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There has been a sizable growth in the proportion of multicultural populations in the United States from 1980- 1999, and an even larger proportion of culturally different populations is projected for the year 2009. Persons with disabilities, in particular, from Hispanic and Asian cultures represent a substantial proportion of the disabled population in the United States. Recent legislation mandates practices relevant to the rehabilitation, independent living, and employment needs of persons with disabilities in multicultural communities. Cultural variables affecting these populations, such as values and believes, rehabilitation expectations, and attitudes towards disabilities, are examined in this article. Language, acculturation and assimilation are also viewed as important contributors during the rehabilitation process of bicultural clients. The need for rehabilitation professionals to become more competent regarding multicultural issues, as mandated by new regulations, is emphasized.

This paper focuses on the argumentative approaches and the rhetorical strategies employed by political actors in France in favour of or against the EU Constitutional Treaty (TCE), as they appeared in four French daily newspapers,Le Monde,Le Figaro,LibérationandAujourd'hui en France(national edition ofLe Parisien), before the 29th of May 2005 referendum. In a qualitative discourse analysis and with the aid of argumentation theories and political communication approaches, the study investigates how the European Union's Constitution, identity and future were represented and discussed by French political actors through the media in their effort to obtain public adherence before the referendum. Inevitably, the role of the media and the mediation process in the construction and transcription of the political discourse is also discussed.

When Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe published an elaborate version of their discourse theory in Hegemony and Socialist Strategy (1985), they were met with fierce resistance by a unified front of traditional Marxists and anti-poststructuralists. The debates on post-Marxism dominated much of the book's reception. This focus, combined with discourse theory's rather abstract nature, its lack of clear methodological guidelines, and its more natural habitat of Political Studies, caused discourse theory to remain confined to this realm of Political Studies, despite the broad ideological definition of the political preferred by the authors. This article aims to revisit discourse theory and bring it into the realm of Media Studies. A necessary condition to enhance discourse theory's applicability in Media Studies is the re-articulation of discourse theory into discourse theoretical analysis (DTA). DTA's claim for legitimacy is supported in this article by two lines of argument. Firstly, a comparison with Critical Discourse Analyses (CDA) at the textual and contextual level allow us to flesh out the similarities - and more importantly - the differences between CDA and DTA. Secondly, DTA's applicability is demonstrated by putting it to work in a case study, which focuses on the articulation of audience participation through televisional practices. Both lines of argument aim to illustrate the potential, the adaptability and the legitimacy of DTA's move into media studies. Adapted from the source document.

Quantifier Phrases Are (At Least) Five Ways Ambiguous in Intensional Contexts -- On Semantic Scope -- Defensible Descriptions -- The Ortcutt Connection -- Reference and Relational Belief: On Causality and the Pragmatics of 'Referring to' and 'Believing About' -- A Pragmatic Analysis of Specificity -- Pronouns, Reference and Semantic Laziness -- Tense as a Source of Intensional Ambiguity -- On Intensionality in Programming Languages -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.

This article focuses on the role of language in the 19th century development of national identities among the Croats and Serbs in Croatia, Dalmatia, Slavonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The issues of national self-determination, the ideas and goals of nationhood, and the methods and means for attainment of such goals were of considerable importance for 19th century Croatian and Serbian intellectuals and politicans. From the early 19th century on, language and ortography were the most significant features of ethnic distinction between the Croats and Serbs.

In the article religious vocabulary is studied in the diachronic aspect based on the material of different genres and different styles of Ukrainian written monuments of the 16th – 18th centuries (act books of city governments, city and provincial courts, village councils, privileges, land lustration, books of income and expenditure, wills, deeds, descriptions of castles, universals of hetman offices, documents of church and school brotherhoods, chronicles, works of religious, polemical and fiction literature, monuments of scientific and educational literature, liturgical literature, epistolary heritage, etc.), included in the sources «Dictionary of the Ukrainian language of the 16th – first half of the 17th century», "Mapping of the Historical Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language", edited by Ye.Tymchenko and their lexical card indexes, which are stored in the Department of the Ukrainian language of the Ivan Krypiakevych Institute of Ukrainian Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Lviv). In particular, names related to religious teachings, religions, and names of persons according to their attitude to a particular faith or religion are reviewed. The article focuses on the etymological analysis of religious names, which was primarily focused on the clarification of their semantic etymon. It has been established that the words of the studied lexico-semantic group are not genetically homogeneous, as it includes tokens of different origins, including borrowings from the Greek language, Church Slavonic, Latin, Polonism, etc. Some Church Slavonic names originated as a semantic calque from Greek words. It is observed that the semantic history of some studied words in the Ukrainian language dates back to the early monuments of the Kyivan Rus period. The historical fate of names associated with religious teachings and religions is not the same. Mostly, these names have survived in the modern Ukrainian literary language and liturgical practice. Others were archaized or preserved in Ukrainian dialects. In some religious names, there are vivid features of the Ukrainian language of the 16th – 18th centuries. It has been found that some of the studied tokens act as core components of various two-membered or three-membered stable and lexicalized phrases. ; У статті на матеріалах українських історичних словників у діахронному аспекті досліджено лексику, пов'язану з релігійними вченнями, віросповіданнями та найменуваннями осіб за їх ставленням до тієї чи тієї релігії. Основну увагу звернено на етимологічний аналіз цих назв, який полягав передовсім у з'ясуванні їхнього семантичного етимона. Установлено, що генетично слова досліджуваної групи не є однорідними, оскільки до її складу входять різні за походженням лексеми (грецизми, церковнослов'янізми, латинізми, полонізми). Деякі лексеми виступають як стрижневі компоненти різних стійких і лексикалізованих словосполучень.

