Suchergebnisse

V sovremennoi Rossiiskoi Federacii proishodyat radikal'nye social'no-ekonomicheskie izmeneniya, vvidu kotoryh prihoditsya reshat' mnozhestvo social'nyh problem. V dannoe vremya v strane plohoe demograficheskoe polozhenie, naciya stremitel'no stareet, v malen'kih gorodah rasprostranena bezrabotica. Reshaya eti problemy i proizvoditsya reforma v prava social'nogo obespecheniya. Pervyi etap reformy prava social'nogo obespecheniya v Rossii svyazan s prinyatiem zakona «O gosudarstvennyh pensiyah v Rossiiskoi Federacii» ot 20 dekabrya 1990 goda. Etot zakon ustanovil edinuyu pensionnuyu sistemu v strane, ohvatyvayushuyu vseh zhitelei federacii. Zakon ohvatyval i strahovye, i ne strahovye pensii i vvel nastoyashee vseobshee pensionnoe obespechenie. Vtoroi etap nachalsya v 1993 godu. Eto etap dekodifikacii pensionnogo zakonodatel'stva. Byli vvedeny special'nye pensii licam, prohodivshim voennuyu sluzhbu, sluzhbu v organah vnutren¬nih del, ih sem'yam. Prakticheski byl zamorozhen minimal'nyi razmer bazovoi pensii — pensii po starosti, kak sledstvie, i razmerov drugih pensii; likvidirovana sistema adaptacii pensionnyh vyplat k rostu cen na potrebitel'skie tovary i uslugi. Tretii etap – s 2002 vtorogo goda po nastoyashee vremya. Seichas pensionnuyu sistemu sostavlyayut: gosudarstvennoe pensionnoe obespechenie; gosudarstvennoe pensionnoe strahovanie; professional'nye pensionnye sistemy i dopolnitel'noe negosudarstvennoe pensionnoe obespechenie. Vyrabotany principy sistemy pensionnogo obespecheniya: kazhdyi imeet pravo na gosudarstvennoe pensionnoe obespechenie; kazhdyi rabotayushii po naimu podlezhit obyazatel'nomu gosudarstvennomu pensionnomu strahovaniyu; kazhdyi zastrahovannyi imeet pravo na trudovuyu pensiyu v sootvetstvii s zarabotkom, s kotorogo uplachivalis' strahovye vznosy, i prodolzhitel'nost'yu strahovaniya; sredstva obyazatel'nogo gosudarstvennogo pensionnogo strahovaniya ispol'zuyutsya isklyuchitel'no na pensionnoe obespechenie zastrahovannyh. Posle provedeniya dannyh etapov reformy razmery pensii stali differencirovat'sya v zavisimosti ot trudovogo vklada i s uchetom izmenenii v sfere oplaty truda, proizoshedshih za poslednie gody. Pri etom pri nachislenii pensii uchityvaetsya zarplata za ves' period raboty, a ne tol'ko za poslednie dva goda. Pensii regulyarno pereraschityvayutsya s uchetom rosta cen i povysheniya urovnya zhizni ekonomicheski aktivnogo naseleniya. Byl sozdan bank dannyh dolgosrochnyh obyazatel'stv pensionnoi sistemy v otnoshenii pensionnyh prav, priobretennyh po staroi i po novoi sisteme, chto pozvolyaet davat' ocenku finansovogo sostoyaniya pensionnoi sistemy i zaranee predprinimat' neobhodimye mery dlya finansovoi stabil'nosti pensionnogo obespecheniya. A tak zhe predusmatrivaetsya znachitel'noe povyshenie urovnya gosudarstvennogo pensionnogo obespecheniya lic, imevshih v period trudovoi deyatel'nosti nizkie i srednie zarabotki. Pomimo reformirovaniya pensionnogo obespecheniya, sushestvennym obrazom byli izmeneny i inye instrumenty social'nogo obespecheniya. Tak v rabote rassmatrivaetsya reformirovanie denezhnyh vyplat grazhdanam v poryadke ih social'nogo obespecheniya. Otmechaetsya, chto denezhnye vyplaty, ustanovlennye v novyh ekonomicheskoi situacii, otlichayutsya mnogoobraziem, ih sistema ne sformirovana okonchatel'no i poka ne imeet edinuyu, vnutrenne soglasovannuyu strukturu. Skoree imeet mesto mehanicheskoe ob'edinenie raznoobraznyh vyplat, ne svyazannyh drug s drugom edinym celevym naznacheniem, predostavlyaemyh grazhdanam v nedostatochnyh razmerah, ne pozvolyayushih reshit' slozhnye social'nye zadachi, opredelennye provodimoi gosudarstvom social'noi politikoi.

