Suchergebnisse

In dem vorliegenden Artikel werden die Berührungspunkte zwischen der Verkehrsnetzplanung und der Raumplanung im Kontext der Problematik der Standortkonkurrenzen und des Leitbilds "Wettbewerbsfähigkeit stärken" dargestellt. Es wird aus verkehrstechnischer Sicht die grundlegende Methodik der Netzgestaltung beschrieben und auf die Defizite im Güterverkehr eingegangen. In einem kurzen Exkurs wird diesbezüglich eine niederländische Vorgehensweise erläutert. Im Anschluss wird mit der Vorstellung laufender Forschungsarbeiten im Auftrag des BMVI der Themenkomplex des Güterverkehrs abgeschlossen. Im Fazit wird erneut der Bezug zur Raumplanung hergestellt sowie der Bedarf an Kommunikation im Sinne eines wissenschaftlichen Austausches zwischen den verschiedenen beteiligten Fachdisziplinen aufgezeigt.

In the province of East Prussia, in the course of its 700 years of settlement history a landuse pattern had developed that was characterized by agriculture. Depending on time and form of settlement, large-scale land-holding developed mainly in the western and central parts of East Prussia whereas in the east and northeast small-scale farming was dominating. Especially in the eastern part of the province the majority of farmers lived in solitary farmsteads in the midst of their land. In accordance with theirs size, agricultural enterprises had different tasks: The large estates produced mainly cereals and beyond that had vast areas of grassland where livestock was raised. Smaller farms specialised in more labour-intensive crops such as root crops and vegetables. This neighbourhood of smaller and larger enterprises ensured a great variety of agricultural produce. The church villages played an important part in the life of the rural population as seats of the district council, supply and service centres and as centres of cultural life. After World War II the German population had to leave East Prussia. The northern part of the province was put under Soviet administration and became part of the RSFSR as "Kaliningradskaya Oblast". This involved a complete resettlement by people from various parts of the Soviet Union, mainly from Russia, White Russia, and the Ukraine. From now on land use changed completely: Sovkhoses and Kolkhoses cultivating 3 000 to 5 000 ha of land on the average and applying industrial methods of production were established. On the basis of mappings made in autumn 1992 and spring 1993 the consequences of large-scale farming for land use were recorded in three model areas. According to that, both in crop and animal farming big farms are run in a very extensive way. Due to a discrepancy between the arable land to be cultivated and the machinery available, the means of production and the level of training of the people working in agriculture, a large part of the fields is not tended and harvested properly. Thus, the high productivity of the soils cannot be fully made use of. The situation in animal farming is similar: lack of fodder for instance, leads to low yields in milk. Because of a one-sided concentration on cereals and fodder the needs of the people living in the Kaliningrad area cannot be satisfied. Thus, self supply of potatoes, vegetables, milk and meat became important in the Country. Furthermore, the mapping results revealed that, beside a strong increase in the share of grassland compared with the pre-war situation, the network of roads and paths thinned out so that solitary farmsteads and outlying estates but sometimes even whole villages were not settled again and remained deserted. The villages today have only residential functions; the majority of administrative and supply functions has been moved to district towns or the regional capital respectively. The agricultural reform started in 1991 goes on slowly. There is a lack of adequate machinery and equipment, seeds, fertilizer, breeding cattle, premises. At present, in the Kaliningrad area private farmers cultivate about 27 000 ha 743 000 ha are cultivated by jointstock companies or cooperatives which have emerged from Kolkhoses and Sovkhoses.

Landnutzungssysteme und die Vielfalt der Biodiversität lassen sich in Deutschland anhand des Netzes von Großschutzgebieten untersuchen. Im vorliegenden Schwerpunktheft stehen Natur- und Nationalparke sowie Biosphärenreservate im Fokus, die sich in unterschiedlicher Weise mit Flächenkonkurrenzen und Akzeptanzproblemen auseinandersetzen müssen. Der Arbeitskreis "Biodiversität und nachhaltige Landnutzung in Großschutzgebieten" der Akademie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung (ARL) hat sich mit dieser Thematik befasst. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt dabei die Forschungsfragen auf, die in den nachfolgenden Beiträgen dieses Heftes debattiert werden. Dazu gehört, welchen Einfluss unterschiedliche Landnutzungssysteme auf die Beschaffenheit von Ökosystemleistungen haben, wie die Großschutzgebietstypen hinsichtlich ihres jeweiligen Beitrages zu Erhalt und Entwicklung von Biodiversität zu bewerten sind, welche Rolle speziell dem Wald und dessen Bewirtschaftung im Hinblick auf Biodiversität und nachhaltige Landnutzung zukommt und welche Konfliktmuster durch Raumnutzungskonkurrenzen bestehen. Untersucht werden auch konkrete Governance-Ansätze in Großschutzgebieten vor dem Hintergrund von Flächenkonkurrenzen und es wird der Frage nachgegangen, wie in Großschutzgebieten gewonnene Erfahrungen auf die Gesamtfläche übertragen werden können. Darüber hinaus liefert dieser Beitrag die grundlegenden Definitionen zum Thema des Heftes. Schließlich werden aus unterschiedlicher fachlicher Perspektive Forderungen an politische und planerische Akteure gestellt, die eine nachhaltige Entwicklung von Großschutzgebieten in Deutschland unterstützen sollen. Eine stringente Stärkung des Stellenwertes von Großschutzgebieten auf Bundesebene mit entsprechenden administrativen Strukturen steht hier ebenso im Fokus wie die Forderung nach einer stärkeren Qualitätssicherung und -entwicklung der Großschutzgebiete. Auch das Spannungsfeld zwischen der Notwendigkeit des stärkeren Prozessschutzes und der Intensivierung der Landwirtschaft im Zuge der Gemeinsamen Agrarpolitik der EU wird in den Forderungen aufgegriffen. ; Land-use systems and biodiversity in Germany can be investigated using the network of protected areas. This issue focuses on nature parks, national parks and biosphere reserves that are confronted with various problems related to competition for land and acceptance. The working group "Biodiversity and sustainable land use in protected areas" of the Academy for Spatial Research and Planning (ARL) has tackled this topic. This paper reviews the research questions that are debated in this special issue of "Raumforschung und Raumordnung". These questions include the influence of different land-use systems on the state of ecosystem services, how the different types of protected areas should be evaluated in terms of their individual contributions to the conservation and development of biodiversity, the role played specifically by woods and forestry management with regard to biodiversity and sustainable land use, and the patterns of conflict that exist due to competing land uses. Attention is also paid to concrete governance approaches in protected areas against the background of competition for land and the question of how experience gained in protected areas can be transferred to 'normal' landscapes. The paper also provides basic definitions relevant to the topic. Finally, from the perspective of various disciplines, the working group calls for policy and planning actors to support the sustainable development of protected areas in Germany. Here the focus is not only on a stringent strengthening of the status of protected areas on the federal level combined with appropriate administrative structures, but also on promoting improved quality assurance and quality development of the protected areas. Of further relevance to these calls for action is the field of tension between the necessity for strengthened process protection and the intensification of agriculture in the context of EU Common Agricultural Policy.