The paper deals with the analysis of the legal nature of international courts' decisions and their impact on the international financial legal order. The author claims that decisions of international courts, creating no new international legal financial norms, act as an additional source of international financial law, having no autonomy, and in combination with other sources of international law, performs the following functions: 1) regulatory-prescriptive (via opinio juris of existing traditions in interstate practice in the financial sphere transforming them into international customary law); 2) regulatory-affirming (confirming the legal nature of the international agreement between the subjects of international financial legal relations which caused a disputable situation). The judicial practice on financial issues and specificity of functioning of such judicial institutions as the Permanent Court of International Justice, the International Court of Justice, the CIS Economic Court, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the Court of Justice of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community, etc. are examined. The features of the provisions of international agreements on financial issues regarding the procedure for resolving disputes between the parties of the agreement about its implementation are analyzed. The paper explores particularities of the origin and development of the idea of the creation of an international financial court. Amid modern processes of the rapid growth of the amount of crossborder financial flows in the context of globalization, which is the consequence of the implementation of numerous international financial agreements, the idea of creation of an international financial court, which was first suggested in 1935, due to the complexity of legal nature of interstate financial disputes, is an objective necessity. The following features intrinsic to decisions of international courts (including decisions on financial issues) have been identified: 1) locality (binding only on the ...
The article analyzes the role of different international organizations and the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) in the field of international protection of children's rights. The main idea of the article is to determine modern methods and mechanisms of protection and realization of children's rights in international law. Much attention is given to the fact that there are a lot of different international documents that regulate this issue. The author analyzed such documents are Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Declaration of the Rights of the Child and expressed her opinion on their effectiveness. It is described in short the protection of children's rights at the regional level. The article outlines the opinions and views of various scholars who had been working in the field of child rights protection. The article admonishes that everybody has the right to apply to the European Court of Human Rights in case of violation and non-recognition of rights. The article states that numerous ECHR decisions exist on issues related to the protection of the rights of the child based on the provisions of international law. The article defines some problematic aspects of the protection of children's rights. Some attention is drawn to the collisions of the legal regulation of this issue and cases of violation of the rights of the child. Theoretical concepts and practical experience regarding the international protection of the rights of the child in international law are explored in the article. The author mentions that the national legislation of some countries in the sphere of children's rights is not perfect enough. Therefore international standards have to serve as a basis on which it would be possible to construct and develop a domestic law system that will respect children's rights. It is stressed that in the modern world exists a tendency for recognition of almost all rights and interests of the child. It is reported that new mechanisms for the protection of children's rights are developing because ...
The appeal of the international commercial arbitration awards is a major issue in the dispute settlement mechanism for arbitration governed by multilateral conventions, bilateral treaties and national laws, as well as by the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958. Notwithstanding the importance of the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958, it restricts to a certain extent the scope of legal protection of arbitral awards, as it leaves national courts to challenge them by the way of possible annulment, and national courts when considering petitions for annulment decisions are vested in the power to revoke such decisions. In this respect, the resolution of these issues may raise the issue of the correlation between the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 1958 and domestic legislation of the countries in which the relevant decision may be challenged. The specific of the international commercial arbitration decision is that it cannot be appealed to any higher court. However, the absence of any form of control over the arbitral award could lead to the enforcement of such decisions, which, if rendered within the judicial system, would be overturned or modified by a higher court. Therefore, there is an institution for challenging arbitral awards in national courts. Due to the fact that the arbitration award is a form of control by national courts, the regulation of this institution is defined in the legislation of each individual country, and at the international legal level only certain aspects are regulated. These are the European Convention of 1961 and the New York Convention of 1958.
