Suchergebnisse

Introduction -- Setting the scene -- The legality principle: its link to the EAW, jurisdiction and forum choices -- The FDEAW: safeguards against unforeseeable jurisdiction claims and the risk of arbitrary forum decisions? -- The Dutch legal order: the views on the two complications and their link to the EAW -- The German legal order: the views on the two complications and their link to the EAW -- The legal order of England and Wales: the views on the two complications and their link to the EAW -- The syntheses: to what extent is a triangular link between the EAW, the legality principle and the risk of unforeseeable jurisdiction claims and arbitrary forum choices recognised on the EU and national level? -- The intergovernmental perspective: an explanation for the state-focused interpretation of the legality principle and lack of attention for the problems with which EU citizens can be confronted -- Does the intergovernmental shoe still fit? The rise of an alternative perspective: transnational cooperation in a shared legal order -- A transnational legality principle and its possible effect on the EAW -- EU citizenship as a vehicle towards a transnational legality principle: two possible narratives -- Conclusions and recommendations.

The purpose of the article is to study current issues of regulation of family relations under the marriage contract, to define the concept and content of the marriage contract in the light of new trends in notarial and judicial practice of Ukraine. For this research a number of general scientific and specific legal methods have been used, namely analysis of the legal issues, judicial categories, applied comparative-legal, systematic- structural, formal-logical methods and etc.. The author proposes a systematic approach to the study of problems of changing legal regimes of marital property under the marriage contract. It is based on the author's understanding of the concept and the legal nature of "legal property regime" in science of civil and family law of Ukraine, and analysis of the existing judicial practice within mentioned-above sphere. The notion "change the legal regime of marital property" and "change of property types" are not identical in content. The change of the legal regime of the spouses' property does not provide for the transfer of ownership of this property. It is proved that the legal regime of the property of spouses under a marriage contract can be changed only regarding the property, which will be acquired in the future. The effect of legal regime of separate property on the property, which was acquired by spouses in marriage (common property) is in contradiction with part 5, article 93 of the Civil Code of Ukraine. In this case there is actually a transfer of ownership. It is proposed to expand the range of legal relations that can be regulated by a marriage contract, namely: to include not only property but also personal non-property relations of brides and spouses. The author also proposes the definition of marriage contract as a legal instrument between spouses or fiancé and fiancée, which determines their property and personal none-property rights and obligations, in particular, regarding the establishment (change) of legal regime of future property, the regulation of its usage and dispossession, division of revenues and expenses and their property and personal non-property rights as parents in marriage and (or) in case of divorce. Keywords: family law, marriage contract, legal regime of spouses' property, joint common ownership, joint partial ownership, regime of separate property of spouses, regime of common property of spouses.

Um die Paradoxien und Widersprüche des Saarkampfes und des Abstimmungsergebnisses vom 13.1.1935 (90,8 % für die Rückgliederung an Hitler-Deutschland) aufzuklären, wird untersucht: Wie präsentierten sich der Nationalsozialismus und die Rückgliederungsbewegung ("Deutsche Front") in der Öffentlichkeit? Welche Faktoren standen einer rationalen Auseinandersetzung mit der "Wahrheit des Dritten Reiches" (Parole der "Einheitsfront" für den Status quo) entgegen? "Wo existierten Affinitäten zwischen den Parteien der Rechten und der Linken, die dem Faschismus das Eindringen in ehemals kommunistisch/sozialistische Gebiete gestatteten?" (AuD-Br)

U.S. Congress plays an increasing role in the American policy of economic sanctions. Although the President and the Administration retain a significant power in national foreign policy, including the use of sanctions, Congress affects political agenda, promotes its own design of sanctions and keeps an eye on their implementation and further upgrade. Emergence of sanctions in the pubic laws, initiated and passed by Congress, usually makes their revocation hardly possible and keeps them for a long term. Such an institutional role of Congress raises a number of research questions. What are the key target priorities for Congress in terms of sanctions policy? Do these priorities overlap with the ones of the Administration? Are there any partisan splits on sanctions or sanctions policy is rather a matter of bipartisan consensus? What instruments of sanctions does Congress prefer? What share of bills finally turns into public laws and what is a connection of bills success to partisan affiliation or priorities concerned? To deal with these questions, the article reflects an analysis of 539 Congressional bills on sanctions, introduced in the House of Representatives and the Senate in 2019-2023. The database of bills includes such variables as targets of sanctions, political triggers of proposed restrictions, list of measures proposed, partisan affiliation of sponsors and cosponsors, etc. Results demonstrate the overlapping of priorities of Congress and Administration, though Congress attempts to constrain Administration on a number of issues, such as Iranian Nuclear Deal. There are specific partisan priorities. Republicans are proactive on sanctioning China, Iran and Afghanistan. Democrats are exploring new areas of sanctions use, such as climate, ecology, minorities' rights, etc. Still, most of the bills have a bipartisan composition of sponsors and cosponsors. Most of successful bills, which turned into laws, are of bipartisan nature. Congressional bills imply the use of universal instruments of targeted sanctions such as asset blocking, visa bans or trade restrictions. However, country-specific measures, like suspension of particular military cooperation programs, are also on the radars of Congress. China and Russia a key priorities for Congress in terms of sanctions.

