Suchergebnisse

Diese Masterarbeit behandelt die Verfolgung von LGBTI Personen und ihr Recht auf Asyl. Insbesondere werden die spezifischen Probleme und Herausforderungen einer Person, die aufgrund ihrer sexuellen Orientierung oder Geschlechtsidentität flüchten muss, betrachtet. Dazu zählen etwa Schwierigkeiten im Zusammenhang mit der Glaubhaftmachung des Asylgrundes gegenüber den Behörden sowie Probleme in Hinblick auf die inländische Fluchtalternative oder ein spätes Vorbringen des Fluchtgrundes. Neben der Definition der Begriffe LGBTI (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans* und Intersex), Asylsuchende, Flüchtling, Migrant_innen gibt die Arbeit einen Einblick in die gesellschaftliche und rechtliche Lage von LGBTI Personen in der Europäischen Union. Es werden gesetzliche Bestimmungen zum Schutz von LGBTI Personen besprochen, sowie Hassverbrechen und Diskriminierungen gegen LGBTI Personen in der Europäischen Union erörtert. Anschließen wird dargestellt was Verfolgung ist, welche Verfolgungsgründe in der Genfer Flüchtlingskonvention anerkannt sind, sowie wo und in welcher Art und Weise LGBTI Personen Verfolgungen drohen. Wichtige Rechtsquellen im Asyl- und Flüchtlingsrecht, die insbesondere für LGBTI Asylsuchende von Bedeutung sind, werden genauer betrachtet. Weiters gehe ich auf die Fragen ein, ob die Anforderung die sexuelle Orientierung oder Geschlechtsidentität im Herkunftsland zu verbergen menschenrechtskonform ist. Im letzten Kapitel werden spezifische Probleme im Aufnahmeland, vor allem im Zusammenhang mit der Unterbringung, sowie die Problematik der Mehrfachdiskriminierung von LGBTI Flüchtlingen, erörtert. ; This master thesis deals with the persecution of LGBTI people and their right to asylum. In particular, the specific problems and challenges a person who is forced to flee, because of their sexual orientation or gender identity, will be examined. These include difficulties related to the substantiation of the reasons for asylum to the authorities as well as problems with regard to the internal flight alternative or a late submission of the flight reason. In addition to the definitions of the terms LGBTI (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans* and Intersex), asylum seekers, refugees, migrants, the paper gives an insight into the social and legal situation of LGBTI people in the European Union. It discusses legal provisions for the protection of LGBTI people as well as hate crimes and discrimination against LGBTI people in the European Union. Afterwards, it will be shown what persecution is, which reasons for persecution are recognized in the Geneva Convention, as well as where and in what manner LGBTI people threatens persecutions. Important legal sources in asylum and refugee law, which are particularly for LGBTI asylum seekers of importance, are examined in more detail. Moreover I address the issue, whether the request to conceal the sexual orientation or gender identity in the country of origin is conform to human rights. In the last chapter specific problems in the host country, especially in connection with the accommodation and the problem of multiple discrimination against LGBTI refugees, are discussed. ; Manfred Derler ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Masterarb., 2014 ; (VLID)239812

