Suchergebnisse

The effective functioning of any sector of agriculture is provided with adequate comprehensive state support. Aquaculture is no exception. The paper discloses the content of state support for agricultural activities in the field of aquaculture. The legislation defining directions and general principles of aquaculture development are analyzed. It is established that support for aquaculture activities by the state should be carried out by every possible means both in the economic and other areas: encouragement to produce naturally safe aquaculture products that can compete with the markets of other countries; financial promotion of breeding; improving fish productivity of water bodies through artificial restoration of water living resources; restoration of the proportion of populations of endangered and rare species of animals and plants whose habitat is water; promoting the development of own production of aquaculture feed; carrying out research and development in the field of aquaculture for their financing and introduction of results into production; financial support; providing training for highly qualified aquaculture professionals; promoting sustainable aquaculture production, etc. Financial, organizational and legal mechanisms of state support in the field of aquaculture are considered.Keywords: aquaculture, state support, compensation, financing, agriculture, aquaculture entities ; Ефективне функціонування будь-якого сектору сільського господарства забезпечується належною комплексною державною підтримкою. Не виключення становить й аквакультурна діяльність, що також підпадає під напрацьовані з цією метою програми. Проаналізовано законодавство, що визначає напрями та загальні засади розвитку аквакультури. Встановлено, що підтримка аквакультурної діяльності державою повинна здійснюватися всіляко можливими засобами як в економічному,так й іншими напрямами: заохочення до виготовлення натурально безпечної продукції аквакультури, що здатна конкурувати з подібною продукцією на ринках інших країн; фінансового сприяння розвитку селекційно-племінної справи; поліпшення рибної продуктивності водних об'єктів за рахунок штучного відновлення водних живих ресурсів; відновлення частки популяцій зникаючих та рідкісних видів тварин і рослин, середовищем існування яких виступає вода; заохочення розвитку власного виробництва кормів для аквакультурних об'єктів; проведення наукових досліджень та розробок у сфері аквакультури, їх фінансування і впровадження результатів у виробництво; фінансової підтримки; забезпечення підготовки висококваліфікованих спеціалістів у сфері аквакультури; сприяння сталого розвитку аквакультурного виробництва тощо. Розглянуто фінансові, організаційні та правові механізми державної підтримки у сфері аквакультури.Ключові слова: аквакультура, державна підтримка, компенсація, фінансування, сільське господарство, суб'єкти аквакультури

The article examines the possibility of creating an indigenous legal pluralism within the South African context. Due to the historical and current marginalisation of customary law, can customary law be developed, reformed and codified? Furthermore, can the legal regimes and human rights of indigenous people of South Africa be ascertained? The article renegades the historical marginalisation of customary law due to colonialism and apartheid; where indigenous people's legal regimes were placed subordinate to common law. The article further implores the current status of indigenous law nationally and internationally. The article seeks to advance the argument based on legislative and judicial analysis, that customary law is still marginalised under the current constitutional dispensation. The international call and new recognition of customary law are commendable; the article seeks to review whether South Africa is keeping up or not to the international directives embedded within declarations and conventions they are a signatory to. The article will further comparatively analyse foreign countries that have managed to do what South Africa is struggling to achieve with regard to the recognition, development, application, and reform of customary law. ; http://www.dejure.up.ac.za ; am2022 ; Private Law

