad un confronto con le realtà transfrontaliere, le conoscenze sul rumore antropico. Ciò permetterà di regolamentare, anche da un punto di vista giuridico, l'introduzione del suono sotto la superficie del mare e di raggiungere gli obiettivi della MSFD previsti entro il 2020. ; Under the sea surface sound plays a vital role for many marine organisms, as it provides a visual three-dimensional space surrounding the individual, which is often extends beyond that provided by other senses. Introduction by humans of different types of noise in this environment, therefore, affects the ability to identify and analyze the landscape surrounding noise may cause harmful interference with communication, behavior, fitness and, in general terms, with the species' survival. The strategic position of Trieste Gulf, a shallow water coastal zone located inthe Northern Adriatic Sea, together with the geomorphological characteristics of its coasts, can develop a variety of activities that are highly dependent on the sea, like the merchant , fishing and pleasure boating. Given the ease of propagation of the sound wave in the water and taking into account that the noise does not know jurisdictionalbarriers, the species that live in it will inevitably be subjected to pressures of different scales ,both of which diffuse on time. Despite the European Union, thanks to 2008/56/EC Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD ) seeks to provide the tools to cope with this troubling issue that insists on marine resources , is not yet known very little about the spatial and temporal distribution of anthropogenic underwater noise , both in the Gulf of Trieste in Italy. This research work was performed in collaboration with the Regional Agency for Environmental Protection of Friuli Venezia Giulia (ARPA FVG), place the order to fill gaps in knowledge in this area and wanted to give 1 ) a framework detailed annual distribution of background underwater noise in the Gulf of Trieste , 2 ) to identify, thanks to it, in terms of space and time, any areas of suffering acoustic for marine life normally present in the area and, finally,3 ) to assess, through the use of a model of noise propagation, the site-specific mode of propagation of noise, simulating scenarios at different frequencies and in different seasons of the year. Underwater ambient noise was recorded monthly from January to December 2012 at 12 stations placed at strategic locations in the Gulf of Trieste; at the same time total amount of ships, boats and vessels present at the time of registration were counted. Transmission loss was calculated using the Parabolic Equation, solved with the model of acoustic propagation Monterey Miami Parabolic Equation (MMPE). Results show an absence of the noise climate variability between summer and winter, with an average intensity level equals to 125 dB re 1 Pa and a maximum in the vicinity of the port of Trieste and the area off the coast of Lignano; the average intensities of the bands in 1/3 octave band centered on 63 and 125 Hz, however, are always less than 100 dB re 1 Pa. A spatially area characterized by the values of lower intensity is located in the western part of the Gulf. The attendance is largely anthropogenic load of merchant ships and small recreational boat. Looking at the summer and winter trend, it is not possible to detect significant differences in the various types considered, which seems to justify the absence of seasonal variation of the noise climate. In terms of space, in the three areas considered, both annual and winter, significant differences are noted only in the number of fishing vessels. In general, large ships are the ones that make the greatest contribution to local environmental noise. The Gadidae, Clupeiformes and Sciaenidae, in the eastern and central parts of the Gulf of Trieste, are the organisms subjected to the most overrun by the background noise of the respective acoustic threshold. The largest differences are found mostly between about 200 and 300 Hz, where does the greater auditory sensitivity of many species. In this frequency range MMPE model indicates minimal loss in sound propagation, which can reach up to 20 km away from the source. The model has allowed to show, therefore, that in the vicinity of strong noise sources could take place, and behavioral reactions, which, in order to have more complete picture, it would be advisable to monitor other frequencies in addition to the 63 and 125 Hz currently proposed. The results of this research, first in the Adriatic Sea onspatio-temporal scale so large, they have provided a detailed analysis of the pressures, the potential impacts of the conditions prevailing in the area and of the acoustic climate prevailing in the Gulf of Trieste. To meet the requirements of the MSFD, the intensity values measured cannot rule out that they are at levels that do not have adverse effects on the marine environment can occur, in fact, the effects of physiological stressorio - level of the individual organism, and interference in communication in species that use sound as a tool for intra-and interspecies transfer of information. It is believed that the reference values proposed in this work, from a precautionary measure, are a valuable contribution to the initial determination of the ecological status of the area. The current continuation of the monitoring of the underwater noise conducted by ARPA FVG, alongside in future systems of continuous acquisition and analysis of other components of the acoustic phenomenon, such as the movement of particles, will certainly broaden , together with a comparison with the realities of cross border knowledge about man-made noise. This will allow you to regulate, even from a legal point of view, the introduction of sound in the sea surface and to achieve the objectives of the MSFD expected by 2020. ; XXVI Ciclo ; 1978
Abstract – The huge increase in migration flows through the Afro-Mediterranean routes during recent decades has shaped previously homogeneous populations into linguistically and culturally diverse ethnoscapes. Migration has therefore made a notable contribution to the acquisition and the use of English as a first, second and foreign language and to the burgeoning of new Englishes all over the world (Crystal 1997; Trudgill et al. 2002; Jenkins, 2003) thus questioning our traditional knowledge of language as a social projection of territorial unity held together by shared behavioral norms, beliefs and values. Specifically, by examining the communicative and translation processes which twelve interviewed interpreters, translators and language mediators were involved in during their interaction with newly-arrived migrants in Southern Italy, this paper addresses three main research issues concerning: a) the use of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) in the practice of language and cultural mediation and the extent to which this language may be perceived either as a barrier or as a bridge, thus affecting the relationship between the mediator and the migrant and the shaping of the politics of hospitality in the Mediterranean; b) the different linguistic and extra-linguistic strategies which mediators can adopt in the field of migration emergencies not only to serve communicative purposes, but also to humanize the migrants' transfer to, and stay at the different camps across Italy; c) the interviewed language mediators' narratives as a testimony of negotiation, activism and resistance to the strict institutionalized protocols of Italian immigration policies. Finally, in this chapter, we also intend to investigate the extent to which the interviewed mediators form not a mere aggregation of individuals achieving the task of translation as a mere linguistic transfer, but a community of practice held together by a conscious and critical sense of the performative power of their words and their mediation conceived as a way to create meanings which form and transform human reality.