This article analyzes, based on an audiovisual corpus selected by the author, the reality of transvestite, crossdresser and drag queens practices in the Barranquilla Carnival, which now, thanks to a changing political board, seem to enjoy acceptance. The research focuses on the way in which transvestite audiovisual contents question and/or put in tension the concept of heritage, tradition, valorization and the Safeguarding Plan of the Barranquilla Carnival. These practices are currently part of the visual/audiovisual map of the carnivals, becoming in the years 2000 and 2010 a marked trend that gives the greatest attraction to these popular festivities. Although its history is marked by discrimination and invisibilization, the LGBTI collective has managed through carnival to find a way to counteract what seemed impossible. However, ensuring that LGBTI artists, actors, entrepreneurs and managers enjoy total acceptance in the carnival is more complex than one might think. The research methodology consisted in conducting interviews with representatives of the LGBTI collective related to popular festivities, in addition to the review, selection and analysis of a sample of audiovisual, photographic and press content, through which the studies of these practices and their evolution were deepened. In this article the author focuses only on audiovisual culture and press material, the latter running transversally to audiovisual content. As a result, a diversity of views enriched the discussion and its impor- tance for Caribbean studies and regional culture. ; En este artículo se analiza, a partir de un corpus audiovisual seleccionado por el autor, la realidad de las prácticas travestis, transformistas y drag queens en el Carnaval de Barranquilla, que ahora parecen gozar de aceptación gracias a un tablero político cambiante. La investigación pone en foco la forma como los contenidos audiovisuales travestis cuestionan y/o ponen en tensión el concepto de patrimonio, tradición, puesta en valor y el Plan de Salvaguarda del Carnaval de Barranquilla. Estas prácticas integran en la actualidad el mapa visual/audiovisual de los carnavales, convirtiéndose en 2000 y 2010 en una marcada tendencia que le da el mayor atractivo a estas fiestas populares. Aunque su historia está signada por la discriminación y la invisibilización, el colectivo LGBTI ha logrado a través del carnaval encontrar una forma de contrarrestar lo que parecía imposible. Sin embargo, asegurar que artistas, actores, empresarios y gestores LGBTI gozan de total aceptación en el carnaval, es más complejo de lo que se pueda pensar. La metodología de esta investigación consistió en la realización de entrevistas a representantes del colectivo LGBTI afines a esta fiesta popular, además de la revisión, selección y análisis de una muestra de contenidos audiovisuales, fotográficos y de prensa, a través de los cuales se profundizó en los estudios de estas prácticas y en su devenir. El autor se enfoca solamente en la cultura audiovisual y material de prensa, esta último corre transversal al contenido audiovisual. Como resultado, una diversidad de miradas que enriqueció la discusión y su importancia para los estudios del Caribe y la cultura regional. ; Este artigo analisa, a partir de um corpus audiovisual selecionado pela autor, a realidade das pra?ticas de travestis, transformistas e drag queens no Carnaval de Barranquilla, que agora parecem gozar de aceitac?a?o, grac?as a um cena?rio poli?tico em mutac?a?o. A pesquisa enfoca a forma como o travesti audiovisual questiona e / ou tensiona o conceito de patrimo?nio, tradic?a?o, valorizac?a?o e o Plano de Salvaguarda do Carnaval de Barranquilla. Essas pra?ticas compo?em atualmente o mapa visual / audiovisual dos carnavais, tornando-se nos anos 2000 e 2010 uma tende?ncia marcante que mais atrai essas festas populares. Embora sua histo?ria seja marcada pela discriminac?a?o e pela invisibilidade, o coletivo LGBTI conseguiu, no carnaval, encontrar uma forma de neutralizar o que parecia impossi?vel. No entanto, garantir que artistas, atores, empresa?rios e gerentes LGBTI tenham total aceitac?a?o no carnaval e? mais complexo do que voce? possa imaginar. A metodologia da pesquisa consistiu na realizac?a?o de entrevistas com representantes da comunidade LGBTI vinculadas a festas populares, ale?m da revisa?o, selec?a?o e ana?lise de uma amostra de conteu?do audiovisual, fotogra?fico e de imprensa, por meio da qual foi aprofundado nos estudos dessas pra?ticas e sua evoluc?a?o. Neste artigo o autor foca apenas a cultura audiovisual e o material de imprensa, este u?ltimo transversal ao conteu?do audiovisual. Como resultado, uma diversidade de pontos de vista que enriqueceu a discussa?o e sua importa?ncia para os estudos caribenhos e a cultura regional.

