Comparative legal argument in the Polish discussion on changes in the judiciary
In: Jahrbuch des öffentlichen Rechts der Gegenwart, Band 68, Heft 1, S. 705
ISSN: 2569-4103
In: Jahrbuch des öffentlichen Rechts der Gegenwart, Band 68, Heft 1, S. 705
ISSN: 2569-4103
In: The Anthology of Swiss Legal Culture
"[This book] discusses the relatively new field of information law which was induced by profound changes and progress in information technology in recent decades. The book contains some twenty representative texts of significant and at times seminal importance. Following the structure of the Anthology, each of these texts is introduced by a background note and followed by additional comments as well as biographical references and biographies of authors. A homogenous approach governing information law issues so far has not been developed. This is due to the fact that information law is a cross-sectional discipline, making it inevitable to apply an interdisciplinary approach (leading to the reprint of texts written by IT-experts in this volume). In addition, a phenomenological way of looking at issues is also necessary since information law has spillover effects on other normative areas such as data protection, contract/liability law, competition/intellectual property law and e-government issues. During the last ten years, information law has been increasingly overlapped by Internet law obviously having a broad scope and encompassing a wide variety of topics. The new technological developments still need to be embedded into a structural framework designed by the main information law themes. Such a normative framework should enshrine elements for an internationalization of policy considerations, elements for a multi-layer regulatory approach with multi-stakeholder participation, and elements for consensus on substantive guiding principles."--
In: Orient: deutsche Zeitschrift für Politik, Wirtschaft und Kultur des Orients = German journal for politics, economics and culture of the Middle East, Band 29, Heft 3, S. 387-422
ISSN: 0030-5227
Ein Abriß der politischen Institutionalisierung Ägyptens unter Sadat und besonders Mubarak bildet den Hintergrund für die Analyse der innenpolitischen Aufwertung, die die Muslimbruderschaft erfahren hat: Das "Dreierbündnis" (Muslimbrüder = Gama'at al-Ihwan al-Muslimun; Partei der Liberalen = Hizb al-Ahrar und Arbeitspartei = Hizb al-'Amal) und der Erfolg bei den Wahlen zur Volksversammlung 1987; Islam und Demokratie als Grundlage des Bündnisses; die Position der Muslimbrüder in der Diskussion um die Einführung der Scharia. (DÜI-Hns)
World Affairs Online
With this Liber Amicorum, around 50 contributors from the legal and judicial professions, from academia and from politics pay tribute to Dr Wolfgang Heusel, the Director of the Academy of European Law (ERA) in Trier from 2000 to 2020. The contributions provide a thorough analysis of some of the most relevant legal and political challenges faced by the European Union, including in the fields of data protection rules, artificial intelligence, the rule of law, human rights protection, institutional reform of the EU and changes in the legal and judicial professions. The book is primarily aimed at postgraduate students, legal practitioners and scholars interested in EU legal matters.
In: Der moderne Staat: dms ; Zeitschrift für Public Policy, Recht und Management, Band 12, Heft 2, S. 282-298
ISSN: 2196-1395
Deutschland, Frankreich und Großbritannien verfolgen langfristig, im Einklang mit dem internationalen Klimaschutzrecht und dem EU-Recht, das Ziel einer Transformation der nationalen Energiesysteme hin zu einer treibhausgas-neutralen Energieerzeugung und -versorgung. Sie setzen dazu zum Teil ähnliche rechtliche Instrumente ein, etwa bei der Förderung des Ausbaus Erneuerbarer Energien und der Energieeffizienz. Hinsichtlich der Steuerungsinstrumente sind aber auch signifikante Divergenzen erkennbar. Am deutlichsten ist dies im Bereich der Kernenergie. Unterschiede bestehen aber auch hinsichtlich der Bedeutung von preisbasierten Instrumenten zur Minderung von Treibhausgasemissionen. In allen drei Rechtsordnungen bestehen Pfadabhängigkeiten, die durch den Einfluss des EU-Rechts teilweise abgeschwächt werden, den Verlauf der Transformation aber entscheidend beeinflussen. Die Pfadabhängigkeiten resultieren einerseits aus der Verfügbarkeit von Energiequellen, andererseits aber auch aus früheren Entscheidungen über Technologien und die Infrastruktur des Energiesystems.