In the article religious vocabulary is studied in the diachronic aspect based on the material of different genres and different styles of Ukrainian written monuments of the 16th – 18th centuries (act books of city governments, city and provincial courts, village councils, privileges, land lustration, books of income and expenditure, wills, deeds, descriptions of castles, universals of hetman offices, documents of church and school brotherhoods, chronicles, works of religious, polemical and fiction literature, monuments of scientific and educational literature, liturgical literature, epistolary heritage, etc.), included in the sources «Dictionary of the Ukrainian language of the 16th – first half of the 17th century», "Mapping of the Historical Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language", edited by Ye.Tymchenko and their lexical card indexes, which are stored in the Department of the Ukrainian language of the Ivan Krypiakevych Institute of Ukrainian Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Lviv). In particular, names related to religious teachings, religions, and names of persons according to their attitude to a particular faith or religion are reviewed. The article focuses on the etymological analysis of religious names, which was primarily focused on the clarification of their semantic etymon. It has been established that the words of the studied lexico-semantic group are not genetically homogeneous, as it includes tokens of different origins, including borrowings from the Greek language, Church Slavonic, Latin, Polonism, etc. Some Church Slavonic names originated as a semantic calque from Greek words. It is observed that the semantic history of some studied words in the Ukrainian language dates back to the early monuments of the Kyivan Rus period. The historical fate of names associated with religious teachings and religions is not the same. Mostly, these names have survived in the modern Ukrainian literary language and liturgical practice. Others were archaized or preserved in Ukrainian dialects. In some religious names, there are vivid features of the Ukrainian language of the 16th – 18th centuries. It has been found that some of the studied tokens act as core components of various two-membered or three-membered stable and lexicalized phrases. ; У статті на матеріалах українських історичних словників у діахронному аспекті досліджено лексику, пов'язану з релігійними вченнями, віросповіданнями та найменуваннями осіб за їх ставленням до тієї чи тієї релігії. Основну увагу звернено на етимологічний аналіз цих назв, який полягав передовсім у з'ясуванні їхнього семантичного етимона. Установлено, що генетично слова досліджуваної групи не є однорідними, оскільки до її складу входять різні за походженням лексеми (грецизми, церковнослов'янізми, латинізми, полонізми). Деякі лексеми виступають як стрижневі компоненти різних стійких і лексикалізованих словосполучень.