V sovremennoi Rossiiskoi Federacii proishodyat radikal'nye social'no-ekonomicheskie izmeneniya, vvidu kotoryh prihoditsya reshat' mnozhestvo social'nyh problem. V dannoe vremya v strane plohoe demograficheskoe polozhenie, naciya stremitel'no stareet, v malen'kih gorodah rasprostranena bezrabotica. Reshaya eti problemy i proizvoditsya reforma v prava social'nogo obespecheniya. Pervyi etap reformy prava social'nogo obespecheniya v Rossii svyazan s prinyatiem zakona «O gosudarstvennyh pensiyah v Rossiiskoi Federacii» ot 20 dekabrya 1990 goda. Etot zakon ustanovil edinuyu pensionnuyu sistemu v strane, ohvatyvayushuyu vseh zhitelei federacii. Zakon ohvatyval i strahovye, i ne strahovye pensii i vvel nastoyashee vseobshee pensionnoe obespechenie. Vtoroi etap nachalsya v 1993 godu. Eto etap dekodifikacii pensionnogo zakonodatel'stva. Byli vvedeny special'nye pensii licam, prohodivshim voennuyu sluzhbu, sluzhbu v organah vnutren¬nih del, ih sem'yam. Prakticheski byl zamorozhen minimal'nyi razmer bazovoi pensii — pensii po starosti, kak sledstvie, i razmerov drugih pensii; likvidirovana sistema adaptacii pensionnyh vyplat k rostu cen na potrebitel'skie tovary i uslugi. Tretii etap – s 2002 vtorogo goda po nastoyashee vremya. Seichas pensionnuyu sistemu sostavlyayut: gosudarstvennoe pensionnoe obespechenie; gosudarstvennoe pensionnoe strahovanie; professional'nye pensionnye sistemy i dopolnitel'noe negosudarstvennoe pensionnoe obespechenie. Vyrabotany principy sistemy pensionnogo obespecheniya: kazhdyi imeet pravo na gosudarstvennoe pensionnoe obespechenie; kazhdyi rabotayushii po naimu podlezhit obyazatel'nomu gosudarstvennomu pensionnomu strahovaniyu; kazhdyi zastrahovannyi imeet pravo na trudovuyu pensiyu v sootvetstvii s zarabotkom, s kotorogo uplachivalis' strahovye vznosy, i prodolzhitel'nost'yu strahovaniya; sredstva obyazatel'nogo gosudarstvennogo pensionnogo strahovaniya ispol'zuyutsya isklyuchitel'no na pensionnoe obespechenie zastrahovannyh. Posle provedeniya dannyh etapov reformy razmery pensii stali differencirovat'sya v zavisimosti ot trudovogo vklada i s uchetom izmenenii v sfere oplaty truda, proizoshedshih za poslednie gody. Pri etom pri nachislenii pensii uchityvaetsya zarplata za ves' period raboty, a ne tol'ko za poslednie dva goda. Pensii regulyarno pereraschityvayutsya s uchetom rosta cen i povysheniya urovnya zhizni ekonomicheski aktivnogo naseleniya. Byl sozdan bank dannyh dolgosrochnyh obyazatel'stv pensionnoi sistemy v otnoshenii pensionnyh prav, priobretennyh po staroi i po novoi sisteme, chto pozvolyaet davat' ocenku finansovogo sostoyaniya pensionnoi sistemy i zaranee predprinimat' neobhodimye mery dlya finansovoi stabil'nosti pensionnogo obespecheniya. A tak zhe predusmatrivaetsya znachitel'noe povyshenie urovnya gosudarstvennogo pensionnogo obespecheniya lic, imevshih v period trudovoi deyatel'nosti nizkie i srednie zarabotki. Pomimo reformirovaniya pensionnogo obespecheniya, sushestvennym obrazom byli izmeneny i inye instrumenty social'nogo obespecheniya. Tak v rabote rassmatrivaetsya reformirovanie denezhnyh vyplat grazhdanam v poryadke ih social'nogo obespecheniya. Otmechaetsya, chto denezhnye vyplaty, ustanovlennye v novyh ekonomicheskoi situacii, otlichayutsya mnogoobraziem, ih sistema ne sformirovana okonchatel'no i poka ne imeet edinuyu, vnutrenne soglasovannuyu strukturu. Skoree imeet mesto mehanicheskoe ob'edinenie raznoobraznyh vyplat, ne svyazannyh drug s drugom edinym celevym naznacheniem, predostavlyaemyh grazhdanam v nedostatochnyh razmerah, ne pozvolyayushih reshit' slozhnye social'nye zadachi, opredelennye provodimoi gosudarstvom social'noi politikoi.