Article deals with problem of the participation of the municipalities in tax ad-ministration in the Republic of Lithuania. The purpose of the article is clarify how municipalities may participate in tax administration in the Republic of Lithuania The methodology of the research includes the analysis of Constitution and legislation of Republic of Lithuania, system analysis, logical-analytical method. Results, scope of it's application. The existence of a unified state tax system, does not mean that the administrative-territorial unit (municipality) do not possess certain powers upon the introduction of taxes and (or) in the regulation of their collection. So, municipalities obtain part of the revenue by taxes, which rates are established by the councils of munici-palities, not exceeding statutory dimensions, etc. Participation of municipalities in tax ad-ministration bases on the provisions of the Constitution on the law of the administrative territorial units to self-government and to have their own budget. Elements of centralization and decentralization, based on the recognition of the single state tax system, are combined in Lithuania in the determination of tax competence. The tax legislation of the Republic of Lithuania almost does not provide for local govern-ments to participate in the tax collection process or in monitoring their collection. Tax laws provide the right to local authorities to refine (adjust) the individual elements of taxes, although the establishment of these elements remain the exclusive right of bodies of the state (central) authorities. Besides, local authorities have the right to establishment and the provision of common and individual tax benefits, the right to use the incomes received in the form of taxes, etc. Conclusions. Local authorities are involved in the process of tax regulation and possess a certain autonomy in this area – the Council of the municipality has the right to adjust tax rates and provide tax incentives at the expense of its budget. In exercising such rights, local self-government bodies detail the provisions of the tax laws. However, we should take into account the fact that the local authorities operate strictly in accordance with the require-ments of the tax laws.

Article deals with problem of the participation of the municipalities in tax ad-ministration in the Republic of Lithuania. The purpose of the article is clarify how municipalities may participate in tax administration in the Republic of Lithuania The methodology of the research includes the analysis of Constitution and legislation of Republic of Lithuania, system analysis, logical-analytical method. Results, scope of it's application. The existence of a unified state tax system, does not mean that the administrative-territorial unit (municipality) do not possess certain powers upon the introduction of taxes and (or) in the regulation of their collection. So, municipalities obtain part of the revenue by taxes, which rates are established by the councils of munici-palities, not exceeding statutory dimensions, etc. Participation of municipalities in tax ad-ministration bases on the provisions of the Constitution on the law of the administrative territorial units to self-government and to have their own budget. Elements of centralization and decentralization, based on the recognition of the single state tax system, are combined in Lithuania in the determination of tax competence. The tax legislation of the Republic of Lithuania almost does not provide for local govern-ments to participate in the tax collection process or in monitoring their collection. Tax laws provide the right to local authorities to refine (adjust) the individual elements of taxes, although the establishment of these elements remain the exclusive right of bodies of the state (central) authorities. Besides, local authorities have the right to establishment and the provision of common and individual tax benefits, the right to use the incomes received in the form of taxes, etc. Conclusions. Local authorities are involved in the process of tax regulation and possess a certain autonomy in this area – the Council of the municipality has the right to adjust tax rates and provide tax incentives at the expense of its budget. In exercising such rights, local self-government bodies detail the provisions of the tax laws. However, we should take into account the fact that the local authorities operate strictly in accordance with the require-ments of the tax laws.