In: Schriftenreihe Recht und Verfassung in Afrika – Law and Constitution in Africa 35
In: Recht und Verfassung in Afrika Band 35
In: Nomos eLibrary
In: Öffentliches Recht
The overarching objective of this book is to make a positive contribution to the global efforts to address the problem of climate change by considering the possible contribution of the international law principle of sovereignty over natural resources. The legal principle of sovereignty over natural resources is considered in this book as a means by which to address the lack of state compliance to climate commitments made in terms of the international legal climate change regime. The gravity of the effects of climate change justify a reinterpretation and reconfiguration of the principle of sovereignty over natural resources in terms of which the right of people to economic self-determination is promoted and constitutes a basis upon which states can be held accountable to climate commitments made in terms of the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement.
This article begins by presenting the "migration act" adopted by the German federal government in June 2019. The act entails far-reaching changes in German residence and asylum law. Subsequently, some aspects of the debate on migration and work in Sozial.Geschichte Online are discussed. This is followed by a final section on how the legal changes are to be classified and assessed with regard to the relationship between migration and work. It is argued that the legal changes are characterized by neoliberal, exploitation-oriented strategies on the one hand, and by repressive, nationalist strategies on the other. It is further argued that the changes will likely aggravate the repression exercised against rejected asylum seekers.
BASE
In: German yearbook of international law: Jahrbuch für internationales Recht, Band 63, Heft 1, S. 621-646
ISSN: 2195-7304
This article examines the relevance of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta as a precedent for safeguarding the legal existence of Low-Lying Island States threatened by climate change and the rise in sea levels. The unprecedented nature of this phenomenon means international law offers no unequivocal guidance on the way forward for threatened States. As a result, most solutions to this problem rely either on the creation of new legal instruments, the reinterpretation of existing norms, or (to varying extents) on the goodwill of other States. However, due to its State-like characteristics, and existence independent from a territorial claim, non-State sovereign entities of international law such as the Sovereign Order of Malta could provide an interesting blueprint for a Low-Lying Island State to transit towards once the indicia of statehood becomes vulnerable to possible challenges. The core of the Sovereign Order of Malta's sovereignty is discussed and outlined, followed by a survey of the relevance and added value of this option for threatened low-lying island States.
This study analyses legal barriers to data sharing in the context of the Open Research Data Pilot, which the European Commission is running within its research framework programme Horizon2020. In the first part of the study, data protection issues are analysed. The main focus is on the Data Protection Directive (95/46/EC) and its implementation in selected EU Member States. Additionally, the upcoming General Data Protection Regulation (2016/679/EU) and relevant changes are described. Special focus is placed on leading data protection principles. Next, the study describes the use of research data in the Open Research Data Pilot and how data protection principles influence such use. The experiences of the European Commission in running the Open Research Data Pilot so far, as well as basic examples of repository use forms, are considered. The second part of the study analyses the extent to which legislation on public sector information (PSI) influences access to and re-use of research data. The PSI Directive (2003/98/EC) and the impact of its revision in 2013 (2013/37/EU) are described. There is a special focus on the application of PSI legislation to public libraries, including university and research libraries, and its practical implications. In the final part of the study the results are critically evaluated and core recommendations are made to improve the legal situation in relation to research data.