The Reform of Labour Law in Lithuania after the Reestablishment of Independence Summary Labor law reform has started in Lithuania after the restoration of Independence in 1990. The reform was predetermined by a number of reasons, most important of them were political and economical. These circumstances created conditions for social changes in the society and all this could not have been neglected in the labor law. Labor law reform could be split into two phases. During the first period separate labor laws corresponding to certain labor law institutions have consolidated the norms of the labor laws. The second period marks the systematization of labor law norms into one single act, namely the Labor Codex of the Republic of Lithuania. These two phases cannot be simply regarded as the issue of choosing the way of entrenching labor law norms; stage-by-stage introduced reform has essentially changed the labor law doctrine. Gradually the normative legal regulation of labor relations has been replaced by the contractual regulation of labor relations. It is important to note that labor law liberalization has been carried out with respect to the specifics of labor relations. Bearing in mind that the subjects of labor relations are not regarded as equal entities (employee is acknowledged as a more exposed subject of labor relations) the role of state in regulating these relationship has been maintained. Therefore, in spite of the fact that priority is given to the regulation of the collective relations, the state has left the right for itself to set minimal standards necessary for the security of employees' protection. In the whole reform process, apart from the issue of labor law liberalization, there have been numerous other problems raised; efforts were made to solve these problems by means of compromise. The commitments that Lithuania has assumed during the euro integration process have not permitted to reach certain compromises (there were intentions to legitimate lockout, or trade unions wanted to get exclusive rights to represent the employees, etc.) Since the introduced innovations correspond to the widely accepted labor law standards, the newly adopted Labor Codex of the Republic of Lithuania should be viewed positively (by the way, the European Union and International Labor organization experts assessed it in this way too). In addition to this, the very existence of the Labor Codex of the Republic of Lithuania has already proved that this legal act is stable enough, for a long period there were no amendments done to it, this also confirms favorable long term labor relationships' perspectives. On the other hand, it should also be taken into account that labor law is facing other modern challenges; major one of them would be the necessity to assess different aspects stipulated by globalization's processes, in this respect it would be important to evaluate the possible impact of these processes on legal labor relations, as well as to find ways to regulate them correspondingly.

The Reform of Labour Law in Lithuania after the Reestablishment of Independence Summary Labor law reform has started in Lithuania after the restoration of Independence in 1990. The reform was predetermined by a number of reasons, most important of them were political and economical. These circumstances created conditions for social changes in the society and all this could not have been neglected in the labor law. Labor law reform could be split into two phases. During the first period separate labor laws corresponding to certain labor law institutions have consolidated the norms of the labor laws. The second period marks the systematization of labor law norms into one single act, namely the Labor Codex of the Republic of Lithuania. These two phases cannot be simply regarded as the issue of choosing the way of entrenching labor law norms; stage-by-stage introduced reform has essentially changed the labor law doctrine. Gradually the normative legal regulation of labor relations has been replaced by the contractual regulation of labor relations. It is important to note that labor law liberalization has been carried out with respect to the specifics of labor relations. Bearing in mind that the subjects of labor relations are not regarded as equal entities (employee is acknowledged as a more exposed subject of labor relations) the role of state in regulating these relationship has been maintained. Therefore, in spite of the fact that priority is given to the regulation of the collective relations, the state has left the right for itself to set minimal standards necessary for the security of employees' protection. In the whole reform process, apart from the issue of labor law liberalization, there have been numerous other problems raised; efforts were made to solve these problems by means of compromise. The commitments that Lithuania has assumed during the euro integration process have not permitted to reach certain compromises (there were intentions to legitimate lockout, or trade unions wanted to get exclusive rights to represent the employees, etc.) Since the introduced innovations correspond to the widely accepted labor law standards, the newly adopted Labor Codex of the Republic of Lithuania should be viewed positively (by the way, the European Union and International Labor organization experts assessed it in this way too). In addition to this, the very existence of the Labor Codex of the Republic of Lithuania has already proved that this legal act is stable enough, for a long period there were no amendments done to it, this also confirms favorable long term labor relationships' perspectives. On the other hand, it should also be taken into account that labor law is facing other modern challenges; major one of them would be the necessity to assess different aspects stipulated by globalization's processes, in this respect it would be important to evaluate the possible impact of these processes on legal labor relations, as well as to find ways to regulate them correspondingly.

