Suchergebnisse

"Die seit Anfang der 90er Jahren intensiv betriebene Forschung zur Gewalt an Schulen hat in verschiedenen Resümees einige zentrale Determinanten und Erklärungsfaktoren für das Auftreten von Gewalt an Schulen herausarbeiten können. Dabei handelt es sich ganz überwiegend um Merkmale der als 'Täter' an den Gewalthandlungen beteiligten Schüler. Hinzu kommen Analysen, die den Einfluss des familialen Kontextes und dabei vor allem der Erziehungspraktiken der Eltern untersuchten. Beides zusammen hat zu einer Betonung der individuellen Verursachung von Gewalt und zu einer deutlich ätiologischen Interpretation des Gewaltaufkommens geführt. Bisher weniger beachtet geblieben ist der Effekte des ggf. gewaltförderlichen Kontextes in der der Klasse, in der Schule und im weiteren Schulumfeld. Der Beitrag stützt sich auf eine repräsentative Längsschnittuntersuchung, in deren Rahmen je etwa 4.000 Schüler an allgemein bildenden und beruflichen Schulen in den Jahren 1994, 1999 und 2004 Befragt wurden. Durch das der Studie zu Grunde liegende Klumpen-Design - einbezogen wurden jeweils die Schüler von einer Klasse aus ca. 200 Schulen - ergibt sich die Möglichkeit die Effekte der Komposition der Schulklasse, die Bedingungen an der jeweiligen Schule und die Merkmale der Schulsitzkommune als das Gewaltaufkommen bestimmende Variablen zu untersuchen. Dabei gehen die Verfasser davon aus, dass die Handlungsbedingungen in der Klasse, in der Schule und im Schulumfeld das Auftreten von Gewalt an Schulen fördern oder unterbinden können. Der Frage nach der Determinationskraft derartiger Variablen im Vergleich zu klassischen Individualmerkmalen soll in dem Beitrag mit Hilfe einer Mehrebeneanalyse nachgegangen werden." (Autorenreferat)

"The English School and Institutions: British Institutionalists?" published on by Oxford University Press.

Oradea, an important cultural, economic and administrative town at the
western border of Romania, is known as an academic center since 1780 through its area of
operation for over two centuries of the Academy of Law. The Romanian age of higher education
institutions has proven to be a step in regaining the status of high school like the other existing
universities in the country between the wars. The abolition of the Academy and its merger with the
Faculty of Law of the University of Cluj, in 1934, was a great loss for the city of Oradea, the values gathered during more that two centuries of high school, representing a solid fundament for
the academic education, from this part of the country, after the second world war.

Der Autor beschreibt zwei Varianten des Verhältnisses von Recht und Ökonomie. Zum einen die stark ökonomisch orientierten Juristen, die glauben, daß die ökonomisch abgeleiteten Formen rechtlicher Argumente die einzig geeigneten sind (Chicagoer Schule). Zum anderen die schwach ökonomisch orientierten Juristen, die "glauben, daß die ökonomische Analyse des Rechts eine durchdringende, aber nicht allumfassende Rolle in juristischen Abhandlungen spielen sollte." (Yale Law-School) Der Autor fragt in seinem Aufsatz nach den vielfältigen Einflüssen und Auswirkungen der ökonomischen Fachsprache auf die juristische Praxis. Dazu werden zwei "konkurrierende Fehlanalysen" der gegenwärtigen Situation näher dargestellt und diskutiert. Es wird geltend gemacht, daß die neuen Formen der Argumente der ökonomisch orientierten Juristen nicht bloß neuformulierte traditionelle juristische Folgerungen sind und daß der Vorschlag der ökonomisch orientierten Juristen, das Recht umzubilden, fruchtbar für verschiedene juristische Aspekte sein könnte. Schließlich wird die Frage diskutiert, wie die Angleichung von Recht und Ökonomie im traditionellen Gesprächsrepertoire des Rechts die juristischen Ergebnisse verändert. (ICD)