Montesquieu, as the emblematic author of the Age of Enlightenment, has inspired a great many writings. His most outstanding work. The spirit of the Laws, resulted in many studies being produced, in the main on the legal-political aspects, but also characterising History as a science. However, and in spite of it not being at all anovelty, but more in the nature of a pilgrimage, the present study arose with the mark of Social and Historical Anthropology the least known part but the richest in this 1748 work. From this point of view, aspects such as the conformation of the general spirit, the basis and beginnings of a scientific legislation are observed, and the fringe sector of society as well as the lack of functioning of the government which had become legitimized due to its use by custom are analused. Montesquieu can be reproached for many things although not for lack of consciousnes but nevertheles perhaps he did not recognise the great importance of his contribution to anthropological studies, so very much in keeping with contemporary thought. ; Montesquieu como autor emblemático del Siglo de las Luces ha dado pie a múltiples consideraciones. Su obra puntera, El Espíritu de las Leyes, ha introducido estudios en su gran mayoría dedicados a aspectos jurídico-políticos, así como a una caracterización de la Historia como ciencia. Sin embargo, y pese a no resultar del todo novedoso, aunque sí más peregrino, nació nuestro estudio con el signo de la Antropología Social e Histórica, filón más ignoto pero no menos rico en la obra de 1748. Desde esta óptica, observamos aspectos tales como la conformación del "espíritu general", base y principio de una legislación científica, y analizamos la marginación tanto como disfunción del gobierno como legitimada por el uso consuetudinario. Aunque a Montesquieu pueden reprochársele muchas cosas menos la "inconsciencia", quizá no reconoció la transcendencia de su aportación al estudio antropológico, muy en la línea del pensamiento contemporáneo.

The article is focused on the issue of the representation of interests in the process of shaping public policies. In particular, it addresses issues related to regulatory management regarding relations with interest groups and strategies used by stakeholders in consultation processes. In addition, we aim to discuss the role that interest groups play in public policies. The analysis concerns the activities of Polish interest groups in the area of copyright, which deserves attention due to the diversity of actors and the asymmetry of interests. The analysis makes it possible to state that the actions taken by stakeholders in strengthening the representation of their interests lead to "overrepresentation" of these interests, which - in the absence of appropriate regulatory management mechanisms for the participation of parties in consultations - increases the risk of the phenomenon of "regulatory capture" by entities. The data was collected as part of the legislative monitoring of drafts of legal-copyright laws proceeded in 2013-2019, as well as semi-structured interviews conducted in 2015-2018. In order to illustrate lobbying strategies, a method of analyzing social networks was used.

The evolution of the legal regulation of medicines publicity in Spain has undergone significant advances and consolidation along the decade 2001-2011. The key element in this ordering is the Directive 2001/83/EC on the publicity of medicinal products for human use. This European Directive has been built, during this period, in all the countries of the European Union, so with it was put the bases to contribute to provide legal certainty to the interests of consumers and users and of the pharmaceutical industry in its attempt to use publicity and promotion as a tool to increase it sales. In these ten years, the Directive has been amended four times, with the adding of small contributions. In the last revision was re-consider the proposal represented by the pharmaceutical industry lobby to allow the direct "information" to consumers. Previously, the European Parliament rejected a similar proposal about the possibility to offer direct publicity to consumer, as happens in the United States and New Zealand. This chapter analyzes the evolution of regulation of advertising of medicines and concludes with the synthesis of the current regulation in 2011 ; La evolución de la regulación jurídica de la publicidad de los medicamentos en España ha experimentado unos avances significativos y una consolidación durante la década comprendida entre los años 2001 y 2011. La pieza clave en esta ordenación es la Directiva 2001/83/CEE en materia de publicidad de medicamentos para uso humano. Dicha Directiva Europea ha sido incorporada, durante este período, en la totalidad de los países de la Unión, de modo que con ella se establecen las bases que contribuyen a dotar de seguridad jurídica tanto a los intereses de los consumidores y usuarios como a los de la industria farmacéutica en su pretensión de utilizar la publicidad y la promoción como instrumento para aumentar sus ventas. En estos diez años, la Directiva ha sido modificada en cuatro ocasiones, y se han ido añadiendo pequeñas aportaciones. En la última revisión se volvió a considerar la propuesta representada por el lobby de la industria farmacéutica para permitir la "información" directa a los consumidores. Previamente, el Parlamento Europeo había rechazado una propuesta similar a la posibilidad de realizar publicidad directa al consumidor, tal como ocurre en Estados Unidos y en Nueva Zelanda. Este capítulo analiza la evolución de la regulación de la publicidad de los medicamentos y finaliza con la síntesis de dicha regulación vigente en el año 2011