The Reform of Labour Law in Lithuania after the Reestablishment of Independence Summary Labor law reform has started in Lithuania after the restoration of Independence in 1990. The reform was predetermined by a number of reasons, most important of them were political and economical. These circumstances created conditions for social changes in the society and all this could not have been neglected in the labor law. Labor law reform could be split into two phases. During the first period separate labor laws corresponding to certain labor law institutions have consolidated the norms of the labor laws. The second period marks the systematization of labor law norms into one single act, namely the Labor Codex of the Republic of Lithuania. These two phases cannot be simply regarded as the issue of choosing the way of entrenching labor law norms; stage-by-stage introduced reform has essentially changed the labor law doctrine. Gradually the normative legal regulation of labor relations has been replaced by the contractual regulation of labor relations. It is important to note that labor law liberalization has been carried out with respect to the specifics of labor relations. Bearing in mind that the subjects of labor relations are not regarded as equal entities (employee is acknowledged as a more exposed subject of labor relations) the role of state in regulating these relationship has been maintained. Therefore, in spite of the fact that priority is given to the regulation of the collective relations, the state has left the right for itself to set minimal standards necessary for the security of employees' protection. In the whole reform process, apart from the issue of labor law liberalization, there have been numerous other problems raised; efforts were made to solve these problems by means of compromise. The commitments that Lithuania has assumed during the euro integration process have not permitted to reach certain compromises (there were intentions to legitimate lockout, or trade unions wanted to get exclusive rights to represent the employees, etc.) Since the introduced innovations correspond to the widely accepted labor law standards, the newly adopted Labor Codex of the Republic of Lithuania should be viewed positively (by the way, the European Union and International Labor organization experts assessed it in this way too). In addition to this, the very existence of the Labor Codex of the Republic of Lithuania has already proved that this legal act is stable enough, for a long period there were no amendments done to it, this also confirms favorable long term labor relationships' perspectives. On the other hand, it should also be taken into account that labor law is facing other modern challenges; major one of them would be the necessity to assess different aspects stipulated by globalization's processes, in this respect it would be important to evaluate the possible impact of these processes on legal labor relations, as well as to find ways to regulate them correspondingly.