Article deals with problem of the participation of the municipalities in tax ad-ministration in the Republic of Lithuania. The purpose of the article is clarify how municipalities may participate in tax administration in the Republic of Lithuania The methodology of the research includes the analysis of Constitution and legislation of Republic of Lithuania, system analysis, logical-analytical method. Results, scope of it's application. The existence of a unified state tax system, does not mean that the administrative-territorial unit (municipality) do not possess certain powers upon the introduction of taxes and (or) in the regulation of their collection. So, municipalities obtain part of the revenue by taxes, which rates are established by the councils of munici-palities, not exceeding statutory dimensions, etc. Participation of municipalities in tax ad-ministration bases on the provisions of the Constitution on the law of the administrative territorial units to self-government and to have their own budget. Elements of centralization and decentralization, based on the recognition of the single state tax system, are combined in Lithuania in the determination of tax competence. The tax legislation of the Republic of Lithuania almost does not provide for local govern-ments to participate in the tax collection process or in monitoring their collection. Tax laws provide the right to local authorities to refine (adjust) the individual elements of taxes, although the establishment of these elements remain the exclusive right of bodies of the state (central) authorities. Besides, local authorities have the right to establishment and the provision of common and individual tax benefits, the right to use the incomes received in the form of taxes, etc. Conclusions. Local authorities are involved in the process of tax regulation and possess a certain autonomy in this area – the Council of the municipality has the right to adjust tax rates and provide tax incentives at the expense of its budget. In exercising such rights, local self-government bodies detail the provisions of the tax laws. However, we should take into account the fact that the local authorities operate strictly in accordance with the require-ments of the tax laws.

Article deals with problem of the participation of the municipalities in tax ad-ministration in the Republic of Lithuania. The purpose of the article is clarify how municipalities may participate in tax administration in the Republic of Lithuania The methodology of the research includes the analysis of Constitution and legislation of Republic of Lithuania, system analysis, logical-analytical method. Results, scope of it's application. The existence of a unified state tax system, does not mean that the administrative-territorial unit (municipality) do not possess certain powers upon the introduction of taxes and (or) in the regulation of their collection. So, municipalities obtain part of the revenue by taxes, which rates are established by the councils of munici-palities, not exceeding statutory dimensions, etc. Participation of municipalities in tax ad-ministration bases on the provisions of the Constitution on the law of the administrative territorial units to self-government and to have their own budget. Elements of centralization and decentralization, based on the recognition of the single state tax system, are combined in Lithuania in the determination of tax competence. The tax legislation of the Republic of Lithuania almost does not provide for local govern-ments to participate in the tax collection process or in monitoring their collection. Tax laws provide the right to local authorities to refine (adjust) the individual elements of taxes, although the establishment of these elements remain the exclusive right of bodies of the state (central) authorities. Besides, local authorities have the right to establishment and the provision of common and individual tax benefits, the right to use the incomes received in the form of taxes, etc. Conclusions. Local authorities are involved in the process of tax regulation and possess a certain autonomy in this area – the Council of the municipality has the right to adjust tax rates and provide tax incentives at the expense of its budget. In exercising such rights, local self-government bodies detail the provisions of the tax laws. However, we should take into account the fact that the local authorities operate strictly in accordance with the require-ments of the tax laws.

What we now refer to simply as "Ferguson" erupted in August of 20T4 and immediately raised a cluster o f legal issues. What crime had Michael Brown allegedly committed? Did Officer Darren Wilson commit a crime when he shot at Brown? Protests ensued, and they in turn inspired a police response, a response that seemed to many more violent than the protests themselves. What of the First Amendment rights o f the protesters and o f the journalists covering them? What laws were they-protestors and some journalists-supposedly breaking?1 As the days and weeks passed, the legal issues multiplied, and the layers of the city o f Ferguson slowly unraveled. ArchCity Defenders, a local nonprofit organization, reported that the town made money by fining its residents, and then fining them again when they didn't show up in court to pay their fines--which led to wan-ants being issued for their arrests.2 The Washington Post painted a picture of Ferguson residents as fugitives in their own city.3 Broader legal issues were now being raised about the political organization of the city--where the mayor was mostly a figurehead, and a shadow "city manager" ran the show-and about the byzantine structure of St. Louis County, which had about 90 municipalities and 60 police departments, a confusing structure that led citizens to mistrust the government.4 Soon, police conduct and misconduct, training, and discipline became running themes not only in Ferguson, but all across the United States. As these events unfolded, I was teaching at St. Louis University School of Law ("SLU Law"), a short drive away from Ferguson. Ferguson was inescapably "our" problem. Faculty members routinely fielded phone calls from reporters and proclucers.3 Our legal clinic became involved in litigation and community outreach. Law students made regular trips to Ferguson: to protest, to act as legal observers, to register people to vote, or simply to help out in any way they could. During a conversation with a fellow faculty member, it occurred to me Ferguson needed its own place in our curriculum, and Ferguson the class was born. My colleague Sue McGraugh and I organized the class, which was taught in spring 2015, but it turned out to be a collaborative effort, featuring more than a dozen guest speakers. Below, I explain how we structured the class, what went well, and what didn't go well. I also try to draw some broader lessons about teaching a class like Ferguson.

