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Berkowitz reviews Theory's Empire: An Anthology of Dissent edited by Daphne Patai and Will H. Corral.

The article considers the possibility of solving the fundamental problems of cognition through the use of gen-eral systems theory as an epistemology. For this purpose it is necessary to develop and expand the general theory of systems, which is achieved through its rethinking from the position of essentialism. The expected properties of such a reinterpreted general theory of systems will give it an advantage over epistemology. These advantages are due to the greater transparency of the general theory of systems, as well as the orientation to the traductive methods of thinking, best suited to the task of forming a system of knowledge as a model of be-ing with unattainable absolute certainty. In the framework of the general theory of systems (reinterpreted from the position of essentialism) the problem of cognizability of the world is solved based on the recognition of the existence of isomorphisms – the most important empirical fact, confirming the finite complexity of the world and the possibility of its cognition. According to the general theory of systems, the limitedness of our knowledge refers to particularities, minor details, but not to the general understanding of forms, phenomena and the laws of the universe corresponding to them.

Left-wing literary criticism of the 1930's offers insight into the present resistance to social theories of literature. During this period, Marxists were less concerned with inter- preting literature than with changing the world. Pure literary questions were chided in favor of politics & economics. The evangelical strain which ran through leftist periodicals, ie, The Liberator, the New Masses, & Partisan Review, saw the critic as a legislator. Literature was to serve a larger purpose: the Wc & the party. Eventually, the mounting demand for orthodoxy, coupled with the Spanish Civil War, the Moscow trials, & the Hitler-Stalin Pact, alienated many radical writers who either became anti-Stalinist leftists or severed ties with organizations completely. A new orthodoxy dominated literary theory for 3 decades after 1940. Critics, ie, Robert Penn Warren & T. S. Eliot, declared themselves opposed to the 'communists'; their criticism emphasized the aesthetic form, neglected history, & divorced literature from society. Social critics of this period came from the U's, were dependent upon these conservative institutions for livelihood, relied on academic audiences for influence, were expected to remain detached, & urged their readers to remain contemplative rather than active. The radical critics of the '30's had been journalists, writers, & editors dependent on the radical movement for their support. The new dogma of aesthetic autonomy became as problematic as the dogma of economic determinism. By rejecting a social perspective, the critic can only describe but not explain, & write chronicles but not history. L. Goldmann, before his death in 1970, set forth a theory of literature & a method of research. For him, literary work does not reside in details of character or style, but in the mental structures which bind it together. His research method begins with a chronological study of all works, examining the empirical facts, formulating an hypothesis about the ideological structure of the work, & modifying the hypothesis through the dialectical method. His theory helped contemporary radical critics to overcome the contradictions between the extreme materialism of radical critics & the extreme idealism of academic critics. A. Karmen.

In grounded theory research it is commonly discouraged to conduct a literature review before data collection and analysis. Engaging with the literature about the researched area in that stage of the research is described as a constraining exercise rather than a guiding one. This can be a puzzling notion for the researcher engaging with grounded theory methodology (GTM), particularly when she/he is expected to produce a literature review in early stages of the research process, e.g., by ethics committees and/or funding bodies. The current article examines this controversial issue by exploring the different stances taken on the subject by the founders of the methodology, as well as the one introduced by constructivist GTM. The different approaches towards the potential impact of a literature review conducted before data collection and analysis are introduced not only as a methodological issue, but also, and more importantly, as an epistemological one. Reflexivity is described as a key element in ensuring the groundedness of a theory in constructivist GTM and various reflexive strategies are presented. It is suggested that the researcher's epistemological framework should be explicitly explored and acknowledged in early stages of the research. (author's abstract)

The present study aims to present a consolidated view of the quantitative research on Knowledge Hiding (KHi) and Knowledge Hoarding (Kho), and the relationship with Knowledge Sharing (KS), and propose guidelines for future research. A systematic literature review was adopted, following rigorous procedures. The articles were searched in Scopus, Web of Science, Wiley Online, Science Direct, and Emerald. Fifty different articles were analyzed. The oldest article identified is from 2011. They were published in 33 different journals. Only 16 authors published more than one article on the topic. The four behaviors can be perceived as positive when the individual is committed to the organization and negative when the individual is not committed to the organization. A framework that summarizes the suggestions for future research is presented. Understanding the relationships between KHi and KSc, and between Kho and KSd might facilitate the flow of knowledge in organizations. The paper provides an original contribution by considering KS as two processes, collection and donation, highlighting the oppositional relationship between KHi and KSc, and between KHo and KSd. Furthermore, research gaps and further research lines in the KHi, KHo, and KS area are highlighted.