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World Affairs Online
NATO C3
In: Nato's sixteen nations & partners for peace: independent review of economic, political and military power, Band 42, Heft 2, S. 49-50
ISSN: 0169-1821
Tracking changes in national BCG vaccination policies and practices using the BCG World Atlas
The BCG vaccine is a widely given vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), yet studies on effectiveness have shown considerable heterogeneity; as a result, BCG vaccine policies vary greatly across the globe and change across geography, and with time and disease burden. The recently updated third BCG World Atlas (www.bcgatlas.org) is a publicly available online database with information on BCG practices across 194 countries. This helpful resource has been used for over 10 years to support clinicians, TB researchers and TB vaccine development worldwide. Here, we summarise main findings from the third BCG Atlas' most recent update which included additional data collected around BCG strain type, vaccine stockouts and associated changes. Longitudinal analysis enables evaluation of changes in TB incidence over time, a method becoming more common in legislation interventions. A large number of countries in the BCG Atlas (156/194 countries) maintain universal neonatal BCG vaccination, of which 51 are considered low TB burden countries. We demonstrate the majority of countries who changed their national policy moved to targeted vaccination for high-risk groups, were in Europe and also had significant decreases in TB incidence both before and after policy change. Globally, the most common BCG strain continues to be the Danish strain, despite its worldwide manufacturing interruption in 2015. Substantial variation and disproportionality exists in which regions were most affected by stockouts between 2009 and 2019. Tracking and understanding the reasoning behind changes to national BCG practices and their impact on TB burden is critical for decision makers as they contemplate how to include BCG vaccination in future immunisation guidelines in low and high TB burden countries.
BASE
World Affairs Online
BCG-vaccination programme in Pakistan
The authors outline the development and organization of the BCG-vaccination campaign that was launched in August 1949 by the Government of Pakistan, with assistance from the International Tuberculosis Campaign. They present some statistical data on the work done up to the end of December 1954 and briefly discuss the pattern of tuberculin sensitivity found in various parts of the country.
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Strengthening C3 in space
In: Defense electronics: incl. Electronic warfare, Band 19, Heft 2, S. 47-56
ISSN: 0194-7885
World Affairs Online
C3 and C4I in NATO
In: Nato's sixteen nations & partners for peace: independent review of economic, political and military power, Band 42, Heft 3, S. 49-86
ISSN: 0169-1821
World Affairs Online
Boutelle Named PEO for C3
In: The journal of electronic defense: JED, Band 20, Heft 9, S. 29
ISSN: 0192-429X
NACISA - Supporting NATO C3
In: Nato's sixteen nations: independent review of economic, political and military power, Band 39, Heft 3-4, S. 23-27
ISSN: 0169-1821
C3 - What does NATO want?
In: Defence, Band 13, Heft 1/2, S. 61-64
ISSN: 0142-6184
World Affairs Online
Über das Homologe des Muscarins in der C3-Reihe
In: Hoppe-Seyler´s Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie, Band 86, Heft 3, S. 206-214
MVA85A vaccine to enhance BCG for preventing tuberculosis
Background Tuberculosis causes more deaths than any other infectious disease globally. Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) is the only available vaccine, but protection is incomplete and variable. The modified Vaccinia Ankara virus expressing antigen 85A (MVA85A) is a viral vector vaccine produced to prevent tuberculosis. Objectives To assess and summarize the effects of the MVA85A vaccine boosting BCG in humans. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register; Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); MEDLINE (PubMed); Embase (Ovid); and four other databases. We searched the WHO ICTRP and ClinicalTrials.gov. All searches were run up to 10 May 2018. Selection criteria We evaluated randomized controlled trials of MVA85A vaccine given with BCG in people regardless of age or HIV status. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently assessed the eligibility and risk of bias of trials, and extracted and analyzed data. The primary outcome was active tuberculosis disease. We summarized dichotomous outcomes using risk ratios (RR) and risk differences (RD), with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Where appropriate, we combined data in meta‐analyses. Where meta‐analysis was inappropriate, we summarized results narratively. Main results The search identified six studies relating to four Phase 2 randomized controlled trials enrolling 3838 participants. Funding was by government bodies, charities, and philanthropic donors. Five studies included infants, one of them infants born to HIV‐positive mothers. One study included adults living with HIV. All trials included authors from Oxford University who led the laboratory development of the vaccine. Participants received intradermal MVA85A after BCG in some studies, and before selective deferred BCG in HIV‐exposed infants. The largest trial in 2797 African children was well conducted with low risk of bias for most parameters. Risk of bias was uncertain for selective reporting because there were no precise case definition endpoints for active tuberculosis published prior to the trial analysis. MVA85A added to BCG compared to BCG alone probably has no effect on the risk of developing microbiologically confirmed tuberculosis (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.62; 3439 participants, 2 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence), or the risk of starting on tuberculosis treatment (RR 1.10, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.33; 3687 participants, 3 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence). MVA85A probably has no effect on the risk of developing latent tuberculosis (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.21; 3831 participants, 4 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence). Vaccinating people with MVA85A in addition to BCG did not cause life‐threatening serious adverse effects (RD 0.00, 95% CI –0.00 to 0.00; 3692 participants, 3 trials; high‐certainty evidence). Vaccination with MVA85A is probably associated with an increased risk of local skin adverse effects (3187 participants, 3 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence), but not systemic adverse effect related to vaccination (144 participants, 1 trial; low‐certainty evidence). This safety profile is consistent with Phase 1 studies which outlined a transient, superficial reaction local to the injection site and mild short‐lived symptoms such as malaise and fever. Authors' conclusions MVA85A delivered by intradermal injection in addition to BCG is safe but not effective in reducing the risk of developing tuberculosis.
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MVA85A vaccine to enhance BCG for preventing tuberculosis
BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis causes more deaths than any other infectious disease globally. Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) is the only available vaccine, but protection is incomplete and variable. The modified Vaccinia Ankara virus expressing antigen 85A (MVA85A) is a viral vector vaccine produced to prevent tuberculosis. OBJECTIVES: To assess and summarize the effects of the MVA85A vaccine boosting BCG in humans. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register; Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); MEDLINE (PubMed); Embase (Ovid); and four other databases. We searched the WHO ICTRP and ClinicalTrials.gov. All searches were run up to 10 May 2018. SELECTION CRITERIA: We evaluated randomized controlled trials of MVA85A vaccine given with BCG in people regardless of age or HIV status. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently assessed the eligibility and risk of bias of trials, and extracted and analyzed data. The primary outcome was active tuberculosis disease. We summarized dichotomous outcomes using risk ratios (RR) and risk differences (RD), with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Where appropriate, we combined data in meta‐analyses. Where meta‐analysis was inappropriate, we summarized results narratively. MAIN RESULTS: The search identified six studies relating to four Phase 2 randomized controlled trials enrolling 3838 participants. Funding was by government bodies, charities, and philanthropic donors. Five studies included infants, one of them infants born to HIV‐positive mothers. One study included adults living with HIV. All trials included authors from Oxford University who led the laboratory development of the vaccine. Participants received intradermal MVA85A after BCG in some studies, and before selective deferred BCG in HIV‐exposed infants. The largest trial in 2797 African children was well conducted with low risk of bias for most parameters. Risk of bias was uncertain for selective reporting because there were no precise case definition ...
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C3 requirements for today's battlefield
In: Military technology: Miltech, Band 9, Heft 6, S. 43-52
ISSN: 0722-3226
World Affairs Online
Liderazgo basado en C3
In: Revista de las Fuerzas Armadas, Heft 219, S. 52-57
ISSN: 2981-3018