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Poverty and inequality remain extremely high for Cameroon despite improvements in poverty figures between 1996 and 2001. To understand the dynamics of poverty and inequality between 1996 and 2001, this book develops a poverty and inequality profile, investigates the sources of inequality along spatial lines and simulates some policies which could be used in the reduction of poverty and inequality. The book also addresses two major sectors of the Cameroonian economy with a special focus on gender bias in agriculture and linkages between the formal and informal sector. The empirical analyses show that there are large spatial differences in poverty in Cameroon and that sources of inequality vary by location. Regardless of the definition used, the informal sector in Cameroon is extremely large but closely linked to the formal sector. The gender bias experienced by women in access to productive assets in agriculture reduces the efficiency of agricultural production.

Profile of poverty and inequality in Cameroon - Understanding expenditure inequality in Cameroon - Defining and measuring the informal sector in Cameroon - Informal and formal sector linkages: symbiotic or parasitic - Opportunities and constraints in agriculture: a gendered analysis of cocoa production.

Poverty and inequality remain extremely high for Cameroon despite improvements in poverty figures between 1996 and 2001. To understand the dynamics of poverty and inequality between 1996 and 2001, this book develops a poverty and inequality profile, investigates the sources of inequality along spatial lines and simulates some policies which could be used in the reduction of poverty and inequality. The book also addresses two major sectors of the Cameroonian economy with a special focus on gender bias in agriculture and linkages between the formal and informal sector. The empirical analyses show that there are large spatial differences in poverty in Cameroon and that sources of inequality vary by location. Regardless of the definition used, the informal sector in Cameroon is extremely large but closely linked to the formal sector. The gender bias experienced by women in access to productive assets in agriculture reduces the efficiency of agricultural production.

Poverty and inequality remain extremely high for Cameroon despite improvements in poverty figures between 1996 and 2001. To understand the dynamics of poverty and inequality between 1996 and 2001, this book develops a poverty and inequality profile, investigates the sources of inequality along spatial lines and simulates some policies which could be used in the reduction of poverty and inequality. The book also addresses two major sectors of the Cameroonian economy with a special focus on gender bias in agriculture and linkages between the formal and informal sector. The empirical analyses show that there are large spatial differences in poverty in Cameroon and that sources of inequality vary by location. Regardless of the definition used, the informal sector in Cameroon is extremely large but closely linked to the formal sector. The gender bias experienced by women in access to productive assets in agriculture reduces the efficiency of agricultural production.

Bei den Parlamentswahlen zur Verchovnaja Rada am 29. März 1998 trugen die Wähler des Dnipropetrovs'ker Gebiets (oblast) entscheidend zum Einzug der zentristischen Partei Hromada in das Parlament bei, weil ihre Stimmen mehr als die Hälfte aller in der Ukraine für Hromada abgegebenen Voten (4,71%) ausgemacht haben. Dnipropetrovs'k wurde damit zur Wählerhochburg von Hromada. Den Einzug ins Parlament verdankt Hromada vor allem dem Parteivorsitzenden Pavlo Lazarenko, dem ehemaligen Ministerpräsidenten, angeblich reichster Mann der Ukraine, der zur Zeit der Wahlen Vorsitzender der Gebietslegislative in Dnipropetrovs'k war. Er gilt als stärkster Rivale Kumas bei den Präsidentschaftswahlen von 1999. Lazarenko konnte mit Hilfe der Massenmedien sowie durch populistische Wahlversprechen und eine vorübergehende Rentenanhebung grosse Teile der älteren Wähler für Hromada gewinnen. Die Kommunisten, die eigentlichen Sieger der Märzwahlen, gewannen in Dnipropetrovs'k 25,5% der Stimmen, weil die wirtschaftliche und soziale Krise nach den starken regionalen Produktionsrückgängen seit 1992 bei der technischen Intelligenz und den einfachen Arbeitern der ehemaligen Gigantenbetriebe zu gravierenden Existenzeinbrüchen führte. (BIOst-Dok)