The Reform of Labour Law in Lithuania after the Reestablishment of Independence Summary Labor law reform has started in Lithuania after the restoration of Independence in 1990. The reform was predetermined by a number of reasons, most important of them were political and economical. These circumstances created conditions for social changes in the society and all this could not have been neglected in the labor law. Labor law reform could be split into two phases. During the first period separate labor laws corresponding to certain labor law institutions have consolidated the norms of the labor laws. The second period marks the systematization of labor law norms into one single act, namely the Labor Codex of the Republic of Lithuania. These two phases cannot be simply regarded as the issue of choosing the way of entrenching labor law norms; stage-by-stage introduced reform has essentially changed the labor law doctrine. Gradually the normative legal regulation of labor relations has been replaced by the contractual regulation of labor relations. It is important to note that labor law liberalization has been carried out with respect to the specifics of labor relations. Bearing in mind that the subjects of labor relations are not regarded as equal entities (employee is acknowledged as a more exposed subject of labor relations) the role of state in regulating these relationship has been maintained. Therefore, in spite of the fact that priority is given to the regulation of the collective relations, the state has left the right for itself to set minimal standards necessary for the security of employees' protection. In the whole reform process, apart from the issue of labor law liberalization, there have been numerous other problems raised; efforts were made to solve these problems by means of compromise. The commitments that Lithuania has assumed during the euro integration process have not permitted to reach certain compromises (there were intentions to legitimate lockout, or trade unions wanted to get exclusive rights to represent the employees, etc.) Since the introduced innovations correspond to the widely accepted labor law standards, the newly adopted Labor Codex of the Republic of Lithuania should be viewed positively (by the way, the European Union and International Labor organization experts assessed it in this way too). In addition to this, the very existence of the Labor Codex of the Republic of Lithuania has already proved that this legal act is stable enough, for a long period there were no amendments done to it, this also confirms favorable long term labor relationships' perspectives. On the other hand, it should also be taken into account that labor law is facing other modern challenges; major one of them would be the necessity to assess different aspects stipulated by globalization's processes, in this respect it would be important to evaluate the possible impact of these processes on legal labor relations, as well as to find ways to regulate them correspondingly.

The master thesis "Reform of the Civil Procedure law in Russia 1990 – 2010" is aimed at analysing the assumptions for the civil procedure law reform, identifying the steps according to which the reform has been carried out, their trends and essential features. Even before the entry into force of the Code of Civil Procedure of Russian Federation, major changes and additions were made in the Code of Civil Procedure that was in force in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. After entry into force of the Code of Civil Procedure of Russian Federation became effective in 2003, the law reform of the civil procedure is continued in accordance with the concept mixed (liberal civil procedure law and schools of the social civil law). Despite the fact that the Russians are a form of civil procedure extended through several stages, the differentiation of the forms of procedure was established, disposition and adversarial principles were developed, there was an active court and the activation of the parties – these are the main trends according to which the reform was carried out. The paper attempts to assess the legislator's position, based on the analysis only got at, as well as to highlight the assumed problems.

The master thesis "Reform of the Civil Procedure law in Russia 1990 – 2010" is aimed at analysing the assumptions for the civil procedure law reform, identifying the steps according to which the reform has been carried out, their trends and essential features. Even before the entry into force of the Code of Civil Procedure of Russian Federation, major changes and additions were made in the Code of Civil Procedure that was in force in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. After entry into force of the Code of Civil Procedure of Russian Federation became effective in 2003, the law reform of the civil procedure is continued in accordance with the concept mixed (liberal civil procedure law and schools of the social civil law). Despite the fact that the Russians are a form of civil procedure extended through several stages, the differentiation of the forms of procedure was established, disposition and adversarial principles were developed, there was an active court and the activation of the parties – these are the main trends according to which the reform was carried out. The paper attempts to assess the legislator's position, based on the analysis only got at, as well as to highlight the assumed problems.

Reform of Insolvency Procedures: Ways and Delusions. The replacement of the Law on Enterprise Bankruptcy and the Law on Enterprise Restructuring by one consolidated Law on Insolvency of Legal Persons is to be considered as one of the major reforms implemented in Lithuania in 2020 affecting the daily economic life. This insolvency reform has introduced many changes and innovations into Lithuanian insolvency law, which not only reconcile procedural differences in insolvency procedures, create preconditions for the rehabilitation of legal persons who are in financial difficulties, but also change a fundamental subject such as the concept of insolvency. Accordingly, the main objective of this master's thesis is to evaluate the insolvency reform of legal persons, identifying the advantages and disadvantages of the changes introduced by the new regulation, based on the practice of foreign countries and international recommendations. The work is structured in such way that the first section analyses the factors behind the insolvency reform that led to its emergence, and then moves on to the presentation of specific reform goals and objectives. After the analysis of will of the legislator, the second section of the work is devoted to the analysis and evaluation of the innovations and changes introduced, identifying the pros and cons of the reform, the potential risks, based on EU practice and various international recommendations on legislation of insolvency law. The final sub-section summarizes the likely impact of insolvency reform and looks at possible perspectives on the Law on Insolvency of Legal Persons, taking into account Lithuania's external and internal factors that may influence insolvency regulation in the future. After the evaluation of the reform of insolvency procedures, the work ends with an assessment of the changes and innovations that have been made, as well as an overview of critical moments that are likely to require the attention of the legislator in further improving Lithuanian insolvency law.