Arbitration proceedings have been studied as one of the alternative forms of protection of subjective rights, freedoms and interests of individuals and legal entities, in terms of the implementation of arbitration decisions. Consideration of these issues is related to the analysis of the role of arbitration in public relations, the comparison of judicial functions inherent in courts as public authorities, and the limits of jurisdiction of arbitration courts. The division between judicial functions and the jurisdiction of arbitration courts is important. The legal nature of arbitration decisions differs from the legal nature of decisions of official judicial institutions. At the same time, under the conditions provided by law, they have executive force and can be enforced. Enforcement proceedings are considered as a system of procedural mechanisms for the execution of decisions of courts, other bodies and officials. Decisions of arbitration courts in accordance with the Law of Ukraine «On Arbitration Courts», the Law of Ukraine «On Enforcement Proceedings», the Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine and the Commercial Procedural Code of Ukraine may be enforced subject to review and admission by competent courts. At the same time, a number of issues of their implementation do not have sufficient scientific development. These questions are connected with fundamental understanding of essence of arbitration proceedings, its place in system of mechanisms of protection of the right, features of executive procedures. These issues need comprehensive research and systematization. The urgency of the topic is due to the fact that modern legislation is in dynamic development. Arbitration, as well as other out-of-court procedures for the protection of subjective rights, freedoms and interests, has become widespread in public relations. Legislation needs to be improved, it must respond in a timely, appropriate and harmonious way to the challenges that arise in society. The key to this is the creation of a relevant doctrinal approach ...
The paper considers the problem of interrelations between democratic political regime and legitimacy of government within a liberal and republican models of democracy. The author analyses various approaches and establishes interconnection between evolution of democracy and conceptions of legitimacy. ; В статтi розглядається проблема спiввiдношення мiж демократичним полiтичним режимом та легiтимнiстю влади в рамках лiберальної та республiканської моделей демократiї. Аналiзуючи рiзнi пiдходи, автор встановлює зв'язок мiж еволюцiєю демократiї та уявленнями про легiтимнiсть.
An analysis of the international legal bases of implementation of decisions of the European Court of Human Rights to the national legislations of the member states of the Council of Europe is carried out. Such implementation takes various forms, and in general there is no single implementation mechanism. At the same time, the importance of implementing decisions of the European Court of Human Rights lies in the state's fulfillment of its obligations both to the world community of states and to its own citizens. Forms and methods that ensure the progressive development of national law, taking into account the practice of international courts, are considered. The synthetic research method determines the impact of ECtHR decisions on the structure of national law, which stimulates the transformation of its entire branches. It is demonstrated, how the ECtHR promotes the formation of progressive legal institutions in legal systems, exerting organizational and civilizational influence on the legal systems of states. It is emphasized, that the principle of legal certainty, by which the international court assesses vague and insufficiently clear provisions of national law, is fundamental for the implementation of the case law of the ECtHR into national laws. With this influence, the ECtHR determines the nature of lawmaking and law enforcement in a country. As a result, it is concluded, that the most effective mechanism for implementing the principle of legal certainty in a state is the adoption of general measures, contained in the pilot decisions of the ECtHR. The second important mechanism is the application of the rules of law by national courts, taking into account the case law of the ECtHR, which ensures the interpretation of human rights rules in a way that is most acceptable to the national legal system
The article analyses connection between effectiveness of bureaucracy as a component of power and legitimacy of power. The data collected from the sociological monitoring of the Institute of Sociology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine "Ukrainian society1992-2013" and Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) were used in this investigation. WGI for Ukraine have been compared with WGI for Poland. We have pointed out that number of bureaucrats has been increased during last eight years and they have become more influent. By the way, it was happen when Party of Region had come to the ruling position under conditions of decline of confidence in political and state institutions and deepening of crisis of legitimacy. These sequences are appropriate because society evaluates legitimacy of political regime not according its attributes but according quality of governance and Worldwide Governance Indicators for Ukraine demonstrated regressive tendency in comparison with WGI for Poland. Results of both countries which have been reflected in world rates emphasize that Ukrainian bureaucracy has become the factor of delegitimation of power. In Ukrainian situation level of trust in government and