Suchergebnisse

This article seeks to analyze the mobility of Romanians within Spain, taking into account the current economic crisis that is affecting labor markets in Spain and Romania, and its impact upon people. Using the discourse of Romanian immigrants as a reference, the paper examines their mobility experiences as Europeans who have a right to free circulation but not to work in the enlarged European Union (EU). To carry out this research, I utilize the qualitative method of in-depth interviews with 80 Romanian immigrants engaged in labor mobility between the two countries. The empirical approach suggests that migrant may have varying perceptions concerning place and mobility according to their migratory stage and the current economic circumstances. In the theoretical field, the article emphasizes the contribution of mobility to improve knowledge on migration and its conclusions points toward understanding the process of mobility in the enlarged EU. ; El artículo analiza la movilidad de rumanos en España, en el contexto de la crisis económica que afecta a los mercados de trabajo de España y Rumanía. Tomando como referencia la percepción de los inmigrantes rumanos, el estudio aborda sus experiencias de movilidad como ciudadanos europeos en la Unión Europea (UE) ampliada, con derechos de libre circulación pero no de trabajo. Para realizar la investigación se utilizó la técnica cualitativa de la entrevista en profundidad, llevándose a cabo 80 entrevistas a rumanos que practican la movilidad laboral entre los dos países. El trabajo empírico sugiere que las percepciones de los migrantes sobre la movilidad se interpretan según las etapas migratorias y las circunstancias económicas actuales. En el ámbito teórico el artículo destaca la contribución de la movilidad al conocimiento sobre la inmigración, y sus conclusiones apuntan hacia la comprensión del proceso de movilidad en la UE ampliada.

In no other region of the world is the connection between trade and immigration for dealing with the asymmetrical nature of integration paradigms as important as it is in North America. A consideration of the current tension between labor market demands and migration policy provides a general vision of migratory flows in North America and clarifies how concerns about U.S. security exacerbate the political obstacles to meeting labor market needs. Potential opportunities and complementarities exist that could intensify regional competitiveness through labor mobility, but this can only be achieved by coordinating efforts that favor investment in human capital. Adapted from the source document.

The focus of this paper is on an initial comparative analysis of intergenerational social (class) mobility over birth cohorts in Argentina and Spain. Our objective is to determine the extent to which these two cases of late industrialized countries share similar features of social mobility. Two central questions guide our work: 1) What have been the changes in absolute mobility rates in Argentina and Spain? 2) What has been the comparative evolution over time of the strength of class association? We are guided by two working hypotheses: 1) Given intergenerational changes in labor movements from rural to urban environments, plus the growth of the service class we expect to find a high degree of absolute mobility in both countries; and 2) following international literature, we expect to find a stable net association - controlling for structural changes - of class origins and destinations across birth cohorts in men, and social fluidity in the case of Spanish women.

Labor mobility is common in certain professions, including the Armed Forces. Military people have to assume several changes of assignment along their carriers and, sometimes, these changes implies geographical mobility. In these situations, when the military has a partner and /or children can take two alternatives. The first is to move just the military to the new location, creating a living apart together model (LAT) and, the second, is when the couple or the whole family move together, creating a cohabiting model. This article has the objective of studying the presence and features of the LAT Model and the Cohabiting Model in the Spanish Armed Forces. To this end, a methodology was designed based on the survey technique with a self-administred questionnaire structured from three thematic areas (sociodemographic, military and opinion) and which was spread by different associations of military and families of Spanish military. The results show which are the main variables that affect the decision to choose one or other of two models (labor, economic and family) and how each model of living affect the couple and the children. ; La movilidad laboral es habitual en ciertas profesiones, entre ellas, las Fuerzas Armadas. En general, los hombres y mujeres militares han de asumir diversos cambios de destino a lo largo de sus trayectorias laborales y, en ocasiones, estos cambios llevan aparejados procesos de movilidad geográfica. Ante estas situaciones, cuando los militares tienen pareja e/o hijos pueden tomar dos alternativas. La primera es que se desplace a la nueva localidad únicamente el o la militar, dando origen a un Modelo living apart together (LAT) y, la segunda, es que la pareja o la familia al completo se trasladen también, formando parte, por tanto, de un Modelo cohabitante. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo estudiar la presencia y características del Modelo LAT y del Modelo cohabitante en las Fuerzas Armadas españolas. Con este fin se diseñó una metodología basada en la técnica de encuesta. Se elaboró un cuestionario autoadministrado estructurado a partir de tres áreas temáticas (sociodemográfica, militar y de opinión) y que fue difundido por diferentes asociaciones de militares y de familias de militares españolas. Los resultados muestran cuáles son las principales variables que influyen en la decisión de optar por uno u otro modelo (laborales, económicos y familiares) y cómo repercuten ambos modelos de convivencia en la pareja y en los hijos.Labor mobility is common in certain professions, including the Armed Forces. Military people have to assume several changes of assignment along their carriers and, sometimes, these changes implies geographical mobility. In these situations, when the military has a partner and /or children can take two alternatives. The first is to move just the military to the new location, creating a living apart together model (LAT) and, the second, is when the couple or the whole family move together, creating a cohabiting model. This article has the objective of studying the presence and features of the LAT Model and the Cohabiting Model in the Spanish Armed Forces. To this end, a methodology was designed based on the survey technique with a self-administred questionnaire structured from three thematic areas (sociodemographic, military and opinion) and which was spread by different associations of military and families of Spanish military. The results show which are the main variables that affect the decision to choose one or other of two models (labor, economic and family) and how each model of living affect the couple and the children.