The evolution of the legal regulation of medicines publicity in Spain has undergone significant advances and consolidation along the decade 2001-2011. The key element in this ordering is the Directive 2001/83/EC on the publicity of medicinal products for human use. This European Directive has been built, during this period, in all the countries of the European Union, so with it was put the bases to contribute to provide legal certainty to the interests of consumers and users and of the pharmaceutical industry in its attempt to use publicity and promotion as a tool to increase it sales. In these ten years, the Directive has been amended four times, with the adding of small contributions. In the last revision was re-consider the proposal represented by the pharmaceutical industry lobby to allow the direct "information" to consumers. Previously, the European Parliament rejected a similar proposal about the possibility to offer direct publicity to consumer, as happens in the United States and New Zealand. This chapter analyzes the evolution of regulation of advertising of medicines and concludes with the synthesis of the current regulation in 2011 ; La evolución de la regulación jurídica de la publicidad de los medicamentos en España ha experimentado unos avances significativos y una consolidación durante la década comprendida entre los años 2001 y 2011. La pieza clave en esta ordenación es la Directiva 2001/83/CEE en materia de publicidad de medicamentos para uso humano. Dicha Directiva Europea ha sido incorporada, durante este período, en la totalidad de los países de la Unión, de modo que con ella se establecen las bases que contribuyen a dotar de seguridad jurídica tanto a los intereses de los consumidores y usuarios como a los de la industria farmacéutica en su pretensión de utilizar la publicidad y la promoción como instrumento para aumentar sus ventas. En estos diez años, la Directiva ha sido modificada en cuatro ocasiones, y se han ido añadiendo pequeñas aportaciones. En la última revisión se volvió a considerar la propuesta representada por el lobby de la industria farmacéutica para permitir la "información" directa a los consumidores. Previamente, el Parlamento Europeo había rechazado una propuesta similar a la posibilidad de realizar publicidad directa al consumidor, tal como ocurre en Estados Unidos y en Nueva Zelanda. Este capítulo analiza la evolución de la regulación de la publicidad de los medicamentos y finaliza con la síntesis de dicha regulación vigente en el año 2011

A continuation, published uniformly with the above, has title: The public records of the State of Connecticut. ; Vols. 1-3 edited by J. H. Trumbull; v. 4-15, by C. J. Hoadly. ; Imprint varies. ; [v. 1] Records of the General and particular courts, Apr. 1636-Dec. 1649. Records of the General Court, Feb. 1650-May 1665. Records of wills and inventories, 1640-1649. Code of laws, established by the General Court, May 1650. Appendix.--[v. 2] The charter of Connecticut. Records of the General Court, May 1665-Oct. 1677. Journal and correspondence of the Council, 1675-1677. Appendix.--[v. 3] Records of the colony of Connecticut, May 1678-June 1689. Appendix. Extracts from the records and files of the Commissioners of the United Colonies [of New England] 1652-1684.--[v. 4] Aug. 1689-May 1706. Council journal, Oct. 1710-Feb. 1717.--[v. 6] May 1717-Oct. 1725. Council journal, May 1717-Apr. 1726.--[v. 7] May 1726-May 1735. Council journal, May 1726-Feb. 1727/8.--[v. 8] Oct. 1735-Oct. 1743.--[v. 9] May 1744-Nov. 1750.--[v. 10] May 1751-Feb. 1757.--[v. 11] May 1757-Mar. 1762.--[v. 12] May 1762-Oct. 1767. Reasons why the British colonies in America, should not be charged with internal taxes, by authority of Parliament [by Thomas Fitch]--[v. 13] May 1768-May 1772. Council journal, May 1770-May 1772.--[v. 14] Oct. 1772-Apr. 1775. The Susquehannah case [1774] Report of the commissioners appointed by the General Assembly of this colony, to treat with the Proprietaries of Pennyslvania, respecting the boundaries of this colony and that province. Norwich, 1774. An account of the number of inhabitants, in the colony of Connecticut, January 1, 1774. Hartford, 1774. Heads of inquiry relative to the present state and condition of His Majesty's colony of Connecticut. New-London, 1775.--[v. 15] May 1775-June 1776. Journal of the Council of Safety, June 7, 1775-Oct. 2, 1776. Appendix containing some Council proceedings, 1663-1710. ; Mode of access: Internet.