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people throughout the world have led global efforts to raise awareness of their experience of ongoing discrimination, exclusion, and violence. Despite some gains that have made information more available, huge gaps in research and data on LGBTI experiences persist in every country, blocking progress toward inclusion and the realization of human rights for all. Clearly, significant donor investment in strategic research on LGBTI inclusion is needed, to provide a reliable evidence base that can inform policies, legislation, programs, and investments to advance the human rights and inclusion of LGBTI people in national and global efforts. This paper highlights for discussion the critical research and knowledge gaps with regard to human rights and inclusion for LGBTI people that require investments to ensure that they are part of the human rights and development agendas. In light of these significant gaps, the paper outlines a number of high-priority research needs that have been identified as a result of wide-ranging consultations with civil society organizations, governments, research institutions, human rights and development agencies, and researchers. Finally, the paper presents a set of proposed strategic investments to focus on those high-priority topics. These investments would also build an LGBTI research infrastructure to produce and share knowledge about LGBTI people and issues.

El presente artículo es el resultado de una investigación cuantitativa sobre la violencia al interior de parejas de la diversidad sexual (LGBTI). Se realizó en octubre de 2014 una encuesta a población LGBTI, en la que se consultó por indicadores de violencia al interior de la pareja considerando sus manifestaciones: físicas, psicológicas, económicas y sexuales. En ella se constata que el 47% de los encuestados declara haber sufrido alguna situación de violencia. Además se revisan críticamente las políticas relacionadas con la diversidad sexual y la violencia intrafamiliar, dejando en evidencia el vacío institucional respecto a la violencia al interior de las parejas de la población no heterosexual, ya que no cuenta con instituciones que cuenten con la especialización en brindar apoyo psicosocial y jurídico. The present article is the result of a cuantitative study about violence in couples of the LGBT community. In October of 2014 a survey was conducted with the LGBT community, in which participants were asked about indicators of in-couple violence, considering its phisical, psychological, economic and sexual manifestations. This survey confirms that 47% of the participants suffered some kind of violence. Furthermore, politics related with the LGBT community and in couple violence are thoroughly revised, making clear the existence of an institutional vacum regarding in couple violence in non-heterosexual population, given the absence of institutions specialized in providing psychosocial and law support.

National analysis of violence against LGBTI + children in Croatia. The main objective of this research was to assess the needs and good practices of LGBTI+ and gender non-conforming children living in Croatia, with regards to five areas - family, public spaces, health, education and media. Along with that, one of the aims was to map good practices regarding the same topic. In order to ensure relevant stakeholders for the semi-structured interviews, professional experience and background on LGBTI+ topics were used as main criteria when recruiting stakeholders. The original interview scripts were translated and adapted to Croatian, while all ten interviews were conducted by Zagreb Pride team. Overall, we have interviewed 10 persons: social workers, leading activists, psychologists working with children, journalists, education experts and government officials. Zagreb Pride sent official letters and then arranged interviews which were mostly held in February 2020. All of the interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and analyzed. The age range was from 27 - 55, while 60.47 % of respondents identified as female, 16.28 % as a male, 14 % of persons would prefer not to say or have chosen "other", 4.65 % of them identify as non-binary, 2.33% as a trans person and 2.33% as a gender variant person. Prior to the interviews, we provided participants with detailed information about the project and asked them to sign the consent form. One signed copy of the consent form was given to each participant. Interviews took place mostly at Zagreb Pride office space, since most of the participants were familiar and comfortable with it. One interview was conducted via Skype, because of the COVID19 precautions and measures. All of the discussions were fruitful and insightful for further research ; Projecte "Diversity and childhood: changing social attitudes towards gender diversity in children across Europe", finançat pel Programa de Drets, Igualtat i Ciutadania (2014-2020) de la Unió Europea (REC-RDAP-GBV-AG-2018-856680)