This article analyzes the intra-European mobility of workers who, by virtue of the principle of free movement of services, moves from one country (origin) to another/s (destination/s) to carry out an activity during a certain period of time. This research addresses recent trends in this temporary migration, the factors behind it and its geographic distribution, and the working conditions of displaced workers. The information used comes from the reports and data published by the European Commission and from the results of investigations that various authors have carried out in different countries. Geographical mobility is increasing rapidly throughout Europe, which is due, among other factors, to the regulations governing the posting of workers, to the enlargement of the European Union to the East and to the economic crisis that started in 2008. The greatest part of the journeys covers short distances and take place between western countries, where the job offer is concentrated. However, demand increases with greater intensity in the countries of the southern and eastern periphery, which stand out as exporters of labor. ; El artículo analiza la movilidad intraeuropea de los trabajadores que, en virtud del principio de libre circulación de servicios, van de un país (origen) a otro/s (destino/s) para realizar una actividad durante un periodo de tiempo determinado. Aborda las tendencias recientes de esta migración temporal, los factores que la impulsan y su distribución geográfica, y las condiciones laborales de los trabajadores desplazados. La información utilizada procede de los informes y datos publicados por Comisión Europea y de los resultados de investigaciones que diversos autores han llevado a cabo en diferentes países. La movilidad geográfica aumenta de forma acelerada en toda Europa, lo que se debe, entre otros factores, a la normativa que regula el desplazamiento de trabajadores, a la ampliación de la Unión Europea hacia el Este y a la crisis económica iniciada en 2008. La mayor parte de los trayectos cubren distancias cortas y tienen lugar entre países occidentales, donde se concentra la oferta de empleo. No obstante, la demanda aumenta con mayor intensidad en los países de la periferia sur y oriental, que destacan como exportadores de mano de obra.