its policy and support from ordinary people and businessmen fell dawn but in Poland level of trust in political and state institutions grew even at the crises time as result of considered and responsible economic policy and clearness prediction actions. Ukrainian government bureaucracy viewed the way of change as reducing the number of public servants but not set of functions that were redistributed and remained the same with old laws and rules. Therefore bureaucrats considering themselves as ruling class restricted opportunities for people and business activity. During the past twenty years as result of this situation data from the sociological monitoring of the Institute of Sociology showed that society demonstrated the lowest indicator of trust in government, prosecutors, courts and local government in 2013. Obviously that only legitimate power with bureaucracy as its important component might achieve growing of trust and support from people. In contemporary conditions legitimacy of power could be analyse not as a defined state but as a process of current creation and achievement through openness and quality of state governance and public services with affective institutions that supported by citizens. ; У статті досліджується взаємозв'язок між ефективністю бюрократії та легітимністю влади, компонентом якої вона є. Задля цього використовуються дані соціологічного моніторингу Інституту соціології НАН України «Українське суспільство 1992-2013 рр.» та індикатори ефективності вітчизняних державних владних інституцій (WGI: Worldwide Governance Indicators), показники яких співставлені з аналогами в Польщі.
The article explores the court fees related to the execution of court orders, which are addressed to the competent authorities of foreign states in civil cases with a foreign element. The Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine does not state that the costs associated with the execution of court orders, addressed to the competent authorities of foreign states, are court fees. Therefore, the questions on which of the above fees can be attributed to the courts fees and the procedure for their reimbursement are raised. The importance of clarifying these issues requires the application of the uniform approaches to such cases consideration in Ukrainian courts. It is determined as the main purpose of this article. The case-law shows that in most cases where a court needs to apply to a competent authority of a foreign state, the person concerned must pay for the certified translation of the statement of claim and the attached documents into the official language of the requested state and pay for service of documents. In our conclusions, we propose to divide the court fees associated with the execution of court orders addressed to the competent authorities of foreign states, depending on the procedural actions that are being carried out, and to include the fees associated with the execution of court orders addressed to the competent authorities of foreign states, to the fees associated with the case, namely to the fees associated with other procedural acts necessary to the case consideration or to prepare for its consideration, which will ensure the right of the interested party to reimburse such fees in future.
The article analyzes various forms of protection of the rights of individuals to compensation for harm caused by a medical specialist, which are used in different countries around the world. In particular, special attention is paid to those approaches to pre-trial and out-of-court dispute resolution arising from patient harm relationships used in the United States. Among the most common ways of resolving such disputes are seeking help from a separate body or unit of a medical institution (risk management), mediation and negotiations in medical disputes, pre-trial inspections ("screening panels"), which allow to find a more compromise way to protect individual rights, affected by the actions of medical specialist. Accordingly, the first part of the article carries out a terminological analysis of the category "relationship of harm to a health worker" and the search for the closest term ("medical malpractice"), which allows for research in English-language scientific sources. The second part of the article is devoted to the analysis and generalization of the methods used in the practice of other countries to compensate for damage caused by a medical specialist (medical malpractice). The last part of the article analyzes the Ukrainian legislation and practice of national courts, which showed that in cases of compensation for damage caused by a medical specialist, there are no common approaches and single law approaches. In particular, attention is paid to the procedure for assessing the quality of medical services provided in 2016 by clinical expert commissions of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. The study provided an opportunity to justify in the conclusions the need and feasibility of introducing additional out-of-court methods of resolving disputes arising from the relationship of harm to medical workers.
In the article the specifics of judicial precedents of international courts as a source of labor law ofUkraine are analyzed. The essence of judicial precedents of international courts as a source of labor lawof Ukraine is clarified. Aspects of the essence of the legal nature of the studied category are outlined. ; У статті проаналізовано специфіку судових прецедентів міжнародних судів як джерелатрудового права України. З'ясовано сутність судових прецедентів міжнародних судів як джерелатрудового права України. Окреслено аспекти сутності правової природи досліджуваноїкатегорії.