Controlled Natural Languages (CNL) are artificial languages that use a subset of the vocabulary, morphological forms and syntactical constructions of a natural language while eliminating its polysemy. In a way, they constitute the bridge between formal languages and natural languages. Therefore, they perform the communicative function of the textual mode while being precise and computable by the machine without any ambiguity. In particular, they can be used to facilitate the population or update of knowledge bases within the framework of a human-machine interface.Since 1971, the French Marine Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service (SHOM) issues the French Coast Pilot Books Instructions nautiques , collections of general, nautical and statutory information, intended for use by sailors. These publications aim to supplement charts, in the sense that they provide the mariner with supplemental information not in the chart. They are mandatory for fishing and commercial ships. On the other hand, the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) issued standards providing information about navigational data exchange. Among these standards, one of a particular interest is the universal model of hydrographic data (S-100 standard, January, 2010).This thesis analyses the use of a CNL to represent knowledge contained in the Instructions nautiques. This CNL purpose is to act as a pivot between the writing of the text by the dedicated operator, the production of the printed or online publication, and the interaction with knowledge bases and navigational aid tools. We will focus especially on the interaction between the Instructions nautiques Controlled Natural Language and the corresponding Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC).More generally, this thesis asks the question of the evolution of a CNL and the underlying ontologies involved in the Instructions nautiques project. Instructions nautiques have the particularity of combining both strictness (numerical data, electronic charts, legislation) and a certain amount of flexibility (text writing by human operators, unpredictability of the knowledge to be included due to the evolution of sailors¿ practices and needs). We define in this thesis a dynamic CNL in the same way that dynamic ontologies are defined in particular domains. The language described in this thesis is intended as an interesting contribution for the community involved in CNL. Indeed, it addresses the creation of a CNL for the unexploited domain of maritime navigation, but its hybrid aspects as well through the exploration of the multiple modalities (textual and visual) coexisting in a corpus comprising ENC and their companion texts. The mechanisms of the CNL presented in this thesis, although developed for the domain of the maritime navigation, have the potential to be adapted to other domains using multimodal corpuses. Finally, the benefits in the future of a controlled hybrid language are undeniable: the use of the different modalities in their full potential can be used in many different applications (for example, the exploitation of the visual modality for a 3D extension). ; Les langages contrôlés sont des langages artificiellement définis utilisant un sous-ensemble du vocabulaire, des formes morphologiques, des constructions syntaxiques d'une langue naturelle tout en en éliminant la polysémie. En quelque sorte, ils constituent le pont entre les langages formels et les langues naturelles. De ce fait, ils remplissent la fonction de communication du médium texte tout en étant rigoureux et analysables par la machine sans ambiguïté. En particulier, ils peuvent être utilisés pour faciliter l'alimentation de bases de connaissances, dans le cadre d'une interface homme-machine.Le Service Hydrographique et Océanographique de la Marine (SHOM) publie depuis 1971 les Instructions nautiques, des recueils de renseignements généraux, nautiques et réglementaires, destinés aux navigateurs. Ces ouvrages complètent les cartes marines. Elles sont obligatoires à bord des navires de commerce et de pêche. D'autre part, l'Organisation Hydrographique Internationale (OHI) a publié des normes spécifiant l'échange de données liées à la navigation et notamment un modèle universel de données hydrographiques (norme S-100, janvier 2010). Cette thèse se propose d'étudier l'utilisation d'un langage contrôlé pour représenter des connaissances contenues dans les Instructions nautiques, dans le but de servir de pivot entre la rédaction du texte par l'opérateur dédié, la production de l'ouvrage imprimé ou en ligne, et l'interaction avec des bases de connaissances et des outils d'aide à la navigation. En particulier on étudiera l'interaction entre le langage contrôlé des Instructions nautiques et les cartes électroniques correspondantes. Plus généralement, cette thèse se pose la question de l'évolution d'un langage contrôlé et des ontologies sous-jacentes dans le cadre d'une application comme les Instructions nautiques, qui ont la particularité d'avoir des aspects rigides (données numériques, cartes électroniques, législation) et des aspects nécessitant une certaine flexibilité (rédaction du texte par des opérateurs humains, imprévisibilité du type de connaissance à inclure par l'évolution des usages et des besoins des navigants). De manière similaire aux ontologies dynamiques que l'on rencontre dans certains domaines de connaissance, on définit ici un langage contrôlé dynamique. Le langage contrôlé décrit dans cette thèse constitue une contribution intéressante pour la communauté concernée puisqu'il touche au domaine maritime, domaine encore inexploité dans l'étude des langages contrôlés, mais aussi parce qu'il présente un aspect hybride, prenant en compte les multiples modes (textuel et visuel) présents dans le corpus constitué par les Instructions nautiques et les documents qu'elles accompagnent. Bien que créé pour le domaine de la navigation maritime, les mécanismes du langage contrôlé présentés dans cette thèse ont le potentiel pour être adaptés à d'autres domaines utilisant des corpus multimodaux. Enfin, les perspectives d'évolution pour un langage contrôlé hybride sont importantes puisqu'elles peuvent exploiter les différents avantages des modes en présence (par exemple, une exploitation de l'aspect visuel pour une extension 3D).

Статья посвящена изучению факторов, повлиявших на формирование лексики этико-эстетических категорий в древнерусском языке на основе материалов памятников древнерусской письменности. Рассмотрение проблемы осуществляется в рамках культурно-антропологического подхода с использованием историко-культурного, историко-лингвистического и лексико-семантического видов анализа. Статья содержит ряд предположений автора о влиянии на динамику и формирование лексики этических и эстетических категорий прагматического принципа, который совмещал в себе рациональное и иррациональное (мифологическое); религиозно-политического фактора, а также фактора внешнего влияния философии и культуры Византийской империи. ; The article is devoted to the study of factors that influenced the formation of vocabulary of ethical and aesthetic categories of the Old East Slavic language based on materials from the monuments of Old Russian writing. The problem is considered within the framework of the cultural-anthropological approach with the use of historical-cultural, historical-linguistic and lexical-semantic types of analysis. The article contains a number of author's assumptions about the impact on the dynamics and formation of vocabulary of ethical and aesthetic categories of the pragmatic principle, which combined the rational and the irrational (mythological); religious and political factor, as well as the external influence factor of the philosophy and culture of the Byzantine Empire.

Problem Research. Modern social and political changes in Russia and around the world put new challenges before the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in the formation of future military specialists. A significant role in teaching is given to linguistic disciplines. Based on the analysis of the fundamental documents and own pedagogical experience, the author explain the tools for the formation of a new type of military specialist in the educational space of a military high school. The term "non-standard classes" and the peculiarities of teaching these classes in the educational process in the Military Higher School which promote the development of the linguistic competence of future military specialists by means of a foreign language are analyzed in this articl. ; Автор статьи обосновывает инструменты формирования нового типа военного специалиста в образовательном пространстве военного вуза. Анализируются понятие "нестандартные занятия" и особенности проведения таких занятий в процессе обучения в военном вузе, способствующие развитию лингвистической компетенции будущих военных специалистов средствами иностранного языка.