In: SWP-Studie, Band S 5
'Islamistische Bewegungen und Parteien konnten in den letzten Jahren ihre Popularität zum Teil in beachtliche Wahlerfolge umsetzen, so zum Beispiel in Ägypten, im Irak und in Palästina. Heute sind moderate Islamisten, neben den derzeitigen oder bisherigen Regimeeliten, bereits in vielen Staaten der Region die wichtigsten Akteure. Es ist abzusehen, dass sie dort auch langfristig einen größeren Einfluss auf die politische Entscheidungsfindung haben werden als radikale oder terroristische Gruppierungen. Selbst wenn sie zumeist sozialkonservative Positionen verkörpern, sind viele dieser Gruppierungen explizit mit einer Reformagenda angetreten. Oftmals wird unterstellt, die islamistischen Forderungen nach Demokratisierung seien rein taktischer Natur und die Islamisten würden, kämen sie an die Macht, autoritäre Regime theokratischer Prägung etablieren. In der Tat liegt das 'Risiko' politischer Öffnung darin, dass die Macht an Kräfte übergehen kann, von denen wir noch nicht wissen, ob sie sich dauerhaft an demokratische Spielregeln halten werden. Gleichzeitig liegt allerdings auf der Hand, dass politische Öffnung nicht möglich ist, solange diejenigen Kräfte ausgeschlossen bleiben, die den größten Rückhalt in der Bevölkerung haben und oftmals die einzige effektiv organisierte Alternative zu autoritären Regimen darstellen. Der vorliegende Sammelband untersucht in den Fällen Iran, Türkei, Irak, Palästina, Algerien, Bahrain und Ägypten die Fragen: Welches sind die Prioritäten der islamistischen Akteure, wie gestaltet sich ihre Reformagenda? Wie haben sich Agenden durch Partizipation in Parlamenten bzw. an der Regierung verändert? Führt die Integration von Islamisten zu einer Stabilisierung autoritärer Herrschaft oder fördert sie politische Öffnung?' (Autorenreferat). Inhaltsverzeichnis: Problemstellung und Empfehlungen (5-8); Muriel Asseburg: Einführung (9-14); Johannes Reissner: Iran: wie sich die Politik von der Religion emanzipiert (15-21); Ioannis N. Grigoriadis: Die erste 'muslimisch-demokratische' Partei? Die AKP und die Reform des politischen Islams in der Türkei (22-29); Guido Steinberg: Zwischen Pragmatismus und konfessioneller Säuberung: schiitische Islamisten im Irak (30-36); Muriel Asseburg: Die palästinensische Hamas zwischen Widerstandsbewegung und Reformregierung (37-46); Isabelle Werenfels: Algeriens legale Islamisten: von der 'fünften Kolonne' zur Stütze des Regimes (47-53); Katja Niethammer: Bahrainisches Paradox: autoritäre Islamisten durch Partizipation, prodemokratische durch Exklusion? (54-62); Noha Antar: Die Muslimbruderschaft in Ägypten: zwiespältige Reformer (63-76); Eva Wegner: Inklusion oder Repression. Über die Kosten-Nutzen-Kalküle autoritärer Herrscher (77-83); Muriel Asseburg: Schlussfolgerungen und Empfehlungen (84-93).
Die Beschäftigung mit dem Thema Change Management erfordert die Auseinandersetzung mit einem heterogenen Feld von Ansätzen und fachlichen Perspektiven. Es besteht ein Mangel an systematischen empirischen Untersuchungen zu diesem Thema. Insbesondere fehlen Arbeiten, die mehr als eine "Schule" des Change Managements berücksichtigen. Unterschiede in den situativen Anforderungen werden zudem theoretisch und empirisch oft unzureichend berücksichtigt. Die Vermutung liegt nahe, dass das Scheitern von Veränderungsprozessen häufig durch die stereotype Anwendung generalisierender Empfehlungen gängiger Ansätze verursacht wird. Um diesen Defiziten zu begegnen, sollten in dieser Arbeit Kontingenzen von situativen Anforderungen und Change Management empirisch überprüft werden. Der Untersuchung liegt eine Konzeption zugrunde, die hinsichtlich des Projekterfolgs von der idealen Passung (Kontingenz) zwischen situativer Anforderung und Change Management ausgeht und damit einhergehende prozessbezogene Einflussfaktoren berücksichtigt. Erfolg wird im Sinne der Nachhaltigkeit als Wirkungen wirtschaftlicher, organisationsbezogener und qualifikatorischer Art definiert. In drei Teilstudien wurden Beratende und betriebliche Beteiligte jeweils projektbezogen schriftlich und mündlich zu betrieblicher Ausgangslage, Veränderungsprinzipien, Wirkungen und prozessbezogenen Einflussfaktoren befragt. Die erste Teilstudie umfasst vier Fallstudien. Hier wurden insgesamt 18 Projektbeteiligte, jeweils Beratende, betriebliche Projektleitende und –mitarbeitende, befragt. Die zweite Teilstudie umfasst die schriftliche und