This article does not discuss whether intentionally giving companies an incentive to withdraw from Burma is economically or politically desirable for the people of Burma. The First Circuit did not concern itself with this subject either in rejecting the Massachusetts Burma Law. The question of interest to the court, and which should be of interest to any state citizen or global corporation interested in doing business with state agencies, was whether Massachusetts had the discretion to make a purchasing law directly concerning the business involvement of suppliers in foreign countries. While legitimate legal and practical arguments may be made that states should not be allowed to take the foreign involvements of companies into account when making purchasing decisions,4 the First Circuit strains credi-bility by arguing that Massachusetts' action amounted to the "regulation" of companies disfavored by the purchasing law.

Problem setting. Increased corruption at all levels of government has led to a significant minimization of the efficiency and performance of the entire system of political institutions, negatively affected the socio-economic well-being of the population, hampered the foundations of democracy, rule of law and civil society, created a real threat to Ukraine's national security. Therefore, the problem of preventing and combating corruption in the field of public administration is relevant and needs to be addressed immediately. Recent research and publications analysis on the prevention and combating of corruption in public authorities and local government shows a significant interest of scientists (N. Armash, K. Babenko, Y. Bisaga, A. Horowitz, K. Dubich, L. Campbell, I. Kerusauskaite, M. Kornienko, V. Tertyshnyk, S. Lazarenko, N. Lord, M. Melnyk, F. Mendes, A. Novak, S. Rose-Ackerman, I. Skobina, A. Stevanovich, V. Trepak, J. E. Foster, I. Shvydkyi and many others) to improve mechanisms to combat corruption in Ukraine. However, despite numerous studies and effective proposals to overcome this destructive phenomenon in the public sector, this problem remains unresolved. Goal setting. The purpose of this article is to find effective legal and organizational tools to combat corruption in public administration in the conditions of the modern development of the Ukrainian state. Paper main body. During the years of independence, corruption has taken root at all levels of government and in many spheres of society, which was facilitated by political, economic, socio-psychological, organizational and managerial reasons. In addition, numerous forms of corruption were institutionalized into informal destructive institutions (nepotism, cronyism, patrimonialism, clientelism, favoritism, etc.), which led to the establishment of clan governance practices and leveling any prospects for state development. Based on the analysis of legal and organizational principles of preventing corruption in public authorities and local ...

This book presents the first-ever comprehensive assessment of whether national laws enacted in 50 countries across Asia, Africa, and Latin America comply with international standards on expropriation, compensation, and resettlement as established in Section 16 of the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries, and Forests in the Context of National Food Security (VGGTs). The VGGTs are supported by the international consensus of governments, civil society, and the private sector. The UN Committee on World Food Security officially endorsed the VGGTs in 2012. This book uses indicators to compare laws with international standards. Illustrative examples of how expropriation laws are implemented in practice, including a case study of Nigeria's Lekki Free Trade Zone expropriation case, are provided to highlight the importance of adopting international standards. Along with establishing a benchmark for measuring progress that indicates most of the national laws assessed do not comply with international standards, this book offers a set of recommended legal reforms that support the adoption of international standards in national laws.

Immigration scholars routinely overlook the 1968 U.S. Senate ratification of the United Nations Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, an international treaty defining a refugee in ideologically neutral terms. They dismiss this moment as symbolic because U.S. law continued to define a refugee as someone fleeing communism until the passage of the 1980 Refugee Act. We use archival documents, interview data, and court cases to argue that legal and bureaucratic mobilization by refugee advocates throughout the 1970s drew on the Protocol, achieving incremental policy change even before 1980, and ultimately shaped the provisions of the Refugee Act itself.