The article considers and analyzes in detail the sources of the European Union aimed at ensuring equal and fair treatment of women and men. Such as Convention on the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Right, Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, European Social Charter. The authors determined that currently in the European Union there is no single approach to the definition of "discrimination", due to the lack of a basic unified source of law, this issue is regulated by both the EU's own acts and well-known international acts. Also, due to the increasing popularity of feminist movements, men experience violations and restrictions in their social and economic rights. Therefore, a study of the decisions of the most influential judicial bodies of the European Union was conducted to establish a common understanding of the concept of "gender discrimination". Ukraine has ratified these international conventions on human rights protection and recognizes their decisions as part of the national legislation of Ukraine.Ukraine has ratified the Convention and its Protocols, as the first part of the Law of Ukraine "On Ratification of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950, First Protocol and Protocols № 2, 4, 7 and 11 to the Convention" explicitly states that Ukraine fully recognizes "The effect in its territory of Article 46 of the Convention on the recognition and binding without special agreement of the jurisdiction of the Court of Human Rights in all matters concerning the interpretation and application of the Convention. "There is an obligation not only to enforce judgments of the European Court against the country, but also to apply the Convention and the case law of the European Court of Justice as a source of law. Therefore, the consideration of the cases mentioned in the article is important for the judiciary and the protection of human ...
The paper deals with the analysis of the legal nature of international courts' decisions and their impact on the international financial legal order. The author claims that decisions of international courts, creating no new international legal financial norms, act as an additional source of international financial law, having no autonomy, and in combination with other sources of international law, performs the following functions: 1) regulatory-prescriptive (via opinio juris of existing traditions in interstate practice in the financial sphere transforming them into international customary law); 2) regulatory-affirming (confirming the legal nature of the international agreement between the subjects of international financial legal relations which caused a disputable situation). The judicial practice on financial issues and specificity of functioning of such judicial institutions as the Permanent Court of International Justice, the International Court of Justice, the CIS Economic Court, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the Court of Justice of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community, etc. are examined. The features of the provisions of international agreements on financial issues regarding the procedure for resolving disputes between the parties of the agreement about its implementation are analyzed. The paper explores particularities of the origin and development of the idea of the creation of an international financial court. Amid modern processes of the rapid growth of the amount of cross-border financial flows in the context of globalization, which is the consequence of the implementation of numerous international financial agreements, the idea of creation of an international financial court, which was first suggested in 1935, due to the complexity of legal nature of interstate financial disputes, is an objective necessity. The following features intrinsic to decisions of international courts (including decisions on financial issues) have been identified: 1) locality (binding only on the parties involved in the case, and only in the current case); 2) situatedness and unprompted appearance; 3) impartiality (due to the judges' lack of political interest); 4) authority (international courts include generally recognized experts in international law). ; Анализируются правовая природа решений международных судов и их влияние на международный финансовый правопорядок. Отмечается, что решения международных судов, не создавая новых международно-правовых норм, выступают как дополнительный источник международного финансового права, который в сочетании с другими источниками международного права выполняет следующие функции: 1) нормативно-устанавливающую (путем opiniojuris существующих обычаев в межгосударственной практике в финансовой сфере трансформирует их в международно-правовые обычные нормы); 2) нормативно-подтверждающую (подтверждает правовую норму международного соглашения между субъектами международных финансовых отношений, по поводу которой возникла спорная ситуация). Рассмотрено практику международных судов в