[por] Esta investigação analisa o impacto da formação escolar profissionalizante em música na criação de capital cultural e na mobilidade social ascendente dos seus diplomados. Assume-se como caso de estudo os diplomados e as suas famílias, das quatros escolas profissionais de música no Norte de Portugal. De acordo com as teorias da reprodução e da distinção de Bourdieu, o capital cultural é um importante instrumento na reprodução de desigualdades sociais, pelo que as condições socioculturais familiares de origem são determinantes na diferenciação dos resultados escolares dos descendentes, no desenvolvimento das suas carreiras profissionais, na construção de preferências e nos comportamentos de consumo cultural. As mesmas teorias associam a estratificação social à criação de um gosto popular ou erudito, em função da existência, ou não, de capital cultural, condição necessária à compreensão de códigos e apreciação de bens simbólicos. Por seu lado, a investigação educativa produzida, a partir da década de setenta do século XX, tem vindo a reconhecer à escola e ao efeito-escola um importante papel no sucesso escolar e na definição de trajetórias de vida, invertendo o caráter fatalista da reprodução social familiar de origem. Num paradigma de mobilidade cultural, o atual debate sobre o omnivorismo cultural reconhece, nas sociedades atual, a existência de um novo perfil de participação cultural omnívora, que se traduz num leque alargado de preferências e de consumos, desde a arte erudita a manifestações próprias de subculturas populares. A análise sociológica do consumo acrescenta as trajetórias escolares, ocupações profissionais e estilos de vida como importantes fatores de estruturação do gosto em dialética com os fenómenos do consumo e das hierarquias culturais. Na investigação empírica realizada aplicam-se indicadores que permitem analisar o processo de criação de capital musical, através da socialização escolar, e os comportamentos de consumo cultural, desde a infância à idade adulta. Utilizam-se o questionário aplicado aos diplomados das EPM, complementado com entrevistas aos diretores e quadros pedagógicos intermédios das escolas como instrumentos. Constata-se que a ocupação profissional dos diplomados, o nível máximo de escolaridade atingido e os consumos musicais eruditos estão associados à trajetória escolar na EPM e são independentes das condições sociais familiares de origem, num modelo de mobilidade social ascendente intergeracional. Concluiu-se que a ampliação de capital musical construído na socialização escolar aumentou o processo de mobilidade social dos alunos, viabilizando o posterior acesso a ocupações profissionais de maior prestígio. Simultaneamente, assistiu-se a uma mudança dos padrões de consumo musical popular, através da incorporação de preferências pelo reportório musical de tradição europeia ocidental, num modelo de translação cultural independente da estratificação social de classe de origem familiar. No entanto, concluiu-se que o capital musical construído e refletido no gosto e nos comportamentos de consumo em adulto não conduziu os diplomados a um padrão de participação cultural omnívoro, comportamento que atualmente a sociologia de consumo reconhece como atributo das sociedades contemporâneas desenvolvidas. ; [eng] This dissertation presents an analysis of the impact of musical education in a professional context on the creation of cultural capital and the upward social mobility of its graduates. The case studies here presented include the graduates and their families from four "Professional Schools" located in the North of Portugal. According to Bourdieu's theories of "reproduction" and "distinction", cultural capital is an important instrument in the reproduction of social inequality, and the specificities of family sociocultural origins are considered essential to the differentiation of the children school results, their access to professional careers, the construction of their cultural "choices" and their behavior as cultural consumers. The same theories associate social stratification with the creation of "popular" versus high culture taste, as a result of the existence or absence of cultural capital, and as a condition for the understanding and fruition of symbolic codes and goods. Moreover, the educational research produced after the 70s in the XX century, has been recognizing an important role to schooling and to the "schooling-effect" in the success of education and the positive definition of individual life trajectories, as well as it inverts the fatalist character of the reproduction of family sociocultural conditions. Within a paradigm of cultural mobility, the contemporary debate on cultural omnivorism recognizes in today's society the existence of a new profile of omnivorous cultural participation, which is translated in a wide range of consume preferences, from high art to specific demonstrations of popular subcultures. The sociological analysis of consumption reinforces schooling trajectories, professional occupations and life styles as fundamental factors in the structuring of "taste" within a dialectic process with consumption issues and cultural hierarchies. In the empirical research carried out throughout this work were used indicators which allowed us to analyze the process of the creation of musical capital through the process of schooling socialization and the behaviors of cultural consumption, from childhood to adult age. The graduates from EPM were asked to answer questionnaires, which were complemented with interviews to the directors and intermediate pedagogic management of the schools, as empirical instruments. One realizes that the professional occupation of graduates, the maximum level of schooling reached and their high art musical choices are distinctively associated with the individual schooling trajectory in EPM and, independently of the family social origins, they are inscribed within a model of intergenerational upward social mobility. The conclusion of our analysis is that the widening of the musical capital built within the schooling socializing has increased the process of the students social mobility, enabling the ulterior access to a more prestigious professional occupation. In tandem with this, one recognizes the change and transformation of the patterns of popular musical consumption, via the incorporation of a "preference" for a musical repertoire within the Western European tradition, as a model of cultural translation which is independent from the social stratification of family origin. Notwithstanding, our conclusion is that the acquired musical capital reflected in the "taste" and the consume behavior of the adult individual has not led the graduates to a pattern of cultural omnivorous consumption, which today's sociology of culture recognizes as an attribute of contemporary developed societies.