Addresses key debates & developments in Frankfurt school critical theory & postmodernism with respect to issues of radical democracy & civil society pluralization. The political liberalism of John Rawls is critiqued before providing an account of critical theory centered on the thought of Jurgen Habermas. Habermas challenges Rawlsian liberalism on four fronts, including political liberalism's limited understanding of democracy. Attention turns to those, eg, Albrecht Wellmer, who draw on early critical theory to engage ideas on pluralizing & radicalizing democracy akin to those of interest to postmodernists. This school's treatment of democracy is delved into, drawing on various thinkers, eg, Iris Marian Young & William Connolly. The debate between Habermasian Kenneth Baynes & Wendy Brown, radical democratic genealogist, serves to illuminate problems within Habermasian critical theory & Foucauldian genealogy while also shedding light on the promise of the ontological-ethical "double contradictory law" or "bivalent tension." Three possibilities derived from the tensions between critical theory & genealogy are suggested for putting into play transformative democratic practices: eg, design practice to make those in dominant institutions experience these institutions & themselves as being "otherness to be included" rather than reinforcing the idea that they & these institutions unproblematically occupy the position of the "includers.". J. Zendejas

"Compliance in International Relations" published on by Oxford University Press.

Bislang gab es in Deutschland keine Hochschulen und keine Studienprogramme, mit denen sich der Anspruch verknüpfte, eine Spitzenposition im Feld der Hochschulbildung inne zu haben. Mittlerweile werden aber auch hier mehr und mehr vertikale Differenzierungen der Hochschulen in Szene gesetzt und Qualitätsunterschiede betont. Diese Bemühungen werden zumeist mit Blick auf die Forschung beobachtet. Der Beitrag nimmt hingegen Stratifikationsbemühungen in den Blick, die sich primär mit der Bildung und Ausbildung an Hochschulen verknüpfen. Grundlage sind Fallstudien zum einen im Feld der durch die Exzellenzinitiative geförderten Graduiertenschulen und zum anderen im Feld der privaten Hochschulen, die in den Rechts-, Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften angesiedelt sind und sich als Spitzeneinrichtungen zu positionieren suchen. Im ersten Teil geht es um die Formen der Institutionalisierung von Rangunterscheidungen im Bereich der Hochschulbildung, die man derzeit beobachten kann. Im zweiten Teil wird exemplarisch an einem Merkmal - Internationalität - aufgezeigt, wie Stratifizierungen und Rangunterscheidungen zur Geltung gebracht werden. Es wird gezeigt, dass Stratifikation kein monolithischer Prozess ist, sondern komplexe Differenzierungen entlang verschiedener Merkmale in vielfältigen Formen involviert. (DIPF/Orig.).;;;Until recently there have been no universities or study programs in Germany that were connected to claims for top level positions in the field of higher education. However, by now efforts to vertically differentiate higher education are increasing and emphasize differences in quality. Such efforts have so far been observed with respect to research. In contrast, this article focusses on stratificatory efforts that are primarily connected to education at universities. It is based on cases studies in the field of graduate schools funded by the German excellence initiative and in the field of private higher education institutions that belong to law, business, and the social sciences and try to positions themselves as top level institutions. The first part addresses specific forms in which stratification is institutionalized in the field of higher education at present. The second part then exemplifies the various ways in which vertical differentiation is mobilized along a common attribute in both fields - internationality. The authors show that stratification is not a monolithic process but involves highly complex differentiations along various attributes and in multiple ways. (DIPF/Orig.).

The 2000 decennial US Census was the first to allow respondents to select more than one category to designate their racial identification. Here, some legal implications of this new multiracial format are explored, focusing on three types of potential cases stemming from civil rights law: those involving (1) discriminatory impact suits brought by individuals; (2) compliance with goals or timetables for achieving racial composition requirements (eg, affirmative action & school desegregation); & (3) legislative redistricting under the 1973 Voting Rights Act. Constitutional & other legal problems posed by the new aggregation rules for categorizing the multiracial population proposed by the Office of Management & Budget are also examined. Though short-term legal effects are likely to be minor, it is anticipated that, in the long term, the new multiracial data & methods for its aggregation will become increasingly problematic in the legal arena. 7 References. K. Hyatt Stewart