Реализация в регионах России новаций Жилищного кодекса РФ по организации капитального ремонта общего имущества в многоквартирных домах породила разнохарактерные, в том числе правовые проблемы. Весь их спектр в обозначенной области правовых отношений выявляется, анализируется и разрешается в субъектах Российской Федерации в ходе исполнения Региональных программ капитального ремонта многоквартирных домов в срочном порядке, зачастую без необходимой предварительной аналитической проработанности, экономической, управленческой обоснованности принимаемых решений и проводимых мероприятий, что с неизбежностью порождает новые вопросы. Свидетельством их серьезности является очень низкий процент выполнения краткосрочных (на 2015-2017 гг.) планов капитального ремонта многоквартирных домов (на 01.11.2017 в Тюменской области – 32%). Правительства субъектов Российской Федерации, соответствующие органы исполнительной власти специальной компетенции в отрасли жилищно-коммунального хозяйства и учрежденные ими некоммерческие организации – Фонды капитального ремонта многоквартирных домов, в силу специфики своих полномочий по исполнению норм действующих законов, нормотворческой и правоприменительной деятельности, оперативно решая многие практические вопросы впервые, спешно принимают административные нормативные правовые акты. Накопившийся пятилетний (с 2013 по 2017 гг.) нормотворческий и управленческий опыт в отдельном субъекте Российской Федерации является достаточным для его научного анализа и формулирования соответствующих предложений нормативного и организационного характера. Авторы настоящей статьи, на основе проведенного анализа практики реализации Региональной программы капитального ремонта общего имущества в многоквартирных домах Тюменской области, деятельности органов государственного управления Тюменской области, системы соответствующих административных нормативных правовых актов, формулируют предложения по их совершенствованию. Результаты проведенного исследования носят научно-практический характер. Особая практическая значимость заключается в возможности их непосредственного использования соответствующими нормотворческими органами исполнительной власти Тюменской области. В силу типичности проблем и вопросов, решаемых исполнительными органами государственной власти всех субъектов Российской Федерации по нормативно-правовому обеспечению реализации новелл Жилищного кодекса РФ, они представляют интерес для всех регионов России, а не только для Тюменской области. ; Regions' implementation of innovations of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation in organization of capital repair of common property in apartment buildings gave rise to diverse problems, including serious legal problems. Their entire range in a designated area of legal relations is detected, analyzed, and resolved in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the implementation of Regional programs of major repairs of apartment houses in a matter of urgency, often without the necessary preliminary analytical thoroughness, economic, managerial decision-making and activities, which inevitably generates new questions. Evidence of their seriousness is a very low percentage of implementation of short-term (2015-2017) plans of capital repairs of apartment buildings (1 November 2017– 32% in the Tyumen Region). The regional government, relevant executive bodies of special competence in the sector of housing and communal services and Funds of capital repairs of apartment houses hastily adopt administrative normative legal acts, quickly solving many practical issues, due to the nature of their powers for the execution of the provisions of existing laws, regulatory and enforcement activities. The accumulated five-year (2013-2017) normative and managerial experience in a separate subject of the Russian Federation is sufficient for its scientific analysis and the formulation of relevant proposals regulatory and organizational measures. The authors of this article formulate proposals of their improvement of administrative legal acts based on the analysis of practice of realization of the Regional program of capital repair of common property in apartment houses of the Tyumen Region and the activities of the regional state bodies. The results of this study have a scientific and practical character. They are relevant for all Russian regions, not just the Tyumen Region, because the typical problems and issues, addressed by the executive bodies of state authority, concern all RF subjects on legal and regulatory ensuring of the implementation of the novels of the RF Housing code. The possibility of their direct use by the relevant standard-setting bodies of the executive authority of the Tyumen Region is a particular practical significance.