mündliche Befragung von 31 Beratenden verschiedener Schulen des Change Managements. In der dritten Teilstudie wurden 47 betriebliche Veränderungsverantwortliche schriftlich befragt. Die Projekte der zweiten und dritten Teilstudie liessen sich in jeweils zwei statistisch abgesicherte Erfolgsgruppen einteilen, wobei sich die Erfolgsgruppen nicht systematisch auf Merkmalen der betrieblichen Ausgangslage unterscheiden. Folgendes sind die wichtigsten Ergebnisse: Bei traditionell-bürokratischen Organisationsstrukturen geht ein langfristig-kontinuierliches, graduell-anpassendes, pragmatisch-lösungsorientiertes Vorgehen, in flexiblen Strukturen dagegen ein kurzfristiges, tiefgreifendes und integrativ-konzeptuelles Vorgehen mit Projekterfolg einher.In traditionell-hierarchischen Führungsstrukturen erweist sich ein wenig humanzentriertes und wenig selbstbeurteilendes Vorgehen mit standardisierter Vorgehensmethode, in flexiblen Führungsstrukturen ein stark humanzentriertes und ausgeprägt selbstbeurteilendes Vorgehen mit angepasster Vorgehensmethode als erfolgsversprechend.Bei grossem betrieblichem Veränderungswissen erweist sich ein selbstbeurteilendes Vorgehen, bei geringem Veränderungswissen ein wenig selbstbeurteilendes Vorgehen als erfolgsversprechend.Angesichts ökonomischer Anforderungen geht ein langfristig-kontinuierliches, schnelles und rollend geplantes Vorgehen mit einem tiefgreifenden und integrativ-konzeptuellen Ansatz, unter wenig Einbezug von Fremdbeurteilungen mit positiven Wirkungen einher.Bei technologischen Anforderungen ist ein langfristig-kontinuierliches, langsames und tiefgreifendes Vorgehen mit wenig Fremdbeurteilung erfolgsversprechend.Für soziokulturelle Anforderungen erweist sich ein langsames, selbstbeurteilendes, graduell anpassendes und pragmatisch-fokussiertes Vorgehen als erfolgreich. Angesichts politisch-rechtlicher Anforderungen geht ein linear geplantes, zielfokussiertes, fachberaterisches und wenig prozessorientiertes Vorgehen mit Erfolg einher.Bei Gesamtreorganisationen als innerorganisationale Anforderungen erweist sich ein linear geplantes, fach- und prozessberaterisches sowie tiefgreifendes Vorgehen als erfolgsversprechend.Bei innerorganisationalen Anforderungen durch Führungswechsel geht ein kurzfristig-temporäres, integrativ-konzeptuelles Vorgehen mit angepasster Vorgehensmethode mit Erfolg einher. Hinsichtlich prozessbezogener Einflussfaktoren erweisen sich situationsspezifisches Beratendenhandeln, unterstützendes Führungsverhalten, grosse Akzeptanz der/des Beratenden, umfassender Einbezug der Mitarbeitenden, aktive Beteiligung und Engagement der Mitarbeitenden, Verankerung des Projekts in der Organisation und hoher wahrgenommener Nutzen der Veränderung als wichtigste unterstützende Faktoren. Widerstände aus der Belegschaft, problematisches Führungsverhalten im Veränderungsprozess, fehlende/mangelhafte neben Tagesgeschäft bereitgestellte Ressourcen, behindernde organisationale (nicht projektbezogene) Entwicklungen, Angst/Verunsicherung der Belegschaft sind die wichtigsten hemmenden Faktoren. ; Dealing with the theme of change management requires an examination of a heterogeneous field of approaches and subject perspectives. Systematic empirical investigations of this theme are lacking. In particular, works that take account of more than one school of thought regarding change management are scarce. Furthermore, differences in situational requirements are often insufficiently considered both from a theoretical and empirical point of view. It can be assumed that the failure of change processes is frequently caused by the stereotypical use of generalized recommendations of common approaches. In order to combat these deficits, this work aims to empirically examine contingencies of situational requirements and change management. The investigation is based on a concept that assumes that an ideal fit (contingency) between situational requirements and change management is necessary for the success of a project and takes into account the accompanying process-related influencing factors. Success is defined in the sense of sustainability as economic, organization and qualification-related types of effects. In three part studies, consultants and those involved on an operational level were, based on the relevant project, questioned in oral and written form on the operational starting positions, change principles, effects and