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Abstract
Law, often neglected in treatments of the Republic, is essential to the philosopher-kings' rule. Only law accomplishes the partial divinization of citizens at which philosophical politics aims. Socrates' interrogation of Thrasymachus and Glaucon reveals law to be a command whereby citizens participate in philosophical knowledge and limit the pleonexia congenital to humanity. Law does so primarily by instilling in souls a true opinion resistant to pleonectic passion, producing a state of political virtue. This primary work is supported by the musical and poetical education, itself shaped by law for the sake of law. Law persuades and compels the soul by appealing to both reason and spiritedness, enabling them to overcome the appetites. The soul's consequent acceptance of truth and resistance to the passions indeed makes it resemble divinity. In so transforming the citizens through the law, the philosopher-king also unifies the city and makes it happy under his rule.

This report discusses how tax policy affects health insurance and health care spending.

Zusammenfassung
Hier werden Hayeks Vorstellungen vom Wissen als Kern seiner Gesellschaftstheorie aufgefasst. Dieser Zugang zu Hayeks Werk hat den Vorteil, dass man im Sinne der Popperschen Wissenschaftslehre die Frage nach den Falsifikationsmöglichkeiten der Hayekschen Theorie aufwerfen kann. Für Hayek ist Wissen ein breites Konzept. Es gibt theoretisches und praktisches Wissen, explizites und implizites Wissen, lokales und von Raum und Zeit unabhängiges Wissen. Für Hayek entscheidend ist die These, dass Wissen nicht zentralisierbar ist, dass nur individuelle Freiheit und dezentralisierte Entscheidungen die Nutzung und Mehrung von Wissen erlauben. Ähnlich seiner Unterscheidung von impliziten und explizitem Wissen, sieht Hayek das Verhältnis von Tradition und Recht. An der Tradition bzw. Präzedenzfällen orientierte Rechtsfindung wie beim common law hält er für fruchtbarer als Legislative, die allzu leicht die Staatstätigkeit endlos ausdehnt. Zugunsten von Hayeks Theorie lässt sich zeigen, dass Versuche der Wissens- und Entscheidungszentralisierung bzw. der Einschränkung der wirtschaftlichen Freiheit Wohlstand und Wachstum immer beeinträchtigt haben. Das gilt für den großen Sprung nach Vorn in China. Das zeigt die Analyse geteilter bzw. ehemals geteilter Länder. Auch ökonometrische Studien zu den Effekten der wirtschaftlichen Freiheit bestätigen deren Wert. Wie von Hayek erkannt, nützt wirtschaftliche Freiheit nicht nur den Freien, sondern auch denen, denen sie noch vorenthalten wird. Die ökonometrisch gut abgesicherten Vorteile der Rückständigkeit werden in diesem Sinne als externer Effekt der Freiheit im Westen interpretiert. Abschließend wird noch die Frage der Anomalien in Hayeks Theorie aufgeworfen.

Purpose of the study: This paper aims to clarify the views of Islamic law on the acts of domestic violence as a consequence of nusyuz (disobedience) and its position under the legislation of Indonesia. Methodology: This research was conducted by using the library research method. Documentary techniques are used in data collection, primary data is obtained from books, journals, and writings that directly discuss the material or problem under study, and from the secondary literature, which implicitly discusses it and is still quite relevant to be a comparison. Main Findings: The findings of this discussion revealed that the legislation of Indonesia is very protective of women, which is in line with the Islamic law principle that prioritizes persuasive and not repressive efforts in overcoming conflicts in the household. The compilation of Islamic law does not regulate the beating of wife, but the rule contained in Law No. 23 of 2004 on the elimination of domestic violence prohibits violence in the household. Applications of this study: This study can be useful for Indonesian people, especially for women and human right activists. Novelty/Originality of this study: The novelty in this discussion is the enlightenment of the public about the existence of a relationship between Islamic law and applicable law in Indonesia, wherein Islamic law is often not considered to be in harmony with the law in existing discussions.

The paper uses historic and legal materials to analyse the contemporary theories that describe the correlation of customary law and legislation. The authors identify the applicability of these theories in studying regulation of Siberian peoples in the Russian Empire. The paper explores the role of the historical school of jurisprudence and the normative theory of law in determining the interplay between customary law and legislation in the 19th and 20th centuries in Russia. The authors make the conclusion that the implementation of judicial reform of 1864 was impeded in Siberia due to the state giving preference to customary law in governing the relations not regulated by legislation

The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the concept of professionally motivated opinion applied by regulator (Bank of Russia) in respect of a credit institution. This concept (category) is seen in a variety of ways: as the approach used in international banking practice, as an institution of banking supervision, as assessment assigned by to the Bank of Russian to a credit organization, on the basis of analysis of numerous financial parameters of the latter, the ownership structure, the risks taken and the objective economic factors. The article discusses also the main directions of banking supervision, which includes elements of professionally motivated opinion as well as the goals of the latter.

The article is devoted to the problem of the origin of the earliest ideas about themeaning of positive law in the jurisprudence of Ancient Rome and the ancient Romanlegal consciousness and legal culture. The distinction between law and legislation, therole and status of positive law in the legal system, its evaluation from the point of viewof compliance with the idea of law – ideas, specific to different types of legal consciousnessof a later period originated in the legal doctrine of Ancient Rome. The problem ofnorms of the Roman law is examined from the point of view of modern ideas about therule of law; its features in relation to this historical period are distinguished. The authorscome to the conclusion that the characteristic of Ancient Rome multiplicity of sources oflaw led philosophers and lawyers to the allocation of a special concept of law, unitingthe entire set of regulations of the normative nature. ; Статья посвящена проблеме зарождения наиболее ранних представлений о значении позитивного права в юриспруденции Древнего Рима и древнеримском правовосознании и правовой культуре в целом. Разграничение права и закона, роль и положение позитивного права в системе права, его оценка с точки зрения соответствия идее права – идеи, характерные для различных типов правопонимания более позднего периода, берут начало именно в юридической доктрине Древнего Рима. Исследуется проблема норм римского права с точки зрения современных представлений о норме права, выделяются ее особенности применительно к рассматриваемому историческому периоду. Авторы приходят к выводу о том, что характерная для Древнего Рима множественность источников права привела философов и юристов к выделению специального понятия права, объединяющего всю совокупность предписаний нормативного характера.

This report examines laws pertaining to journalists' privilege. Most states afford journalists some protection from compelled release of their confidential sources. The question remains, however, as to whether a concomitant federal privilege exists. The Supreme Court has addressed the issue of journalists' privilege under the First Amendment only once; in Branzburg v. Hayes, it left open the question of whether the First Amendment provides journalists with any privilege.

Digital Rights Management (DRM) refers to the technology that copyright owners use to protect digital media. This report surveys several of the DRM bills that were introduced in the 107th Congress and those that are pending in the 108th Congress. Generally, the bills are directed at two separate goals. One goal is to increase access to digitally-protected media for lawful purposes. The other attempts to thwart digital piracy and would do so by enhancing civil and criminal sanctions for digital (and traditional) copyright infringement and educating the public about the rights of copyright holders.