The categorization of victim constitutes a strategy of po-litical participation of the LGBTI groups from Pasto city. The aim of this self-definition is to continue the struggle for full citizenship and recognition in the department of Nariño, Colombia. This collective is heterogeneous and has a difficult to construct a collective identity that al-lows its consolidation. However, during the sixteen years it has been operating and strengthened by the constant fights of activists and constitutional transformations.Feminist and gender based debates on victim and citi-zenship are considered as opposing definitions; does not mean that they are in themselves an antagonism but a strategy of political mobilization within the framework of Law 1448 of 2011 and in the peace agreements between the national government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia -FARC- during the last four years. This has made it possible to visualize their problems, socially and culturally in rural areas, where conflict is intensifying, and in the urban area where stereotypes and stigmas are part of daily life and are reproduced to dis-criminate against lesbians, bisexual, trans, and intersex. ; La categorización de víctima constituye una estrategia de participación política de los sectores LGBTI de la ciudad de Pasto. El fin de esta autodefinición es continuar la lucha por la ciudadanía plena y su reconocimiento en el departamento de Nariño, Colombia. Este colectivo es heterogéneo y tiene dificultades a la hora de construir una identidad colectiva que permita su consolidación. Sin embargo, durante los dieciséis años que lleva funcionando se ha fortalecido, mediante las luchas constantes de activistas y las transformaciones constitucionales. Se tienen en cuenta los debates feministas y de los estudios de género sobre víctimas y ciudadanía, planteándolas como definiciones opuestas; no significa que sean en sí mismas un antagonismo, sino una estrategia de movilización política en el marco de la Ley 1448 de 2011 y en los acuerdos de paz realizados entre el gobierno nacional y las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia -FARC- durante los últimos cuatro años. Esto ha permitido la visibilización de sus problemáticas, a nivel social y cultural en las zonas rurales, donde se recrudece el conflicto y, en la zona urbana donde los estereotipos y estigmas son parte de la cotidianidad y se reproducen para discriminar a lesbianas, gays, bisexuales, trans e intersexuales.

National analysis of violence against LGBTI + children in Poland. As with all countries participating in the project, the research design assumed three information sources: an online survey, interviews with stakeholders and workshops with LGBT+ youth. The workshops were to take place in April 2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, in March 2020 the Polish government began to implement social distancing procedures in order to restrict the infection rate. Among other, meetings of more than two people were temporarily banned. In these circumstances the workshops were cancelled and the remaining interviews were carried out online over Skype (with voice and video transmission) in order to maintain social distancing procedures ; Projecte "Diversity and childhood: changing social attitudes towards gender diversity in children across Europe", finançat pel Programa de Drets, Igualtat i Ciutadania (2014-2020) de la Unió Europea (REC-RDAP-GBV-AG-2018-856680)

Despite several studies supporting that some pre-colonial African groups had non-normative sex practices, the African continent still provides limited protection for LGBTI individuals. In Uganda, this protection is non-existent due to the British colonial rule, an anti-Western nationalism and strong religious beliefs. These facts brought widespread disgust for LGBTI people over time and today there is an active anti-LGBTI lawmaking in Uganda. Violence towards LGBTI individuals led to the death of several activists, despite the existence of more than 500,000 people who identify themselves as LGBTI living in the country. Therefore, this paper describes the diverse issues that concern the LGBTI people in Uganda and surveys Ugandan pro-LGBTI non-governmental organizations, describing the type of work they have been doing. It was possible to find four organizations, which have been working in areas such as healthcare, labor and economic empowerment, legal aid, care and support, advocacy and cultural change, visibility and awareness. The various strategies they have been developing are supported by the literature with regard to LGBTI protection in Uganda, except for the care and aid category, which still lacks studies to support the development of counselling, social support to address loneliness issues and safety precautions. This paper suggests studies to be developed in this theme. The work developed by these few NGOs in different areas may be capable of producing local change and political pressure throughout time, as studies such as this one may do so. ; Apesar de vários estudos apoiarem que alguns grupos africanos pré-coloniais tinham práticas sexuais não normativas, o continente africano ainda fornece proteção limitada para indivíduos LGBTI. Na Uganda, essa proteção é inexistente devido ao enraizado domínio colonial britânico, um nacionalismo antiocidental e fortes crenças religiosas. Esses fatos criaram repulsa generalizada às pessoas LGBTI ao longo do tempo e hoje existe uma legislação anti-LGBTI ativa na Uganda. A violência contra indivíduos LGBTI levou à morte de vários ativistas, apesar de mais de 500 mil pessoas que se identificam como LGBTI viverem no país. Portanto, este artigo descreve as diversas questões que preocupam as pessoas LGBTI na Uganda e investiga organizações não governamentais ugandenses pró-LGBTI, descrevendo o tipo de trabalho que estas têm realizado. Foi possível encontrar quatro organizações que trabalham em áreas como assistência médica, trabalho e capacitação econômica, assistência jurídica, acolhimento e apoio, advocacia e mudança cultural, visibilidade e conscientização. As várias estratégias que têm sido desenvolvidas são apoiadas pela literatura em relação à proteção da comunidade LGBTI na Uganda, exceto a categoria de "acolhimento e apoio", que ainda carece de estudos para apoiar o desenvolvimento de aconselhamento, apoio social para tratar de questões de solidão e precauções de segurança. Este artigo sugere que estudos sejam desenvolvidos neste tema. O trabalho desenvolvido por essas poucas ONGs em diferentes áreas pode produzir mudanças locais e pressão política ao longo do tempo, como também poderá estudos como este.