process-related influencing factors. The first part study comprises four case studies in which a total of 18 persons involved in the project, made up of consultants, operational project leaders and project workers, were questioned. The second part study comprises the written and oral survey of 31 consultants from different schools of thought regarding change management. In the third part study, 47 persons responsible for operational change were questioned in a written survey. It was possible to divide each of the projects from the second and third part studies into two statistically valid success groups, whereby the success groups did not differ systematically in terms of features of the operational starting positions. The most important results are as follows: Project success in traditional-bureaucratic organization structures is associated with a long-term, continuous, gradually adaptive, pragmatic, solution-oriented procedure. In flexible structures, on the other hand, success comes with a short-term, far-reaching and integrational, conceptual procedure. In traditional-hierarchical management structures, a minimally human-centered and less self-evaluative process with a standardized procedure proves to be conducive to success, while in flexible management structures, a strongly human-centered and markedly self-evaluative procedure with an adaptive approach shows itself to be beneficial. In terms of great operational knowledge of change, a self-evaluative procedure proves to be most promising, while with little knowledge of change, a less self-evaluative procedure should be favored. In view of economic requirements, a long-term, continuous, quick and cascading procedure with a far-reaching and integrational, conceptual approach and little involvement of evaluation by others yields positive effects. In terms of technological requirements, a long-term, continuous, slow and far-reaching procedure with a low amount of evaluation by others is conducive to success. For socio-cultural requirements, a slow, self-evaluative, gradually adaptive and pragmatically focused procedure proves to be successful. In view of political and legal requirements, a procedure that is planned in a linear fashion, is goal-oriented, includes expert consultancy and a minimal amount of process orientation will bring about success. With complete reorganizations as requirements within an organization, a procedure that is planned in a linear fashion, has expert and process consulting aspects and is far-reaching is conducive to success. In terms of requirements within an organization brought about through management change, a short-term, temporary, integrational, conceptual procedure with an adaptive approach will lead to success. With regard to process-related influencing factors, a situation-specific approach by consultants, supportive management behavior, a high level of acceptance of the consultant, a comprehensive involvement of the employees, their active participation and commitment, anchoring of the project in the organization as well as high perceived use of the ensuing change prove to be the most important supporting factors. Resistance from staff, problematic management behavior in the change process, a lack of or deficient resources provided in addition to daily business, obstructive organizational (not project-related) developments and anxiety/uncertainty of the staff are the most important inhibitory factors.
BASE
In: Planung für gesundheitsfördernde Städte, S. 369-386
Die hohe Zahl von Flüchtlingen und Asylbegehrenden, die seit einigen Jahren nach Deutschland kommen, stellt die Kommunen vor große Herausforderungen bei der Erst- und Folgeunterbringung und Versorgung, beispielsweise in Hinblick auf die Standortsuche für Gemeinschaftsunterkünfte. Der Gesetzgeber reagierte darauf mit bauplanungsrechtlichen Erleichterungen, die unterschiedliche Gebietskulissen betreffen. Sie sind seit 2014 bzw. 2015 im BauGB verankert. Im Beitrag wird diskutiert, welche Implikationen sich aus den Änderungen für das Verständnis von gesunden Wohnverhältnissen und die planungsrechtliche Begrenzung gesundheitlicher Risiken ergeben könnten. Hingewiesen wird hier unter anderem auf die Notwendigkeit langfristiger Perspektiven für den (planungsbezogenen) Umgang mit Fluchtmigration, das mögliche Auftreten gesundheitsbezogener Nutzungskonflikte und die Verhinderung städtebaulicher Fehlentwicklungen.