The public service of higher education is offered by the Nicaraguan and Spanish State through specialized institutions, these are the universities, be they public or private. The legal and administrative regime under which these institutions operate is through the decentralized model by service or by collaboration. Thus, the objective of this small study is to contrast the degree of autonomy that higher education institutions have in the system of decentralization by service or by collaboration that the respective Spanish and Nicaraguan legal frameworks grant to universities, whether they are public or private. . To do this, a doctrinal overview of what decentralization is for service and collaboration is succinctly addressed. The particular features of public and private universities in both Spain and Nicaragua are described and, finally, a comparison is made of the levels of autonomy that higher education institutions present in Spain and Nicaragua. The Methodology used in legal research is documentary theory and the type of descriptive and comparative study of the degree of autonomy in the system of decentralization by service or by collaboration of public and private universities according to university legislation in Spain and Nicaragua. Therefore, the investigation techniques were essentially documentary (primary sources of knowledge [Constitutions, laws, etc.]), specific bibliographic sources related to administrative decentralization. ; El servicio público de educación superior es ofertado por el Estado nicaragüense y español a través de instituciones especializadas, estas son las universidades, sean de naturaleza pública o privada. El régimen jurídico y administrativo bajo el cual operan estas instituciones es por medio del modelo descentralizado por servicio o por colaboración. De manera que el objetivo de este pequeño estudio es contrastar el grado de autonomía que tienen las instituciones de educación superior en el régimen de descentralización por servicio o por colaboración que los respectivos marcos jurídicos español y nicaragüense les otorgan a las universidades sean éstas públicas o privadas. Para ello, se aborda de forma sucinta una panorámica doctrinaria sobre lo que es descentralización por servicio y colaboración. Se describe los rasgos particulares de las Universidades públicas y privadas tanto en España como en Nicaragua y, finalmente se realiza una comparación de los niveles de autonomía que presentan las instituciones de educación superior en España y Nicaragua. La Metodología utilizada en la investigación jurídica es teórica documental y el tipo de estudio descriptivo y comparativo del grado de autonomía en el régimen de descentralización por servicio o por colaboración de las universidades públicas y privadas de acuerdo a la legislación universitaria de España y Nicaragua. Por lo que las técnicas de investigación fueron esencialmente documentales (fuentes primarias del conocimiento [Constituciones, leyes, etc.], fuentes bibliográficas específicas relacionados con la descentralización administrativa.

The public service of higher education is offered by the Nicaraguan and Spanish State through specialized institutions, these are the universities, be they public or private. The legal and administrative regime under which these institutions operate is through the decentralized model by service or by collaboration. Thus, the objective of this small study is to contrast the degree of autonomy that higher education institutions have in the system of decentralization by service or by collaboration that the respective Spanish and Nicaraguan legal frameworks grant to universities, whether they are public or private. . To do this, a doctrinal overview of what decentralization is for service and collaboration is succinctly addressed. The particular features of public and private universities in both Spain and Nicaragua are described and, finally, a comparison is made of the levels of autonomy that higher education institutions present in Spain and Nicaragua. The Methodology used in legal research is documentary theory and the type of descriptive and comparative study of the degree of autonomy in the system of decentralization by service or by collaboration of public and private universities according to university legislation in Spain and Nicaragua. Therefore, the investigation techniques were essentially documentary (primary sources of knowledge [Constitutions, laws, etc.]), specific bibliographic sources related to administrative decentralization. ; El servicio público de educación superior es ofertado por el Estado nicaragüense y español a través de instituciones especializadas, estas son las universidades, sean de naturaleza pública o privada. El régimen jurídico y administrativo bajo el cual operan estas instituciones es por medio del modelo descentralizado por servicio o por colaboración. De manera que el objetivo de este pequeño estudio es contrastar el grado de autonomía que tienen las instituciones de educación superior en el régimen de descentralización por servicio o por colaboración que los respectivos marcos jurídicos español y nicaragüense les otorgan a las universidades sean éstas públicas o privadas. Para ello, se aborda de forma sucinta una panorámica doctrinaria sobre lo que es descentralización por servicio y colaboración. Se describe los rasgos particulares de las Universidades públicas y privadas tanto en España como en Nicaragua y, finalmente se realiza una comparación de los niveles de autonomía que presentan las instituciones de educación superior en España y Nicaragua. La Metodología utilizada en la investigación jurídica es teórica documental y el tipo de estudio descriptivo y comparativo del grado de autonomía en el régimen de descentralización por servicio o por colaboración de las universidades públicas y privadas de acuerdo a la legislación universitaria de España y Nicaragua. Por lo que las técnicas de investigación fueron esencialmente documentales (fuentes primarias del conocimiento [Constituciones, leyes, etc.], fuentes bibliográficas específicas relacionados con la descentralización administrativa.