The convergence of supply-side economic policies and technological innovation produces a ceaseless flow of new proprietary assets, obtained from the enclosure of resources in the public domain or from "things" traditionally excluded from the market: human and non-human genome, reproductive capacities, information extracted from social and natural phenomena and public and private activities. Within this flow the "things" of human origin are particularly important. The main theses of this paper can be summarised as follows: (a) the removal of human tissues, and the information they "contain", from the market is based on the impersonal nature of knowledge; (b) human biological materials are not proprietary assets, therefore the patient's consent is not a transfer of ownership, but the act that originates a new category of assets, i.e. the biological samples; (c) the public collections of biological samples are an example of shared efficient management of common technologically advanced infrastructural assets; (c) from the analysis of the modalities of management of this resource, methodological and substantial indications for legislation can be drawn.
La formazione iniziale dei docenti appare fondamentale per rispondere in modo qualificato alle sfide imposte dal nuovo assetto ordinamentale della Scuola Secondaria di Secondo Grado. L'attività didattica non può infatti più risolversi in una semplice trasmissione di conoscenze, ma deve promuovere la maturazione di un ampio spettro di competenze attraverso l'acquisizione di abilità e il raggiungimento di obiettivi di apprendimento specifici. È quindi inevitabile lo sviluppo di un approccio interdisciplinare che correli strettamente tutte le materie di studio che concorrono alla maturazione delle stesse competenze. Ciò risulta ancora più urgente nell'istruzione tecnica, perché le competenze possono divenire oggetto di un diretto confronto con il mondo del lavoro, anche nell'ambito dei Comitati Tecnico Scientifici. ; The initial training of teachers is crucial to give a competent answer to the challenges posed by educational legislation concerning upper secondary schools. Teaching activities cannot be restricted to a simple transfer of knowledge, but rather have to promote, through the learning of different skills and the achievement of learning objectives, the development of a broader spectrum of student skills. Therefore, an interdisciplinary approach to all study subjects must be found in order to promote the acquisition of these skills, which are specifically important in the field of technical education to help students enter the job market, especially in the area of Scientific Technical Committees.
Eliza Fay (1756-1816) and Maria Graham (1785-1842) authored travel narratives and journals of their journeys to India in a time when the British Empire was undergoing important political and economic changes: they were not travelling for their cultural betterment, like the people undertaking the Grand Tour, but, in most cases, to join their families on the subcontinent. The essay focuses on the voyage and the ship, a place in which desires and hopes are discovered and formed. It is exactly during this physical transfer, between the far away port of the past and the still far away dock of the future, that travellers, perhaps for the first time, observe the other travellers and themselves, all participating in the same emotions. According to the writer of the essay, the 'Journals' and the letters by Maria Graham could constitute an ideal continuation not only of the innovations introduced by Fay, but also of the female dimension of the journey seen as a moment of self-exploration and self-knowledge. The two authors interiorise the experience of the sea voyage. Moreover, the quest for themselves, for a role, for a stable identity, is a quest which happens indeed while travelling, and ships, vessels, and boats gain from time to time a crucial importance for both women.