The protection of family and equality are human rights established in a number of international instruments as well as the Political Constitution of Colombia, these however no place for people of the same sex who decided to have a family, since at present, moral and religious concepts have prevented this kind of family to exist. This article seeks to analyze and support the need for a conceptual and constitutional change regarding the protection of human rights of same-sex couples who decide to have a family, given the opposing positions, in order to defend the thesis that the institution of marriage for same-sex couples should be supported on a new constitutional notion of article 42 of the Constitution, to henceforth change the rules implementing that article. ; La protección de la familia y la igualdad son derechos humanos consagrados en un sinnúmero de instrumentos internacionales y en la Constitución Política de Colombia, que en nuestro país no tienen cabida para aquellas personas del mismo sexo que deciden conformar una familia, pues en la actualidad, con conceptos de orden moral y religioso se ha impedido esta forma de familia. El presente artículo pretende analizar y sustentar la necesidad de un cambio conceptual y constitucional respecto a la protección de los derechos humanos de las parejas del mismo sexo que decidan configurar una familia, teniendo en cuenta las posiciones contrarias con el fin de defender la tesis de que la institución del matrimonio para parejas del mismo sexo, debe soportarse en una nueva noción constitucional del artículo 42 de la Carta Política para poder, en adelante, modificar las normas que desarrollan dicho artículo. ; A protecção da família e a igualdade são direitos humanos consagrados em uma série de instrumentos internacionais e na Constituição Política da Colômbia, que no nosso país não tem lugar para pessoas do mesmo sexo que decidam formar uma família, uma vez que, actualmente, por causa de conceitos de ordem moral e religiosa este tipo de família tem algumas restrições para poder formar-se. Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar e apoiar a necessidade de uma mudança conceitual e constitucional relativa à protecção dos direitos humanos dos casais do mesmo sexo, que decidam criar uma família, tendo em conta as posições opostas a fim de defender a tese de que a instituição do casamento para casais do mesmo sexo deve ser apoiada numa nova noção constitucional do artigo 42 da Constituição para mudar de agora em diante as regras de execução do referido artigo.

