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Latin America is a geographical expression applied to twenty republics in the New World. Eighteen of them have arisen from Spanish origins, and hence are known collectively as "Spanish America." Of the other two, Brazil has sprung from Portuguese settlement, and Haiti owes its existence to France. The present work is intended to serve as an introduction to the study of the various republics in Latin America. Given the small amount of space that is available, to treat each country in separate fashion would be to compile a statistical summary. Since the group of states is numerically large and their points of resemblance, on the whole, are greater than their points or difference, to emphasize their individuality throughout would be as difficult a performance as that of trying to satisfy each state that full justice was being shown it in comparison with its fellows. After all, the existence of twenty republics, as such, is less important than is the evidence of what they have done to merit attention. Unfair and erroneous notions, which are only too prevalent about the lands of Latin America, are best dispelled by bringing forward the proofs of civilization. To this end institutions and culture should be made Ihe touchstone that determines appreciation. As exemplified in the colonial period, they will reveal the kind of equipment with which the republics started on their career. As exemplified by one state or another since that time, they will indicate the extent to which any given republic has advanced to the forefront of nations that have a direct share in the general progress of mankind, or has lagged behind them. For these reasons the contents of the book have been arranged, in the main, so as to describe phases of civilization, and to draw from one country or another illustrations of similarities, or of differences, in character, spirit and attainment.

"Reprint 1924" ; Some of the obstacles to North American trade in Brazil, by J. C. Branner.--American intervention in Central America, by P.M. Brown.--The Dominican conventionand its lessons, by J.H. Hollander.--In justice to the United States: a settlement with Colombia, by E. Harding.--The relations of the United States with the Latin-American republics, by L. Grahame.--The mind of the Latin-American nations, by D. Montt.--Higher education in Latin America, by E.E. Brandon.--The universities and American international relations, by G.W. Nasmyth.--Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, by J. Moneta.--The physical basis of the Argentine nation, by B. Willis.--The adaptability of the white man to tropical America, by E. Huntington. ; The Monroe doctrine, by G.F. Tucker.--The modern meaning of the Monroe doctrine, by J.M.; Callahan.--The Monroe doctrine, by A.B. Hart.--The development of our Latin-American trade, by J.H. Hammond.--Advantages of making the Canal Zone a free city and free port, by W.D. Boyce.--Some economic facts and conclusions about South America, by S.O. Martin.--The probable effect of the opening of the Panama canal on our economic relations with the people of the west coast of South America, by S.O. Martin.--The probable effect of the opening of the Panama canal on our economic relations with the people of the west coast of South America, by H. Bingham. ; Introduction, by G. H. Blakeslee.--Contrasts in the development of nationality in the Anglo- and Latin-American, by F. A. Pezet.--Pan-American possibilities, by J. Barrett.--A glance at Latin-American civilization, by F. J. Yanes.--The Mexican situation from a Mexican point of view, by L. Cabrera.--The fundamental causes of the present situation in Mexico, by N. O. Winter.--The Mexican situation, by S. W. Reynolds.--Democracy on trial, by J. Howland.--The present situation in Mexico as shaned by past events, by L. C. Wells.--The present day phase of the Monroe doctrine, by F.E. Chadwick.--The Monroe doctrine from a South American viewpoint, by C.H. Sherrill.--Should we abandon the Monroe doctrine? by H. Bingham. ; Mode of access: Internet.

La Universidad de Clark, en noviembre de 1913, convoca a una conferencia de cuatro días con expositores de América del Norte y del Sur. Cada uno de ellos, habló con autoridad sobre los aspectos de América Latina. La Universidad presenta esto al público, con la esperanza de poder ayudar a crear un ambiente más favorable para la valoración de la historia, la civilización y los problemas de las hermanas repúblicas americanas y con el ánimo de determinar las relaciones diplomáticas ideales, que deberían existir entre ellos y nuestra propia tierra.

This entry encapsulates the translation tradition at the continental level. It first delimits its scope by discussing the various names used to describe the region and its peoples, depending on the adopted approach: geographical, political or historical. It then clarifies the designation of the inhabitants and the chronology to be used to tackle the problem and adapt it to translating activities in the region. The history of translation in Latin America is generally considered to begin with the encounter between the indigenous peoples and the Europeans. We believe it did not begin in 1492. Indigenous peoples did not all speak the same language. They had certainly established contacts among themselves and those exchanges required specific modes of translation. The entry concludes by arguing that the most appropriate approach to the subject matter is to examine the agents of translation on the continent since this translation tradition originated with individuals and collective agents in specific locales. It acknowledges previous studies whose aim it is to comprehensively examine Latin American translation. This contribution adopts an adjusted classification of the five main periods of the continent's history. The first period addresses the reality of the continent before the encounter with the Europeans and some of its modes of expression. The second period comprises the Encounter in 1492 until the fall of the Inca Empire in the mid-16th century, a period of intense translation activity, mainly interpreting. The third period, much longer than the earlier ones, is that of colonization, occurring sometime between the mid-16th century and the end of the 18th century. It considers the active role translation played in the evangelizing work of the Spanish and Portuguese missionaries. Special attention is given to the very first chroniclers and writers. The fourth period—from emancipation until the mid-19th century—introduces the agents who, through the translation of political and philosophical documents, brought ...