The English ships travelling through the Atlantic during the 17th Century were not only the necessary means for trade and colonisation, but as well a kind of umbilical cord which enabled the European colonies to receive a spiritual nutrition too, through the transfer of traditions, knowledge and institutions. This connection, however, was also unsteady because of the extent of the ocean and the perils entailed in the voyage. The ocean became then a symbol of isolation, favouring the progressive differentiation of the American culture from the European one and the consolidation of new lifestyles. Thus, the ship gained the function of a privileged place in which it was possible to sign agreements that could go beyond the laws of the mainland, an isolated microcosm protected by the world's influence. Events of this kind are narrated by the protagonist of such an endeavour, William Bradford, who decided to write the history of Plymouth, the colony he founded. The essay investigates this work, with its intention to demonstrate how the difficulty of the Pilgrims' voyage was then rewarded with the help of God, thus proving the sanctity of the enterprise. The analysis regards as well other examples of 'sea-deliverance narratives', especially those relating to the three ships which have an exceptional importance for American history: 'Speedwell', 'Mayflower' and 'Arbella'. On them, significant speeches were made, which would later become foundational images of the American myths of exceptionality and democratic citizenship.
Scientists at the World Exhibitions: the moving boundaries between science and technology The several exhibitions made during the second half of the 19th century were visited by many men of science who have moved there by their own initiative, by government nomination or on behalf of teaching establishments in which they taught. The main purpose of Portuguese scientists' visits to the exhibitions was to update knowledge in their professional area. They also wanted to contact with the most advanced technologies to assess the benefits that its implementation would have in Portugal in the development of the country. The recognition that some of these men of science had in the country, and even internationally, was crucial for their nomination as royal commissioners sent out to the exhibitions. In this article we tried to analyze the study visits made by Francisco Fonseca Benevides and Júlio Máximo de Oliveira Pimentel to the exhibitions, the reports they wrote and how they contributed to the transfer and dissemination of knowledge and skills in areas such as electricity and chemistry. Uomini di scienza alle Esposizioni Universali: il confine labile tra scienza e tecnologia Le varie esposizioni universalis volte durante la seconda metà del XIX secolo, sono stati visitati da molti uomini di scienza che si sono spostati lì di sua iniziativa, su appontamento del governo o su delle scuole dove erano insegnanti. Il principale obiettivo delle visite degli scienziati portoghese alle esposizioni era l'aggiornamento delle conoscenze nel loro settore professionale. Hanno anche cercato di contattare con le technologie più avanzate per valutare i vantaggi che la sua applicazione in Portogallo avrebbe per lo sviluppo del paese. Il riconoscimento che alcuni di questi uomini di scienza hanno avuto nel paese, e anche a livello internazionale, è stato fondamentale per la sua nomina a commissari reali inviati alle mostre. In queste articolo si prefigge di esaminare le visite di studio realizzate da Francisco da Fonseca Benevides e Júlio Máximo de Oliveira Pimentel alle esposizioni, le relazione che avevano scritto e come avevano contribuito allo trasferimento e alla diffusione di conoscenze e techniche in settori come la chimica e l'elettricità.
Media society demands an urgent reform of educational processes. The attemptto introduce the transmission of knowledge through competencesmay be an incentive to launch necessary changes in the transfer of knowledgeon a massive scale. Nowadays a lifelong education is required. It issometimes far removed from static teaching provided in schools and universities.Neuroscience, effective communication techniques, hybridisationbetween men and machines, intelligence for selecting information, understandthe mechanisms of mind and the consequences of the use of newtechnologies on the learning ability at a cerebral level should be the key forteachers. Will they be the true strong skills of the future? Will they be thenecessary ingredients of the "new way of thinking" of the XXI century? Maywe start from these insights to rebuild democracy through education? ; La società mediatica richiede un'urgente riforma dei processi educativi. Iltentativo di introdurre la trasmissione delle conoscenze attraverso le competenzepotrebbe rappresentare uno stimolo per avviare in modo massicciodei cambiamenti necessari nella trasmissione dei saperi. Oggi sirichiede un apprendimento che duri tutta la vita, a volte molto distantedagli insegnamenti statici che vengono impartiti nelle scuole e nelle università.Infatti per chi svolge il ruolo di docente dovrebbero diventare centralidiscipline relative alle neuroscienze, ai meccanismi di funzionamento dellamente, alle tecniche di comunicazione efficace, alle ibridazioni tra uomo emacchina, alle conseguenze sull'apprendimento a livello cerebrale dell'usodelle nuove tecnologie, all'intelligence per selezionare le informazioni.Saranno queste le vere competenze forti del futuro? Saranno questi gli ingredienti del "nuovo modo di pensare" necessari al XXI secolo? Si può partireda queste intuizioni per ricostruire la democrazia attraverso l'educazione?