Físico ; ilustraciones, gráficas, tablas, mapas ; Rural youth are actors with high vulnerability, this reflected among many variables to the emergence and progressive enlargement of migratory phenomena in search of improving their living conditions, either by attraction to the cities or by expulsion from their territories. In Colombia, these migratory processes are framed and represented mainly by the lack of job opportunities, representing 42.3%. Variable very marked at the territorial level, where youth unemployment in the department of Arauca reaches 29.7%. As the rule of law, work is conceived in a central place of triple quality (as a principle, duty and right) and entrepreneurship as a political strategy to amend the demands that society demands, thus, as a science of the State, the analysis of public policy implemented here according to the cyclical model proposed by Knoepfel et al. (2006) allows evaluating the conditions of young people, the actions of the State around labor problems in the period 1991-2019 and Ordinance 019E of 2015 in the stages of definition of the public problem and programming. Thus, the main problem of rural youth in the department of Arauca is framed in the little, null or insufficient youth participation in political, social and economic spaces. While Ordinance 019E of 2015 requires a recoding as a learning process and construction of experiences and knowledge of local political-administrative actors, a process that includes the linking of market actors, the updating of regulations, an objective, coherent and predictable, with a horizontally and vertically integrated APA. ; Los jóvenes rurales son actores con alta vulnerabilidad, esto reflejado entre muchas variables al surgimiento y engrosamiento progresivo de fenómenos migratorios en búsqueda de mejorar sus condiciones de vida, ya sea por atracción a las ciudades o por expulsión de sus territorios. En Colombia, estos procesos migratorios están enmarcados y representados principalmente por la falta de oportunidades laborales, representando un 42,3%. Variable muy marcada a nivel territorial, en donde, el desempleo juvenil del departamento de Arauca alcanza el 29,7%. Como Estado de derecho, el trabajo se concibe en un lugar central de triple calidad (como principio, deber y derecho) y el emprendimiento como una estrategia política para enmendar las demandas que la sociedad exige, así, como ciencia del Estado, el análisis de política pública aquí implementado según el modelo cíclico planteado por Knoepfel et al. (2006) permite evaluar las condiciones de los jóvenes, las acciones desde el Estado entorno a las problemáticas laborales en el periodo 1991-2019 y la Ordenanza 019E de 2015 en las etapas de definición del problema público y programación. Así, la principal problemática de la juventud rural del departamento de Arauca se enmarca en la poca, nula o insuficiente participación juvenil en espacios políticos, sociales y económicos. Mientras que la Ordenanza 019E de 2015 requiere una recodificación como un proceso de aprendizaje y construcción de experiencias y conocimientos de los actores político-administrativos locales, proceso que incluya la vinculación de actores del mercado, la actualización de normatividad, un PPA objetivo, coherente y previsible, con un APA integrado horizontal y verticalmente. (Texto tomado de la fuente) ; Maestría ; Magíster en Producción Animal ; Análisis de política Cíclico (Knophel 2006) ; Políticas Agrarias

Existen numerosos estudios en el medio académico nacional sobre la probabilidad de estar desempleado en función de características microeconómicas del individuo. No obstante, son pocos los estudios sobre la probabilidad de empleabilidad de los egresados en función del tipo universidad, entre otras variables. Es un hecho comúnmente aceptado por los economistas el que la educación, en particular la superior, produce una externalidad positiva en la sociedad, razón por la cual el gobierno interviene ante este fallo de mercado, con una provisión de educación superior a través de las universidades públicas. Ahora bien, ¿las universidades públicas permiten la movilidad social? Para aproximarse a la respuesta, se realiza un análisis de inserción laboral por el tipo de financiación de la universidad ; There are numerous studies in national academic circles on the probability of being unemployed, in terms of micro-economic characteristics of the individual. However, there are few studies on the likelihood of employability of college graduates depending on the type of college and other variables. It is a fact commonly accepted by economists that education, especially higher education, produces a positive externality on society, reason why the government intervenes with this market failure with a provision of higher education through public universities. However, do public universities allow social mobility? To approach the response, a labor insertion analysis is done according to the type of funding of the University

In this scientific research, with the help of general and special methods, the main trends in the development of labor law in the conditions of martial law introduced in Ukraine are determined. It also discusses the establishment of individual personal restrictions in the organization of labor relations, making the legal regulation of labor relations more flexible and the mobility of the worker in the exercise of the right to work, strengthening the protection of labor rights of workers, mainly of mobilized persons and guarantees of their realization. The authors' attention is focused on the fact that the legislative approach to the regulation of labor relations should take into account not only the interests of the state, but also the interests of individual citizens. The obtained results allow concluding that even in these difficult conditions the labor law prevails in the list of the basic rights of the subjects of labor relations, in accordance with international legal standards and guarantees of their implementation, along with the forms and methods of comprehensive protection of labor.