Introduction.--no. 1. Mexico, land and liberty.--no. 2. The 400 year lag.--no. 3. Hunger for land.--no. 4. Urban explosion.--no. 5. Coffee, tin & bananas.--no. 6. Communist inroads.--no. 7. Democracy & leadership.--no. 8. Allies for progress.--no. 9. Challenges to Catholics. ; Mode of access: Internet.

In 1943, when Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill's The Three Penny Opera opened in Mexico, Latin America encountered Brecht for the first time. Political concerns among Latin Americans, and their attempts to present them theatrically, pre-dated the widespread dissemination of Brecht's theories. After 1943, Brecht's work as a theoretician in Latin America had to wait another decade before it was to have influence there. Thus, when Latin America encountered Brecht, it was a case of parallel evolution rather than of direct influence. Brechtian theorizing and its influence on Augusto Boal's approach has been widely acknowledged. Some critics state that Boal extended ideas similar to Brecht's but improved upon them by transforming the audience from a reflective passive stance to an active participant. Yet Boal does more than merely extend or elaborate on the theories of Brecht. Brecht formulated his theory through critical and intellectual analysis, while Boal co-created his approach with individuals whom he was both teaching and learning from at the same time. Since Boal's work is based on four decades of practice, there is a commitment in his ideas that is far less intellectual and more practical, a passion in his devotion to transforming audience expectation and response that is wholly absent in Brechtian theorizing.

This chapter analyses the main features of industrial policies carried out in Latin America since 1990. It studies these policies during import substitution industrialization and how they changed after the market-oriented economic reforms. It presents the main national strategies, policy lines and instruments designed in the region, as well as the return of sectoral policies to the public agenda. Special attention is paid to Brazilian industrial policies because they represent the most advanced experience in the region. The paper underscores that progress in policy design has out paced improvements in policy implementation and evaluation, and discusses the importance of sector targeting, endogenous capabilities, institutions, and political will for industrial policy.

International audience ; Military dictatorships and armed conflicts delineate the history of Latin America over the last four decades. Dead bodies were produced en masse before being confiscated , concealed or destroyed by those who carried out the crimes. Today, some of these corpses are being exhumed and identified. This special issue aims to specify and understand the challenges this process of exhumation represents for Latin American states, namely, the social and political life of these exhumed corpses in democratic post-conflict societies.

International audience ; Military dictatorships and armed conflicts delineate the history of Latin America over the last four decades. Dead bodies were produced en masse before being confiscated , concealed or destroyed by those who carried out the crimes. Today, some of these corpses are being exhumed and identified. This special issue aims to specify and understand the challenges this process of exhumation represents for Latin American states, namely, the social and political life of these exhumed corpses in democratic post-conflict societies.

International audience ; Military dictatorships and armed conflicts delineate the history of Latin America over the last four decades. Dead bodies were produced en masse before being confiscated , concealed or destroyed by those who carried out the crimes. Today, some of these corpses are being exhumed and identified. This special issue aims to specify and understand the challenges this process of exhumation represents for Latin American states, namely, the social and political life of these exhumed corpses in democratic post-conflict societies.

Proponents of electoral quota laws suggest that equitable representation will deepen democratization and transform policy outcomes. Eleven Latin American countries have gender quotas, but their efficacy varies: women's parliamentary representation ranges from 35% in Costa Rica to 6% in Honduras. Systematic, cross-national analysis reveals that institutional engineering intersects with gender disadvantages in politics. This interaction creates conditions under which quotas succeed or fail. Long-term effects include whether quotas meaningfully empower female legislators and whether greater gender representation transforms policy outcomes. This paper explores the interaction between institutions and gender, using a case study from Argentina to develop the research agenda.

Determining whether the current situation of Latin America is better described as "post-neoliberalism" or as "commodities consensus" requires an analysis of recent changes in the region. Capitalism has expanded in agriculture and mining, accentuating the preeminence of basic exports. Traditional industry is declining, and remittances and tourism have increased in importance. Local capitalists associated with foreign corporations have replaced the national bourgeoisie, while the exodus of peasants consolidates labor precariousness, poverty, and inequality. At the same time, the United States is deploying troops to reorganize its domination. The South American rebellions have limited neoliberal aggression and achieved unusual victories in other parts of the world. The concept of post-neoliberalism emphasizes the region's political turn toward autonomy but overlooks the persistence of the economic model generated during the previous phase. The opposing concept, commodities consensus, highlights the extractivism prevailing throughout the region but plays down the extreme divergences among right-wing, center-left, and radical governments in all other areas. Both concepts contain part of the truth, but neither fully explains the regional scenario. ; Para determinar si la situación actual de Latinoamérica es mejor descrita como "postneoliberalismo" o como un "consenso de los commodities" hay que hacer un análisis de los cambios recientes en la región. El capitalismo se ha expandido en la agricultura y la minería, acrecentando la preeminencia de las exportaciones básicas. La industria tradicional ha disminuido, y la importancia del turismo y las remesas ha aumentado. Los capitalistas locales asociados con empresas extranjeras han reemplazado a la burguesía nacional, mientras que el éxodo de los campesinos ha consolidado la precariedad laboral, la pobreza y la desigualdad. Al mismo tiempo, Estados Unidos despliega tropas para reorganizar su dominio. Las rebeliones en América del Sur han puesto barreras a la agresión neoliberal y logrado victorias inusuales en otras partes del mundo. El concepto del postneoliberalismo destaca el giro político de la región hacia la autonomía pero con una tendencia a la persistencia del modelo económico generado durante la fase anterior. El otro concepto, el consenso de las commodities, destaca el extractivismo que prevalece en toda la región pero minoriza las divergencias entre los gobiernos de derecha, centro-izquierda y radicales en todas las demás áreas. Ambos conceptos son parcialmente ciertos, pero no explican totalmente el escenario regional. ; Fil: Katz, Claudio Isaac. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina

The Latin America Kids Online network works in partnership with Global Kids Online and the EU Kids Online network. It seeks to enhance knowledge of Latin American children's online access, opportunities, risks and safety. It uses multiple methods to map children's and parents' experience of the internet, in dialogue with national and Latin American policy stakeholders.

The 9th issue of the Stockholm Review of Latin American Studies brings together the work of five prominent young researchers who examine and discuss different kinds of contemporary struggles in Argentina, Brazil, Cuba and Uruguay. This issue's articles are based on the findings of recently published doctoral dissertations in anthropology and media studies: Silje Lundgren's anthropological analysis of the practice of piropos – catcalling, compliments and comments addressed by men to women in Havana street interactions – sheds light on everyday gender struggles, male homosocial communication and the performance of masculinity. Raúl Marquéz Porras investigates strategies for the solution of everyday conflicts around property rights in an informally occupied neighborhood on the outskirts of the city of Salvador, northeastern Brazil. Virginia Melián examines the journalistic practices for reporting on the protests against the construction of pulp-mills and the monoculture of trees, taking place between 2005-2009, on both sides of the borders between Argentina and Uruguay. Maria Padrón Hernández discusses the concept of poverty and the political implications of a poverty discourse as she describes and analyzes the everyday struggles of her Cuban informants in order to make ends meet. Last but not least, Susann Ullberg examines flooding in the region of Santa Fe, Argentina. Ullberg analyzes how practices of memory and oblivion of past flood experiences clash and collide within the Santafesian public administration. The present issue was partially funded by a grant from Granholms stiftelse to finance the project "Independence and Dependence in Latin America, 200 years later." In this sense, it completes and dialogues with the 2012's issue of the journal which also forms part of this project (SRLAS No. 8, 2012, ¿Lenguas independientes? Independent languages?) by offering a contemporary perspective on new forms of dependencies and new struggles for independencies in Latin America. Enjoy your reading! ; Contents Introduction 1. 'Mami, you're so hot!' Negotiating hierarchies of masculinity through piropos in contemporary Havana Silje Lundgren 2. Justicia difusa. Ordenación y manejo del conflicto en una ocupación de Salvador de Bahía Raúl Márquez Porras 3. Stop the presses? Journalistic practices in the face of citizen-created content during pulp-mills protest in Argentina and Uruguay Virginia Melián 4. "I think I'm in the middle": Evaluations of living standard in contemporary Havana, Cuba Maria Padrón Hernández 5. Argentinean flood management and the logic of omission: The case of Santa Fe City Susann Ullberg

International audience ; Military dictatorships and armed conflicts delineate the history of Latin America over the last four decades. Dead bodies were produced en masse before being confiscated , concealed or destroyed by those who carried out the crimes. Today, some of these corpses are being exhumed and identified. This special issue aims to specify and understand the challenges this process of exhumation represents for Latin American states, namely, the social and political life of these exhumed corpses in democratic post-conflict societies, the possible performance of sovereignty that these dead bodies can activate and, in a broader context, the impact that the presence of corpses may have on the community of the living.Exhumations in Latin America gathers five different contributions, each enlightening particular aspects of the exhumation process in Guatemala, Argentina, Peru, Uruguay and Colombia, respectively. In the case of Guatemala, Clara Duterme explores this process as an element of 'transitional justice' in which tensions between different social actors arise. If community associations, governmental actors and victims all share the pursuit of justice as a common goal, their understanding of what compensation and reparation mean is not uniform. Departing from the discourse of local actors, Duterme focuses on concrete forms of compensation , showing how 'local justice' is sometimes more effective than legal justice. Exploring a distinct form of tensions occurring in Argentina, Laura Panizo analyses the impact of the exhumed corpses of the disappeared on the living bodies of the families and of the scientific investigators. The article analyses different conflicts that emerge when people cohabit with the 'reappeared' corpses. Moreover, digging into her personal experience, Panizo reflects on the extent to which her own body was, and is, affected by cohabitation with the exhumed corpses of the victims.