The protection of family and equality are human rights established in a number of international instruments as well as the Political Constitution of Colombia, these however no place for people of the same sex who decided to have a family, since at present, moral and religious concepts have prevented this kind of family to exist. This article seeks to analyze and support the need for a conceptual and constitutional change regarding the protection of human rights of same-sex couples who decide to have a family, given the opposing positions, in order to defend the thesis that the institution of marriage for same-sex couples should be supported on a new constitutional notion of article 42 of the Constitution, to henceforth change the rules implementing that article. ; La protección de la familia y la igualdad son derechos humanos consagrados en un sinnúmero de instrumentos internacionales y en la Constitución Política de Colombia, que en nuestro país no tienen cabida para aquellas personas del mismo sexo que deciden conformar una familia, pues en la actualidad, con conceptos de orden moral y religioso se ha impedido esta forma de familia. El presente artículo pretende analizar y sustentar la necesidad de un cambio conceptual y constitucional respecto a la protección de los derechos humanos de las parejas del mismo sexo que decidan configurar una familia, teniendo en cuenta las posiciones contrarias con el fin de defender la tesis de que la institución del matrimonio para parejas del mismo sexo, debe soportarse en una nueva noción constitucional del artículo 42 de la Carta Política para poder, en adelante, modificar las normas que desarrollan dicho artículo. ; A protecção da família e a igualdade são direitos humanos consagrados em uma série de instrumentos internacionais e na Constituição Política da Colômbia, que no nosso país não tem lugar para pessoas do mesmo sexo que decidam formar uma família, uma vez que, actualmente, por causa de conceitos de ordem moral e religiosa este tipo de família tem algumas restrições para poder formar-se. Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar e apoiar a necessidade de uma mudança conceitual e constitucional relativa à protecção dos direitos humanos dos casais do mesmo sexo, que decidam criar uma família, tendo em conta as posições opostas a fim de defender a tese de que a instituição do casamento para casais do mesmo sexo deve ser apoiada numa nova noção constitucional do artigo 42 da Constituição para mudar de agora em diante as regras de execução do referido artigo.

There is an increasing recognition of political and socio-economic right and identification of the LGBTI throughout the world. Hereby, I soaked into lived experiences of LGBTI people and interpreted those experiences for better understanding of their daily life activities, the gap between their individual identities and social identities, prevailing exclusionary provisions and need of their social inclusion in term of gender identities and social development. The study also relates to the multiple realities of the world view of LGBTI investigated through interpretive paradigms and narrative inquiry as methodology which focuses on critical life events depicted through participants' stories, exploring their holistic views and holds valuable potential for researchers in a broad range of socio-cultural and economic structures. The research questions; how do LGBTI perform everyday life activities, how have they been appraising their identity and why social exclusionary practices have been affecting the lives of LGBTI in the development process of Nepal have been instrumental to materialize them. Nepalese Journal of Development and Rural StudiesVol. 14 (Joint issue) (1&2), 2017, Page: 63-73

This paper studies the role of the European Union (EU) in supporting lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) communities in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) by focusing on the case of Lebanon. It seeks to fill the existing gap in the literature regarding the transversal conceptualization of EU practices in support of LGBTI communities in the MENA by focusing on what is happening on the ground. The paper builds on semi-structured interviews and engages with primary and secondary literature on practices in international relations and the EU's transversal democracy promotion to answer three main questions: To what extent do the EU agents engage with local actors to improve transversal minority rights? Who are the agents involved? And what influences the EU approach/practice in this area? The main findings reveal the EU as a subtle actor when it comes to LGBTI rights in the MENA; it tends to treat the matter within a broader human rights aspect and to support initiatives taken by locals. This is due to the sensitivity of the domestic context as well as awareness that it might have a negative effect on the LGBTI groups if the EU became more vocal.