Reform of Insolvency Procedures: Ways and Delusions. The replacement of the Law on Enterprise Bankruptcy and the Law on Enterprise Restructuring by one consolidated Law on Insolvency of Legal Persons is to be considered as one of the major reforms implemented in Lithuania in 2020 affecting the daily economic life. This insolvency reform has introduced many changes and innovations into Lithuanian insolvency law, which not only reconcile procedural differences in insolvency procedures, create preconditions for the rehabilitation of legal persons who are in financial difficulties, but also change a fundamental subject such as the concept of insolvency. Accordingly, the main objective of this master's thesis is to evaluate the insolvency reform of legal persons, identifying the advantages and disadvantages of the changes introduced by the new regulation, based on the practice of foreign countries and international recommendations. The work is structured in such way that the first section analyses the factors behind the insolvency reform that led to its emergence, and then moves on to the presentation of specific reform goals and objectives. After the analysis of will of the legislator, the second section of the work is devoted to the analysis and evaluation of the innovations and changes introduced, identifying the pros and cons of the reform, the potential risks, based on EU practice and various international recommendations on legislation of insolvency law. The final sub-section summarizes the likely impact of insolvency reform and looks at possible perspectives on the Law on Insolvency of Legal Persons, taking into account Lithuania's external and internal factors that may influence insolvency regulation in the future. After the evaluation of the reform of insolvency procedures, the work ends with an assessment of the changes and innovations that have been made, as well as an overview of critical moments that are likely to require the attention of the legislator in further improving Lithuanian insolvency law.

Reform of Insolvency Procedures: Ways and Delusions. The replacement of the Law on Enterprise Bankruptcy and the Law on Enterprise Restructuring by one consolidated Law on Insolvency of Legal Persons is to be considered as one of the major reforms implemented in Lithuania in 2020 affecting the daily economic life. This insolvency reform has introduced many changes and innovations into Lithuanian insolvency law, which not only reconcile procedural differences in insolvency procedures, create preconditions for the rehabilitation of legal persons who are in financial difficulties, but also change a fundamental subject such as the concept of insolvency. Accordingly, the main objective of this master's thesis is to evaluate the insolvency reform of legal persons, identifying the advantages and disadvantages of the changes introduced by the new regulation, based on the practice of foreign countries and international recommendations. The work is structured in such way that the first section analyses the factors behind the insolvency reform that led to its emergence, and then moves on to the presentation of specific reform goals and objectives. After the analysis of will of the legislator, the second section of the work is devoted to the analysis and evaluation of the innovations and changes introduced, identifying the pros and cons of the reform, the potential risks, based on EU practice and various international recommendations on legislation of insolvency law. The final sub-section summarizes the likely impact of insolvency reform and looks at possible perspectives on the Law on Insolvency of Legal Persons, taking into account Lithuania's external and internal factors that may influence insolvency regulation in the future. After the evaluation of the reform of insolvency procedures, the work ends with an assessment of the changes and innovations that have been made, as well as an overview of critical moments that are likely to require the attention of the legislator in further improving Lithuanian insolvency law.

Reform of Insolvency Procedures: Ways and Delusions. The replacement of the Law on Enterprise Bankruptcy and the Law on Enterprise Restructuring by one consolidated Law on Insolvency of Legal Persons is to be considered as one of the major reforms implemented in Lithuania in 2020 affecting the daily economic life. This insolvency reform has introduced many changes and innovations into Lithuanian insolvency law, which not only reconcile procedural differences in insolvency procedures, create preconditions for the rehabilitation of legal persons who are in financial difficulties, but also change a fundamental subject such as the concept of insolvency. Accordingly, the main objective of this master's thesis is to evaluate the insolvency reform of legal persons, identifying the advantages and disadvantages of the changes introduced by the new regulation, based on the practice of foreign countries and international recommendations. The work is structured in such way that the first section analyses the factors behind the insolvency reform that led to its emergence, and then moves on to the presentation of specific reform goals and objectives. After the analysis of will of the legislator, the second section of the work is devoted to the analysis and evaluation of the innovations and changes introduced, identifying the pros and cons of the reform, the potential risks, based on EU practice and various international recommendations on legislation of insolvency law. The final sub-section summarizes the likely impact of insolvency reform and looks at possible perspectives on the Law on Insolvency of Legal Persons, taking into account Lithuania's external and internal factors that may influence insolvency regulation in the future. After the evaluation of the reform of insolvency procedures, the work ends with an assessment of the changes and innovations that have been made, as well as an overview of critical moments that are likely to require the attention of the legislator in further improving Lithuanian insolvency law.

