Suchergebnisse

Meeting the Challenges of Megacities in the Developing World -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- Options for Improving Labor Markets for Megacities in the Developing World -- PANEL ON IMPROVING LABOR MARKETS -- Members -- National Research Council Staff -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- WHAT IS SPECIAL ABOUT LABOR MARKETS IN MEGACITIES? -- THE MEGACITY LABOR FORCE -- Types of Labor -- Sectors of Employment -- The Informal Sector -- Manufacturing -- Government Employment -- Urban Services -- The High-Order Financial and Service or "Quaternary" Sector -- Women and Children -- Female Labor -- Child Labor -- THE MEGACITY LABOR MARKET -- Labor Supply -- Labor Demand -- Labor Market Equilibrium -- Megacity Spatial (Geographical) Structure and Labor Markets -- Research Needs and Information Constraints -- LABOR MARKET PROBLEMS -- Unemployment -- Poverty and Income Inequality -- Job Mobility Constraints -- The Lack of Protection -- Big Firm Bias -- THE ROLE OF POLICY -- Goals of Policy -- The Role for Government -- Policies to Reduce Unemployment -- Macroeconomic Policies -- International Trade Policies -- Human Resource Policies -- Policies to Reduce Poverty and Income Inequality -- Minimum Wage Policies -- Informal Sector Promotion -- Policies to Eliminate Job Mobility Constraints -- Labor Unions -- Social Policies and Job Security Laws -- Transportation Strategies -- Spatial (Geographical) Redistribution Policies -- Policies to Protect Labor -- Child Labor Laws -- Health and Safety Legislation -- Privatization -- Policies to Reduce Big Firm Bias -- Small-Scale Sector Policies -- Industrial Incentive Policies -- Labor Policy and Key Megacity Issues -- THE ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ENDNOTES -- REFERENCES -- Water and Sanitation Services for Megacities in the Developing World.

BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTS: THEIR TRAINING AND SUPPLY -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Contents -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- THE COMMITTEE'S INVESTIGATION -- FINDINGS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- NRSA Support Levels -- Needed Research -- Other Recommendations -- CHAPTER 1 THE ROLE OF NRSA PROGRAMS IN THE EDUCATION PIPELINE -- OVERVIEW -- THE EDUCATION/EMPLOYMENT PIPELINE -- The Pipeline into the Basic Biomedical Sciences -- The Pipeline into Behavioral Sciences -- THE STRUCTURE OF NRSA TRAINING PROGRAMS -- Training Grants -- Fellowships -- NRSA Training for Physician/Scientists -- A STATISTICAL OVERVIEW OF NRSA TRAINING PROGRAMS -- NRSA Training Programs in FY 1987 -- GRANT APPLICATIONS AND AWARDS BY TRAINEES/FELLOWS -- HISTORICAL TRENDS -- CHAPTER 2 THE CURRENT MARKET FOR BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENTISTS -- OVERVIEW -- THE CHANGING LABOR MARKET FOR BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENTISTS, 1973-1987 -- Refreshment Rates -- Attrition -- Net Mobility -- RECENT TRENDS IN THE LABOR MARKET FOR BIOMEDICAL SCIENTISTS -- Growth in Employment -- Postdoctoral Appointments -- Trends in Job Openings and Ph.D. Production -- RECENT TRENDS IN THE LABOR MARKET FOR BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES -- Clinical Psychology -- Nonclinical Psychology -- Other Behavioral Sciences -- RECENT TRENDS IN THE LABOR MARKET FOR PHYSICIAN/SCIENTISTS -- COMPOSITION OF THE LABOR FORCE -- Race and Sex -- Citizenship -- CHAPTER 3 THE FUTURE LABOR MARKET FOR BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH PERSONNEL -- OVERVIEW -- PRIOR COMMITTEE PROJECTIONS AND CURRENT METHODOLOGY -- THE MODEL -- THE FUTURE LABOR MARKET FOR BIOMEDICAL SCIENTISTS -- Growth in Employment -- Attrition -- Future Demand and Supply -- THE FUTURE LABOR MARKET FOR BEHAVIORAL SCIENTISTS -- Nonclinical Psychology -- Other Behavioral Scientists -- THE FUTURE LABOR MARKET FOR PHYSICIAN/SCIENTISTS.

The State of Working America -- Table of Contents -- Documentation and methodology. -- Chapter 1: Overview: Policy-driven inequality blocks living-standards growth for low- and middle-income Americans -- America's vast middle class has suffered a 'lost decade' and faces the threat of another -- Income and wage inequality have risen sharply over the last three-and-a-half decades -- Rising inequality is the major cause of wage stagnation for workers and of the failure of low- and middle-income families to appropriately benefit from growth. -- Economic policies caused increased inequality of wages and incomes -- Claims that growing inequality has not hurt middle-income families are flawed.. -- Growing income inequality has not been offset by increased mobility -- Inequalities persist by race and gender -- Economic history and policy as seen from below the top rungs of the wage and income ladder -- The Great Recession: Causes and consequences -- A very condensed macroeconomic history of the Great Recession and its aftermath -- Economic 'lost decades': Weak growth for most Americans' wages and incomes before and likely after the Great Recession -- Weak labor demand at the heart of the lost decade -- Weak labor demand devastates key living standards -- Dim growth prospects forecast another lost decade -- Two key lessons from the lost decade -- Extraordinarily unequal growth before the lost decade: Rising inequality blocksincome and wage growth from 1979 to 2007 -- Income inequality and stagnating living standards -- Wage inequality and the break between wages and productivity -- Strong income and wage growth in the atypical last half of the 1990s -- Economic mobility has neither caused nor cured the damage done by rising inequality -- Today's private economy: Not performing for middle-income Americans.