Defends the recent cosmopolitan turn in political & international relations theory, focusing on the concept of harm & the notion of cosmopolitan harm conventions (CHCs). Briefly, harm is defined as "evil as done or suffered by some person or thing" & is considered universal despite cross-cultural variations in what constitutes harm. Harm conventions provide harm its public meaning & establish what is permissible, obligatory, & officially proscribed. These too are universal; however, cosmopolitan forms are not. CHCs center on the idea that differences between insiders & outsiders are not always morally relevant. After addressing some criticisms of cosmopolitanism, three observations on why the harm principle has a place in international ethics are delineated. Various kinds of harm are identified, drawing on the English school to frame an analysis of CHC development in modern international society & to contemplate future developments. The English school's concern resides generally on an idea of concrete harm, which is intentional harm inflicted by one group on another on the basis of assumed cultural or racial superiority. The humanitarian law of war & international trusteeship are two measures for combating such harm. Various post-WWII reasons justifying the development of new CHCs are contemplated, eg, the rise in civil vs interstate war, economic globalization, global industrialization, structure of the world order, & environmental degradation. Most extant cosmopolitan law does not contend with vulnerability to the harm in global economic processes & environmental damage. Further, CHCs tend to mirror the values of the dominant powers & are geared toward protecting their interests. The meaning of world citizenship absent a world state & in a system where sovereign states view themselves as capable of promoting the ideal of national citizenship is explored, providing three main answers related to the project of transcending traditional international law interested in the rights & duties of states for a world law targeting the rights & duties of individuals. These are concerned with the realm of cosmopolitan duty, the sphere of cosmopolitan rights, & the project of building a global democratic public sphere & are linked to the project of creating CHCs. J. Zendejas

Defends the recent cosmopolitan turn in political & international relations theory, focusing on the concept of harm & the notion of cosmopolitan harm conventions (CHCs). Briefly, harm is defined as "evil as done or suffered by some person or thing" & is considered universal despite cross-cultural variations in what constitutes harm. Harm conventions provide harm its public meaning & establish what is permissible, obligatory, & officially proscribed. These too are universal; however, cosmopolitan forms are not. CHCs center on the idea that differences between insiders & outsiders are not always morally relevant. After addressing some criticisms of cosmopolitanism, three observations on why the harm principle has a place in international ethics are delineated. Various kinds of harm are identified, drawing on the English school to frame an analysis of CHC development in modern international society & to contemplate future developments. The English school's concern resides generally on an idea of concrete harm, which is intentional harm inflicted by one group on another on the basis of assumed cultural or racial superiority. The humanitarian law of war & international trusteeship are two measures for combating such harm. Various post-WWII reasons justifying the development of new CHCs are contemplated, eg, the rise in civil vs interstate war, economic globalization, global industrialization, structure of the world order, & environmental degradation. Most extant cosmopolitan law does not contend with vulnerability to the harm in global economic processes & environmental damage. Further, CHCs tend to mirror the values of the dominant powers & are geared toward protecting their interests. The meaning of world citizenship absent a world state & in a system where sovereign states view themselves as capable of promoting the ideal of national citizenship is explored, providing three main answers related to the project of transcending traditional international law interested in the rights & duties of states for a world law targeting the rights & duties of individuals. These are concerned with the realm of cosmopolitan duty, the sphere of cosmopolitan rights, & the project of building a global democratic public sphere & are linked to the project of creating CHCs. J. Zendejas

Both Latvia & Quebec have adopted language legislation in order to protect their ethnic identity. Both countries had lost their independence to larger powers; both had seen a decline in their birth & population rates; & schools in English (in Quebec) & Russian (in Latvia) were attracting the most immigrants. In response, Quebec adopted the Charter of the French Language in 1977 & Latvia adopted the Latvian State Language Law in 1999. The article examines the conditions leading to the adoption of a regional, territorial language policy & analyses how the adoption of the laws has affected these two communities. It is concluded that language & education policies have significantly changed the symbolic & privilege structure of Quebec & Latvia since the implementation of the laws, but that, in Latvia, language policies have delayed the integration of minorities, such as the Russian minority, into the community. 53 References. R. Prince