In: Discussion Papers / Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Forschungsprofessur "Neue Formen von Governance", Band 2007-201
Der Beitrag befasst sich mit der Frage, woran es denn liegen könnte, dass bundesstaatsbezogene Reformvorhaben, insbesondere solche der bundesstaatlichen Finanzverfassung, nur schwer realisierbar sind und sich bei sorgfältiger Auswertung der Ergebnisse und - nachdem die Nebel der Reformrhetorik sich verzogen haben - doch nur als letztlich dem Status-quo-Denken verhaftete Reförmchen darstellen. Drei Erklärungen bieten sich prima vista an, die der Autor im einzelnen erörtert: (1) Die konstatierten reformerischen Trippelschritte könnten daran liegen, dass wir es gerade bei der Fortentwicklung der Bundesstaatlichkeit und ihrer Finanzverfassung mit einem Gebiet zu tun haben, in dem eine in der deutschen Föderalismuskultur begründete Pfadabhängigkeit des Denkens und Handelns besonders spürbar wird. (2) Die Reformbehäbigkeit könnte daran liegen, dass es schlicht an den großen Reformideen fehlt, dass es also - und dieses Argument gehört zum Standardhaushalt jeder politischen Debatte - an handlungsleitenden und motivierenden Visionen mangelt. (3) Die magere Reformausbeute könnte darin ihre Erklärung finden, dass die durchaus vorhandenen Reformideen in den mannigfachen Mühlen des politischen Entscheidungsprozesses bis zur Unkenntlichkeit "zerschreddert" werden, ein Prozess, der offenbar gerade von der so genannten Gesundheitsreform durchlaufen worden ist. (ICG2)
Palliative care for patients with advanced and progressive diseases has recently become an integrated and compulsory part of undergraduate training in Germany. Up until now, undergraduate teaching in this cross-disciplinary medical field varied and therefore problems during the implementation process with regard to formal aspects and teaching content are to be expected. This contribution summarizes the new legislative framework for palliative care as an independent specialty in undergraduate medical training and describes format, content and problems of the current implementation process at the University Medical School Göttingen, in order to provide advice and support for other faculties. ; Die palliativmedizinische Versorgung schwerst- und sterbenskranker Patienten wurde mit letzter Novellierung der Ärztlichen Approbationsordnung (07/2009) als Querschnittsfach 13 in das studentische Curriculum aufgenommen. Die formale Implementierung als Pflichtlehr- und Prüfungsfach innerhalb der vorgeschriebenen Umsetzungsfrist dürfte eingedenk der Heterogenität bisheriger palliativmedizinischer Ausbildung an den einzelnen Fakultäten Herausforderungen in Hinblick auf strukturelle und insbesondere inhaltliche Fragen mit sich bringen. Dieser Beitrag skizziert die neuen rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen für das Querschnittsfach 13 und den bisherigen Stand der Lehre im Fachbereich Palliativmedizin in Deutschland. Der Beitrag möchte anhand des bisherigen, noch nicht abgeschlossenen Implementierungsprozesses an der Universitätsmedizin Göttingen die damit verbundenen Probleme aufzeigen sowie konzeptuelle und curriculare Anregungen und Hilfestellungen für die Umsetzung an anderen Fakultäten geben.