Keberhasilan suatu produk di pasar, didukung beberapa hal penting, diantaranya kemasan. Peran penting kemasan pada sebuah produk yang akan dijual. Selain bisa menambah nilai estetika, desain kemasan juga bisa menarik perhatian sekaligus bahan promosi.Selain itu produk yang sudah memasuki proses kemas biasanya juga bisa bertahan lebih lama serta bisa melindungi produk dari bahaya kerusakan saat proses pendistribusian. Kemasan adalah pembungkus atau wadah yang biasa dimanfaatkan untuk mencegah atau meminimalisasi adanya kerusakan pada barang di dalamnya. Adapun definisi pengemasan adalah suatu proses memberi wadah atau pembungkus untuk suatu produk. Misalnya, melindungi dari sinar matahari secara langsung, kelembaban udara, oksigen, pemcemaran dari virus atau kumas, dan benturan. Pengemasan produk bisa digunakan sebagai media petunjuk bagi konsumen melalu informasi atau tanda yang terdapat pada kemasannya. Berdasarkan pertimbangan itu, Dosen Universitasn Indonesia Timur (UIT) Makassar, yang terdiri dari dosen Fakultas Ekonomi dan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, menggelar sosialisasi akan pentingnya mewujudkan kemasan produk yang baik, kepada sejumlah Usaha Kecil Mikro (UKM) di Kota Makassar, dihadiri kurang lebih 15 pelaku usaha.

Long-run economic growth in Turkey : sources, pitfalls, and prospects / M. Aykut Attar -- Puzzling out the feldstein-horioka paradox for Turkey by a time-varying parameter approach / Dilem Yildirim and Onur A. Koska -- Regional dynamics and outlook -- The effects of economics incentive packages on regional labor market in Turkey / Mehmet Zanbak and M. Çaglar Özdemir -- Determining priority regions to nurture economic development : a critical approach / Dilek Basar, Selcen Öztürk and Kübra Cosar -- Analyzing socio-economic drivers of urban growth in Turkey / Ümit K. Seyfettinoglu and Büsra Akin -- Impacts of inter-regional and international trade on regional per capita income gap in Turkey / Zafer Baris Gül and Selim Çagatay -- Gender-growth nexus -- Female labor force participation, inequality and growth : gains from closing the gender gap in participation for Turkish economy / Günes A. Asik -- Analyzing the dilemma between part-time working hours and economic growth in Turkey from a gender perspective / Derya Güler Aydin and Ahu Sumbas -- Firm-level dynamics -- Catching-up with the technology frontier : micro-level evidence on innovation and growth dynamics / Basak Dalgiç and Burcu Fazlioglu -- Firm growth dynamics and employment generation in Turkish manufacturing / Ünal Töngür and Erol Taymaz -- Import dependency in Turkey : an input-output analysis based on firm level data / Sevinç Mihci and Nasip Bolatoglu -- Environment-energy-growth nexus -- A sectoral analysis of CO2 emissions : can Turkey achieve a low-carbon growth path? / Onur Yeni -- Environmental kuznets curve for carbon emissions in Turkey : the role of energy / G. Kaya, Ö. Kayalica, B. Ulengin, M. Kumas

Introduction -- Stability: external and internal -- What drives compliance with international environmental agreements? / by Sarah Al Doyaili and Leo Wangler -- Stable environmental agreements and international trade in asymmetric oligopoly markets / by Michel Cavagnac and Guillaume Cheikbossian -- The effects of inequality aversion on the formation of climate coalition : theory and experimental evidence / by Yu-Hsuan Lin -- Heterogeneous countries -- Transnational environmental agreements with heterogeneous actors / by Achim Hagen, Leonhard Kähler and Klaus Eisenack -- International trade and environmental cooperation among heterogeneous countries / by Soham Baksi and Amrita Ray Chaudhuri -- The effects of labor intensity and pollution damage on government policies and location choice / by Benan Zeki Orbay and Narod Erkol -- Firm heterogeneity -- Foreign penetration and environmental policies / by Sajal Lahiri and Yingyi Tsai -- Abatement level in environmental agreements when firms are heterogeneous in abatement cost / by Luis Gautier -- Environmental quota in an asymmetric trade competition / by Rafael Salvador Espinosa Ramirez and M. Özgür Kayalica -- Environmental technology -- The effectiveness of international technology agreements for environmental issues : the impacts of r&d costs / by Chisa Kajita and Toshiyuki Fujita -- Adaptation technology and free-riding incentives in international environmental agreements / by Hassan Benchekroun, Walid Marrouch and Amrita Ray Chaudhuri -- Cooperation in environmental standarts when abatement technology differs / by Merve Kumas, M. Özgür Kayalica, Gülgün Kayakutlu -- International institutions -- Challenges of governing international energy transitions : international renewable energy agency as a solution? / by Yasemin Atalay -- Carbon dioxide emissions in the carbon cycle frame: how will the future look like? / by Onur Tutulmaz, Selim Çagatay -- Concluding remarks -- Index