La forma institucional que está adquiriendo el asociacionismo LGBTI denota un proceso de institucionalización de las demandas sociales que son reclamadas por el asociacionismo. La base del proyecto político de algunos grupos sociales destaca por su carácter anti-institucional hacia las instituciones por ser organismos que transmiten un modelo patriarcal y heterosexista, limitador de la libertad sexual. La aprobación de leyes, como la Ley 13/2005 en la que se concede el matrimonio igualitario o la Ley 11/2014 que garantiza los derechos y reconoce las discriminaciones hacia el colectivo LGBTI, son ejemplos de la transformación legal que ha adquirido el movimiento LGBTI. Estos cambios, más la colaboración que establecen las asociaciones LGBTI con las instituciones en la elaboración y desarrollo de políticas públicas, abren el debate sobre la institucionalización del asociacionismo LGBTI, los factores y las repercusiones que han hecho posible esta institucionalización. El debate sobre la institucionalización en el asociacionismo LGBTI catalán, sus factores y repercusiones, es el proceso investigado en este estudio que reflexiona sobre los cambios estructurales y organizativos del asociacionismo y los cambios en el contexto institucional y cómo han repercutido estos cambios en la consecución de las demandas sociales y los objetivos planteados por el asociacionismo. Este debate reflexivo es construido por activistas LGBTI y por la investigadora que, con el método de estudio de las producciones narrativas, recoge los significados que el asociacionismo LGBTI catalán otorga al proceso de institucionalización. ; The institutional form that LGBTI associations are acquiring denotes a process of institutionalization of the social demands claimed by the association. The basis of the political project of some social groups stands out for its anti-institutional nature towards institutions because they are organisms that transmit a patriarchal and heterosexist model, which limits sexual freedom. The approval of laws, such as Law ...

International audience ; Introduction Le 8 mai 2018, Le premier ministre et la secrétaire d'Etat aux droits des femmes ont émis le souhait qu'il y ait, dans tous les établissements scolaires, des référent.e.s égalités filles-garçons. Au-delà de la présence, par académie, de chargé.e.s de mission sur cette thématique, c'est le périmètre de cette volonté politique qui interroge. Entre autre question, vient celle des élèves LGBTIQ-Lesbiennes, gays, bissexuel.le.s, trans, intersexes, queers-que l'institution a décidément beaucoup de mal à intégrer. Déjà, en juin 2013, le rapport de Michel Teychenné intitulé « Discriminations lgbt-phobes à l'école état des lieux et recommandations » insisitait sur la nécessité de prendre en considération les questions de décrochage scolaire des minorités de genre et de sexualité, ainsi que leur santé globale dans le milieu scolaire. Depuis, rien, ou presque. Une campagne contre l'homophobie sous-utilisée, des chapitres bien souvent maladroits sur le genre en filière de Sciences et Vie de la Terre et des ABCD de l'égalité dont on se souviendra du sort. Ne restent que des initiatives locales et un plan d'actions contre le harcèlement scolaire qui cite très marginalement les questions LGBTIQ. Pourtant, l'actualité de la recherche montre l'urgence qu'il y a à prendre en compte ces parcours. Dans ce contexte de timide lutte contre les discriminations à l'encontre des minorités de genre et de sexualité, revenons sur un panorama des expériences discriminatoires et de harcèlements scolaires subis par les élèves LGBTIQ.

Despite the notable successes of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) activism in the region, individual European countries have varied considerably in the extent and speed with which they have adopted legislation to recognise the rights of their LGBTI citizens. Scholars have often turned to modernisation theory to explain these variable outcomes and argue that high levels of national wealth are an important factor in the success of LGBTI movements. Although the correlation between modernity, economic development and tolerance of LGBTI lifestyles is often treated as a truism in the literature, scholars have paid less attention to the precise mechanisms by which the complex processes associated with modernisation facilitate policy change. Drawing on the classic works of both modernisation theory and gay and lesbian history, we examine a less explored route by which modernisation leads to the expansion of LGBTI rights. Specifically, we posit that urbanisation facilitates the adoption of rights policies by strengthening LGBTI movements and enhancing their political effectiveness. To test this proposition, we use event history analysis and an original dataset that contains measures for institutional, cultural, economic and movement variables, as well as measures of urbanisation in 44 European countries between 1980 and 2015. Our findings support the contention that urbanisation has a strong effect on the formation of LGBTI movement organisations as well as the speed with which European states adopt both same‐sex union and anti‐discrimination legislation. The relationship between urbanisation and rights expansion persists even after controlling for a country's level of wealth, religious adherence and the influence of European institutions and norms.