BASE
In: MA-Thesis/Master
Inhaltsangabe: Introduction: 1.1 Motivation and objective of thesis: According to the German government the future German energy mix shall be mainly based on renewable energy sources. Offshore wind energy plays a key role in this new energy strategy and is expected to provide the major share of renewable energy to be produced in Germany in the future. Nevertheless, the German offshore wind energy sector has developed much slower than expected, despite considerable supporting efforts taken by the government. Compared to other European countries, there is only little installed offshore wind energy capacity available in Germany today, but the German legislator's medium-term growth targets for this industry are enormous. In this context, the following two questions are to be asked: Does the German government turn a blind eye to the contradictory development just mentioned and/or is there reason for hope that the German offshore wind energy sector will accelerate and grow much stronger in the future? The purpose of this thesis is to describe the general conditions applicable in Germany, which a project developer or potential investor has to consider when planning an offshore wind park (OWP) in the German exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Furthermore, it analyses specific challenges related to the realisation of such kind of projects, identifies existing problems, and outlines possible solutions where appropriate. In doing so, the following chapters will mainly focus on the political environment for the offshore wind energy industry in Germany, the relevant legal framework applicable when realising an OWP, as well as on the bankability challenges a project developer might be exposed to when trying to secure a debt financing for an OWP project in Germany. Apart from giving a theoretical overview about the main subjects referred to above, this thesis also tries to address recent developments one can observe in practice. Hence, personal interviews have been conducted with experienced practitioners to get a better picture of the current market situation in general and possible future developments, as well as to get a practical insight into the mandatory OWP approval process and the recent perceptions and sentiments of banks involved in the financing of OWP in Germany. 1.2 Structure of thesis: The following Section 2 contains definitions of some key terms used throughout this thesis. Subsequently, a brief illustration of the European and German offshore wind energy market is given to get a better idea of how Germany is currently positioned in this field among its peers. From an OWP investors' point of view, a stable and supporting political environment considerably reduces the political risks related to such kind of projects, which is usually an important pre-condition for major investments in this field. Section 3 deals with the political environment OWP project developers or investors are exposed to in Germany and particularly focuses on Germany's offshore wind energy strategy as well as on the German government's recently introduced new energy concept, which is mainly based on renewable energy sources. In addition, a wise OWP project developer should also be familiar with all relevant legal statutes when planning an OWP and consider all important legal aspects in his project plan accordingly. Section 4 discusses the legal framework applicable in Germany when intending to realise an OWP in the German EEZ. The main focus is laid on the Renewable Energies Act, RE-Act (Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz, EEG) and the wind energy priority areas in both the North and the Baltic Sea, which have been defined by the legislator in the course of its spatial planning. Subsequently, this section outlines the mandatory approval process necessary for the realisation of an OWP project, containing, inter alia, references to the relevant legal statutes and a detailed description of each individual approval phase. The investment volume for a German OWP can easily amount to EUR 1 billion (bn) or more and thus normally requires also a sufficient amount of debt to be injected into the project. Hence, it is also of utmost relevance for an OWP project developer to be very well aware what has to be done to arrange for a project structure which is bankable at the end, in order to be able to secure the debt financing needed. Section 5 addresses bankability issues related to the realisation of an OWP in the German EEZ and contains an evaluation of the banks' main financing challenges, an outline of applicable banking standards for OWP projects to be considered by the project developer to secure a successful project placement, as well as a brief description of some peculiarities one should be aware of when it comes to granting or taking collateral over assets located in the German EEZ. Finally, Section 6 concludes with a summary of the main outcomes and results developed throughout this work.Inhaltsverzeichnis:Table of Contents: AbstractI AcknowledgementsII List of FiguresVI List of AbbreviationsVII 1.Introduction1 1.1 Motivation and objective of thesis1 1.2 Structure of thesis2 2.Offshore wind energy in Germany - a pioneer industry in the renewable energy sector3 2.1 Definitions4 2.1.1Renewable energy and wind energy4 2.1.2Offshore wind generator and offshore wind park4 2.1.3Territorial Sea4 2.1.4Exclusive Economic Zone4 2.2The European and German (offshore) wind energy market5 2.2.1(Offshore) wind energy in Europe5 2.2.2(Offshore) wind energy in Germany7 3.The political environment for offshore wind energy in Germany10 3.1Influence of international and European climate policy12 3.1.1Kyoto Protocol12 3.1.2Relevant EU legislation13 3.2Government policy and support in Germany13 3.2.1Germany's offshore wind energy strategy13 3.2.2Germany's overall energy concept before Fukushima14 3.2.3Germany's overall energy concept after Fukushima17 3.3 Chapter summary and outlook20 4.Legal