This work aims at shedding some light on public and private roles in biopharmaceutical innovation. After reviewing the pillars of neoclassical and evolutionary theories of technical change, we analyse current innovation policy devices; among them, we focus on the patent system. As suggested by historical and empirical literature, the effectiveness of patents in spurring innovation is all but uncontroversial. Real-world technical change, in fact, results from the interaction of heterogeneous actors belonging to complex "innovation systems". In this context, typical of the biopharmaceutical industry, the role of the government is likely to be decisive and invisible at the same time, hidden by a tight network of licensing and technological transfer agreements. In order to unveil the public hand, we propose a patent analysis aimed at identifying the value and the characteristics of public and private biopharmaceutical innovation. The analysis is conducted over two datasets: the first one collects patents from the USPTO Cross-Related Art References 514.810-935 granted between 1976 and 2006; the second one was built by Sampat and Lichtenberg (2011) and includes all patents associated to New Molecular Entities (NMEs) approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) from 1988 to 2005. We find that public and academic patents result in greater knowledge externalities as measured by forward patent citations. Furthermore, public and academic patents are on average more original and more general than their private counterparts. However, these results hold only for the first dataset, suggesting that a better-rounded vision of biopharmaceutical innovation dynamics may be achieved only through a microscopic approach, investigating the characteristics of public and private R&D over different therapeutic areas and at different levels of the innovation chain.
Dottorato di ricerca in Economia e territorio ; La tesi prende il via da una ricerca qualitativa e quantitativa condotta nei centri sociali anziani autogestiti della provincia di Viterbo, affiliati ANCeSCAO, su di un campione di 393 soci. La presenza del capitale sociale (da adesso cs) è stata declinata nelle relazioni fra salute, felicità, fiducia e il "capability approach" di Amartya Sen, considerato come una forma di cs. L'indagine dimostra relazioni tendenziali fra cs e salute, evidenziate da una riduzione di farmaci e ricoveri, e una relazione significativa tra felicità e cs, considerando che la media nel Lazio sulla soddisfazione della propria vita è al 31%, nel campione ANCeSCAO è al 55%. Nel rapporto tra fiducia specifica e generalizzata: pur essendo bassa la fiducia "istituzionale", la stessa non impedisce il "civic engagment", rilevabile dalla disponibilità ad aiutare la comunità locale (65%) e dal voto alle ultime elezioni politiche (89%). Risulta confermato anche l'approccio delle capability, per cui l'ambiente sociale e l'aumento delle conoscenze/competenze ha un ruolo sulla libertà e sul benessere degli individui. Dalla ricerca appare, invece, smentita l'idea che un cs di tipo "bonding" sia da ostacolo allo sviluppo, infatti, gli iscritti ai centri anziani, oltre ad aiutare gli altri iscritti, sono inseriti in maniera cruciale nel territorio, favorendone la coesione, ma anche aiutando finanziariamente altre associazioni locali, o contribuendo a ridurre il disagio di eventi castrofici, con una raccolte fondi. Gli approcci teorici che vedrebbero i mondi associativi esaurire la portata sociale al loro interno, non sono confermati nella presente ricerca, la quale conferma, invece, la visione del cs di Robert Putnam. L'indagine suggerisce ai policy maker, un significativo sospostamento delle risorse, dai traferimenti diretti, alle reti come ANCeSCAO, al fine di garantire welfare abilitanti e sostenibili, economie di scala, di scopo e della conoscenza. Infine, il valore aggiunto di ANCeSCAO risiedere nella buona organizzazione burocratica, e nella promozione di valori democratici, che hanno un impatto anche sulla comunità locale. ; The thesis starts from a qualitative and quantitative research conducted in elderly self-managed social centers of the province of Viterbo, affiliates Ancescao, on a sample of 393 members. The presence of the social capital (hence cs) has been declined in the relationship between health, happiness, trust and the "capability approach" of Amartya Sen, considered as a form of cs. The survey shows relationships between cs and health trends, highlighted by a reduction consumption of medicines and hospitalizations, and a significant relationship between happiness and cs, whereas the average in Lazio on life satisfaction is 31%, the sample has to Ancescao 55%. In the relationship between specific and generalized trust: despite being low confidence "institutional", the same does not prevent the "civic engagment", detectable by the willingness to help the local community (65%) and the vote at the last election (89%) . It is also confirmed the approach of capability, so the social environment and the increase of knowledge/skills has a role on the freedom and individual well-being. From research it appears, however, refuted the idea that a CS-type "bonding" is an obstacle to development, in fact, those enrolled in elderly centers, in addition to helping other members, are included in a crucial area, promoting cohesion but also providing financial support to other local associations, or helping people with fundraisers. The theoretical approaches that would see the associative worlds exhaust the social significance in them, are not confirmed in this study, which confirms, however, the vision of the cs of Robert Putnam. The survey suggests to the policy makers, to move finacial resources, from direct money-transfer to networks as Ancescao, to ensure welfare and enabling sustainable economies of scale, scope and knowledge. Finally, the value added of Ancescao is base on a good bureaucratic organization, and the promotion of democratic values, which have an impact on the local community.