En este trabajo, analizamos la manera en que el Sistema de Registro Familiar chino, el hukou, puede entenderse como una mediación fundamental para el control y encauzamiento de la movilidad de su fuerza de trabajo. El hukou se ha modificado históricamente desde su institucionalización en la época de Mao Zedong y durante el periodo de reformas siguiendo los objetivos de los proyectos político-económicos del gigante asiático. En el caso del proyecto maoísta, la migración del campo a la ciudad estaba restringida por el sistema de "comunas populares", mientras que con las reformas de Deng Xiaoping se abrió la posibilidad de este tipo migración. En ambos casos, el hukou y las reformas que ha sufrido han sido condiciones necesarias para ello. En el proyecto de expansión chino implementado por Xi Jinping se promueve el desplazamiento de la población rural en favor de la expansión urbana y de la agricultura a gran escala sin que todavía se hayan realizado reformas significativas al hukou. No obstante el funcionamiento histórico del hukou, las reformas que este ha experimentado de manera reciente se traducen en la pérdida de beneficios para una parte importante de la población, lo que parece convertirse en una situación a tomar en cuenta ante las intentos de expandir la demanda interna. A este escenario de tensión se enfrenta actualmente el gigante asiático. Abstract: In this work, we analyze the way in which the chinese Family Registry System, the hukou, can be understood as a fundamental mediation for the control and channeling of the mobility of its labor force. The hukou has been modified historically since its institutionalization in the Mao Zedong era and during the period of reforms, following the objectives of the political-economic projects of the Asian giant. In the case of the Maoist project, migration from the countryside to the city was restricted by the system of "popular communes", while Deng Xiaoping's reforms opened up the possibility of this type of migration. In both cases, the hukou and the reforms it has suffered have been necessary conditions for this. The Chinese expansion project implemented by Xi Jinping promotes the displacement of the rural population in favor of urban expansion and large-scale agriculture without significant reforms being made to the hukou. Despite the historical functioning of the hukou, the reforms that it has recently undergone have meant the loss of benefits for an important part of the population, what seems to become in a situation to be taken into account in the face of attempts to expand domestic demand. The Asian giant is currently facing this tension scenario. Keywords: China, hukou, migration, labor force, economic project. Recebido em: agosto/2018. Aprovado em: julho/2019.

International audience ; Spain is one of the countries of the European Union that more demand care services in the home and whit the increasi life expectancy and the incorporation of women into the wage labor market, we analyze the reasons behind the relationship between the current care social organization in Spain and the concentration of women of foreing origin in that labor market. We analyze the response of the State to the care deficit and how families and the labor market have contributed to support of system in which migrant women are the new reserve labor force to guarantee the cheap labor, that Allow access to the care of a much layer of society with limited resources. ; España es uno de los países de la Unión Europea que más demanda servicios de cuidado en el hogar y —dado el aumento de la esperanza de vida e incorporación de las mujeres al mercado de trabajo asalariado— se analizan las causas de la relación entre la organización social del cuidado vigente en España y la concentración de mujeres de origen extracomunitario en dicho sector. Se hará una revisión de las respuestas por parte del Estado al déficit de cuidados que se ha evidenciado desde la década de los noventa y se analizará en qué medida las familias y el mercado han contribuido a sostener un sistema en el que las mujeres inmigrantes son la nueva fuerza laboral de reserva que posibilita el acceso al cuidado de una amplia capa de la sociedad española con recursos limitados, como pensionistas, y familias de clase media con necesidad de doble sueldo.

Spain is the European Union country which has the highest number of domestic workers. It is also the place where domestic work has increased the most in recent years. Between 1998 and 2007, the growth in this labor sector has been so spectacular that the number of domestic workers even doubled. The reasons for this development can be grouped in different factors: structural factors, such as the inequality of income distribution and characteristics of the labor market; contextual factors, such as the Immigration Law and other laws of domestic work; and institutional arrangements, like the type of management that different entities perform to mediate between job demands and supplies. The empirical research on the work of mediation for accessing domestic work shows the way of construction of this labor market, in which there are practices that go beyond conventional uses. In addition to the training requirements, qualifications or experience, that are usually asked when seeking employment, it explores personal attributes or conditions outside of the work of the applicants. The formalization of the contractual relationship often depends more on these characteristics than of other professional qualities. ; España es el país de la Unión Europea que cuenta con la cifra más elevada de personal doméstico asalariado. Es también donde más se ha incrementado el servicio doméstico en los últimos años. En la década 1998-2007 el crecimiento del sector ha sido espectacular, hasta el punto que la cifra de personas asalariadas que desempeñaban esta actividad doméstica remunerada llegó incluso a duplicarse. Las causas de esta evolución se encuentran en distintos factores: estructurales, relacionados con la desigualdad económica y la configuración del mercado de trabajo; coyunturales, referidos a la articulación normativa entre extranjería y empleo doméstico; e institucionales, como el tipo de gestión que distintas entidades llevan a cabo para mediar entre demandas y ofertas de empleo. La investigación empírica realizada sobre la labor de mediación para el acceso al servicio doméstico refleja el modo de construcción de este mercado laboral en el que se dan prácticas de gestión de carácter semiformal que desbordan los usos convencionales. Además de la formación, cualificación o experiencia, que habitualmente se solicitan para buscar empleo, se indaga sobre atributos personales o condiciones extralaborales de las demandantes. La formalización de la relación contractual con frecuencia depende más de estas características que de cualidades profesionales.