framework and approval process for the construction of OWP in the German EEZ21 4.1Legal framework21 4.1.1Renewable Energies Act21 4.1.2Energy Industry Act29 4.2 Getting approval for the construction of an OWP33 4.2.1Legal basis and main applicable statutes34 4.2.2Phases of the OWP approval process44 4.3Outlook49 4.4Chapter summary53 5.The bankability of OWP projects in Germany54 5.1OWP (project) financing in Germany: major challenges andbankability issues56 5.1.1Wind prognosis56 5.1.2Technology57 5.1.3Installation59 5.1.4Insurance60 5.1.5Grid connection61 5.1.6Operation Maintenance (OM)63 5.1.7Overview of results65 5.2Financing OWP in Germany66 5.2.1Typical banking standards in OWP financings67 5.2.2Project placement68 5.3 Security package69 5.3.1Usual elements of security in OWP project finance70 5.3.2Taking collateral in the German EEZ70 5.4Chapter summary and outlook72 6.Summary74 BibliographyIX AppendixXVITextprobe:Text Sample: Chapter 3., The political environment for offshore wind energy in Germany: An unexperienced investor might wonder what politics have to do with the successful realisation of an OWP, which seems to be a purely commercial project at first glance. However, in practice a positive political environment, i.e. one which is supportive and reliable, is very important for the success of such kind of projects. This is even more so when technologies in their early development stage, such as the offshore wind energy sector, shall be financed with no recourse to the project sponsors (i.e. by the use of a project finance structure). Hence, a positive attitude of politicians towards the subject matter is essential for many reasons: They can put issues on the political agenda which are important for the offshore wind industry or refrain from doing that, they can be supportive when it comes to the identification of new marine offshore wind energy sites or not, they can arrange for an efficient and fast OWP approval process with less bureaucracy or fail to do that, they can pass encouraging legal reforms (e.g. implement adequate fixed feed-in tariffs) or not, and introduce other supplemental measures supporting the development of the industry or just leave it. Therefore, it should be worthwhile for an OWP investor or project developer to spend at least some time to make himself familiar and comfortable with the respective political environment in the course of his project due diligence. With its overall energy policy, the German government aims to secure an affordable and reliable energy supply for the industry and private consumers in Germany, strengthen the economy by the development and use of state-of-the-art renewable energy technologies and consequently implement its climate protection targets (Klimaschutzziele). However, apart from its own national political goals, the German legislator needs also to consider the requirements of applicable existing international and European agreements as a factor in its policy making, such as the Kyoto Protocol or relevant EU legislation, which are briefly introduced in the following Section 3.1. The subsequent Section 3.2 describes in more detail the national strategies and policy measures set by the German government. The development and use of renewable energy technologies in general has been promoted by the legislator already since 1990. However, having been a highly risky and unproven technology, for long time the offshore wind energy sector played only a marginal role despite its huge potential. To specifically push the developments in this field, the German government introduced an offshore wind energy strategy in 2002 (Section 3.2.1). Since then further policy measures have been implemented, which, inter alia, had (significant) influence on the offshore wind industry too. The main cornerstones have been the new energy concept of the German government introduced in September 2010 (Section 3.2.2) as well as the additional governmental measures (Maßnahmenpaket) passed after the disastrous nuclear accident at the Fukushima power plant in Japan in March 2011 (Section 3.2.3). 3.1, Influence of international and European climate policy: 3.1.1, Kyoto Protocol: With the ratification of the internationally applicable Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ('Kyoto Protocol") passed in 1997, the EU gave a joint binding commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 8% compared to 1990 levels until 2012, which was later distributed between the EU member states by a burden sharing agreement setting the individual reduction target for Germany at 21%. Thus, every EU member state was required to implement adequate measures to be able to comply with its respective emission reduction target. Germany was successful in this respect, by promoting, for example, renewable energy technologies (including the wind energy sector). By the end of 2009, German greenhouse gas emissions had already been reduced by approximately 29% compared to 1990 levels. 3.1.2, Relevant EU legislation, In addition, the EU determined for each member state an individual national target for its respective share of energy from renewable energy sources in gross final energy consumption (Endenergieverbrauch) to be reached until 2020. The individual target for Germany was set at 18%. By the end of 2010, Germany reached a share of about 11%. In order to meet the aforementioned target at the end of this decade, Germany has to continue with taking supportive measures and additional efforts. As we will see in the following section, the constant promotion of renewable energies, and the offshore wind energy sector in particular, is one of the main cornerstones of the German government's energy policy to achieve both compliance with its climate protection and emission reduction goals and a successful implementation of its new energy policy (i.e. the transformation of the existing energy mix mainly based on fossil and nuclear sources into an energy mix with its main focus on renewable sources).