Esta cuestión puede encararse de distintas aristas, trabajamos un concepto multívoco que incluye múltiples categorías (patrimonio urbano, urbanístico, edificado, artístico, histórico, etc.) y es pilar de desarrollo local y regional. Su régimen jurídico es relevante porque su dimensión desborda la tutela municipal y la legislación especial (donde cada ley atiende determinado objeto). Cuando debe analizarse de manera integral sea en el ordenamiento interno, en normas internacionales (cartas e instrumentos emanadas de organismos internacionales especializados) como la recepción en constituciones europeas y latinoamericanas, para atender adecuadamente la incorporación por nuestra Constitución Nacional (y cartas provinciales), en armonía con principios generales y normas rectoras globales. En la tutela jurídica resalta la importancia del tránsito operado desde las variadas leyes especiales (legislación patrimonial) a la incorporación con rango constitucional del "Derecho al patrimonio cultural y a la identidad cultural", ya que la reforma positivizó el derecho con rango constitucional ordenando dictar una ley de presupuestos mínimos. Es importante dictar una Ley General de Patrimonio Cultural pero hacerlo en sintonía al nuevo derecho, que ponga eje en las misiones y funciones de las instituciones de preservación, conservación, difusión, y especialmente de tutela jurídica, atendiendo obligaciones del Estado, del colectivo social y la responsabilidad de las instituciones de enseñanza, para generar espacios académicos, cooperación y estudios (locales, regionales e internacionales). ; This issue can be approached from different angles, we work on a multivocal concept that includes multiple categories (urban patrimony, built, artistic, historic, etc.) and it is a pillar of local and regional development. Its legal regime is relevant because its dimension exceeds municipal protection and special legislation (where each law serves a particular purpose). When international norms (letters and instruments emanating from specialized international organizations) and reception in European and Latin American constitutions must be analyzed in an integral way, in order to adequately address the incorporation by our National Constitution (and provincial letters), in harmony with general principles and global guiding norms. In the legal guardianship, the importance of the transit from the various special laws (patrimonial legislation) to the incorporation with the constitutional rank of "Right to the cultural heritage and the cultural identity", since the reform positivized the right with constitutional rank ordering to dictate a law of minimum budgets. It is important to enact a General Law on Cultural Heritage, but to do so in harmony with the new law, which is central to the missions and functions of institutions for preservation, conservation, diffusion and especially legal protection, attend to obligations of the State, the responsibility of educational institutions, to generate academic spaces, cooperation and studies (local, regional and international). ; Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales

The article discloses the most striking breaches of the constitutional requirements; these are the constitutional doctrine requirements to be met by the penal legislation. While working on the article, the authors analyzed some legal acts adopted by the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania and signed into law by the President of the Republic as of the year 2009. In the authors' opinion, in case of the penal legislation, the most often breached requirements are the ones deriving from the principle of the rule of law, such as: legal acts shall be clearly understandable so that the subjects of legal relationship are able to understand what requirements they have to meet according to the law; legal rules shall be stable and ensure legal certainty as well as predictability of legal decisions; the force of legal acts shall be directed to the future; the principle of equality shall be respected and the court shall have a possibility to personalize a sentence or penalty in every individual case, etc. In addition, the article provides insight into some objective and subjective factors which cause essential insufficiencies in penal legislation and considers possibilities of improving the quality of penal legal acts.

The article discloses the most striking breaches of the constitutional requirements; these are the constitutional doctrine requirements to be met by the penal legislation. While working on the article, the authors analyzed some legal acts adopted by the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania and signed into law by the President of the Republic as of the year 2009. In the authors' opinion, in case of the penal legislation, the most often breached requirements are the ones deriving from the principle of the rule of law, such as: legal acts shall be clearly understandable so that the subjects of legal relationship are able to understand what requirements they have to meet according to the law; legal rules shall be stable and ensure legal certainty as well as predictability of legal decisions; the force of legal acts shall be directed to the future; the principle of equality shall be respected and the court shall have a possibility to personalize a sentence or penalty in every individual case, etc. In addition, the article provides insight into some objective and subjective factors which cause essential insufficiencies in penal legislation and considers possibilities of improving the quality of penal legal acts.