#e article analyses the justice sector reforms in Moldova. Tracing of reform process in Moldova, combined with the insights of europeanization theories and theories of legal sector reforms, was applied for the identiƒcation of the mechanism, which explains, why the reform was not successful in Moldova. #e main conclusions of the article are: First, to be successful, reform, aimed at the establishment of the rule of law, should include such measures as the establishment of e"ective institutions of accountability. #ese institutions would ensure both positive and negative incentives for the transformation of behaviour by main political and legal actors according to the new rules. Second, the reformers take measures to establish the required institutions of accountability if this is instrumentally rational to them. #e rationality of such political decision depends on both internal and external factor. Political instability weakens administrative capabilities to ensure consecutive and coherent implementation of the reform. Further, interaction of political instability with the public dissatisfaction with reform results induces politicians to use reform as an instrument of electoral mobilization, by making promises of fast results and supporting these promises by new initiatives concerning the direction and measures of the reform. #e focus of international donors on quantitative results, pressure to achieve results as soon as possible and liberal attitude towards various o"ences by pro-democratic elite do not motivate reformers to aim at the consistent implementation of the reform, either

#e article analyses the justice sector reforms in Moldova. Tracing of reform process in Moldova, combined with the insights of europeanization theories and theories of legal sector reforms, was applied for the identiƒcation of the mechanism, which explains, why the reform was not successful in Moldova. #e main conclusions of the article are: First, to be successful, reform, aimed at the establishment of the rule of law, should include such measures as the establishment of e"ective institutions of accountability. #ese institutions would ensure both positive and negative incentives for the transformation of behaviour by main political and legal actors according to the new rules. Second, the reformers take measures to establish the required institutions of accountability if this is instrumentally rational to them. #e rationality of such political decision depends on both internal and external factor. Political instability weakens administrative capabilities to ensure consecutive and coherent implementation of the reform. Further, interaction of political instability with the public dissatisfaction with reform results induces politicians to use reform as an instrument of electoral mobilization, by making promises of fast results and supporting these promises by new initiatives concerning the direction and measures of the reform. #e focus of international donors on quantitative results, pressure to achieve results as soon as possible and liberal attitude towards various o"ences by pro-democratic elite do not motivate reformers to aim at the consistent implementation of the reform, either

Based on archival documentary materials and current information sources as supplemented by various opinions of scientists and practitioniers, this article investigates the efforts of the government to implement the 1933 judiciary reform. The Temporary Law on Lithuanian Courts and the Order of their Work of 1918 had been criticised even at the moment it was enacted by its creators. However, in real life it had proven sufficiently robust and acceptable to the masses. There was no rush to revise it, while attempts were made to soften the emerging deficiencies of court system procedures by making separate amendments to existing legislation. The judiciary system was marginally improved based on needs and circumstances as they arose. Only certain isolated areas relating to organisational procedures were affected by those changes. However, this proved insufficient in the long run. The coming reform meant a great deal of work involving legislative creation that required a decade of efforts from many specialists and people in the government. The first solid draft of the Law on Order of the Courts was completed in 1924. The creators of the draft identified the supplementation of the existing three-tier generalpurpose court system with two new tiers as the most important change in a bid to balance workloads between courts. The draft reached the Seimas, but was subsequently retracted by the government for further improvements. Several successive governments with different political views, representing different political parties that existed at the time, demonstrated various levels of care for the reform. Alongside those changes in power, several different versions were proposed for the coming legislation. Upon establishment of the State Council in 1928, preparation of the relevant legislation was handed over to it. With the approval of the Cabinet of Ministers, the president of the Republic enacted the draft as a law on 11 July 1933. The courts of Lithuania managed to become a reliable, qualified and moral constitutional establishment during the time of independence.