финансовой сфере. Определены следующие признаки, присущие решениям международных судов (включая решения по финансовым вопросах): 1) локальность (обязательность только для сторон, которые берут участие в конкретном судебном деле); 2) ситуативность и незапланированость появления; 3) беспристрастность (в силу отсутствия политического интереса у судей); 4) авторитетность (в состав международных судов входят признанные специалисты по международному праву). ; Проаналізовано правову природу рішень міжнародних судів та їх вплив на міжнародний фінансовий правопорядок. Рішення міжнародних судів, не створюючи нових міжнародно-правових фінансових норм, виступають як додаткове джерело міжнародного фінансового права, яке, не володіючи самостійністю, в поєднанні з іншими джерелами міжнародного права виконує нормативно-встановну (шляхом opiniojuris існуючих звичаїв у міждержавній практиці у фінансовій сфері трансформує їх у міжнародно-правові звичаєві норми) та нормативно-підтверджувальну функції (підтверджує правову норму міжнародної угоди між суб'єктами міжнародних фінансових правовідносин, з приводу якої виникла спірна ситуація). Розглянуто практику міжнародних судів у фінансовій сфері. Визначено такі ознаки, притаманні рішенням міжнародних судів (включаючи рішення з фінансових питань): 1) локальність (обов'язковість тільки для сторін, які беруть участь у конкретній справі); 2) ситуативність і незапланованість появи; 3) неупередженість (в силу відсутності політичного інтересу у суддів); 4) авторитетність (до складу міжнародних судів входять загальновизнані фахівці з міжнародного права).
Reviewed in historical prospect development and incipience legitimacy of political power in primitive and modern societies. Special emphasis put on a transformation of democratic ideas and legitimacy of power typical for them: from beginning to modern crisis of electoral democracy. The origin and significance of modern concepts and reasons legitimacy crisis in electoral democracy are found out. The new democratic institutes representing non-classical type of power legitimacy are considered, the key concepts of modern political rhetoric and practice are investigated. The key ways of development of modern democracy, the main problems which arise on its path, risks and prospects are investigated.Key words: legitimacy, idea of democracy, proximity, crisis of legitimacy, postdemocracy. ; Розглянуто в історичній перспективі розвиток і становлення типів легітимації політичної влади – від премодерних суспільств до сучасності. Особливо наголошено на трансформації демократичної ідеї та притаманних їй типів легітимації влади – від появи до сучасної кризи системи виборчо-представницької демократії. З'ясовано походження та сучасне значення поняття легітимності та причини теперішньої кризи системи представницько-виборчої демократії. Досліджено становлення нових демократичних інститутів, які репрезентують некласичні типи легітимації влади, розглянуто ключові поняття сучасної політичної риторики і практики. З'ясовано головні напрямки розвитку сучасної демократії, основні проблеми, які виникають на її шляху, ризики та перспективи.Ключові слова: легітимність, демократія, наближеність, криза легітимації, постдемократія.
The process of legitimizing peace coercive operations by international organizations is described. The focus is on the coercive peace operations in accordance with the norms and principles of the UN Charter and military interventions. The interdependence between coercive peace operations and mechanisms for legitimizing the actions of a state or a coalition of states during such operations through the mediation of international intergovernmental global and regional organizations is highlighted. However, it became clear that the aggravation of the domestic political situation in the host country due to its escalation into conflict becomes a pretext for raising a question before an authorized international organization about the start of such operations by a state or a coalition of states. At the same time, the decisive factor is the compliance of such operations with norms and principles of the United Nations Charter on coercion for peace and peacekeeping. Most of such operations started after the decision of the UN or other regional international organizations. Foreign military interventions with questionable legitimacy usually began military interventions and only then did attempts to legitimize decisions, as a rule, by regional organizations, and sometimes UN. Despite the fact that such interventions were often preventive or part of a larger peace-enforcement operation, the issue of obtaining a mandate for its implementation from international organizations remained the important element of the policy initiators of such interventions.Key words: United Nations Organization; international regional organization; coercive peace operation; foreign military intervention; international legitimacy. ; Розкрито процес легітимізації проведення операцій з примусу до миру міжнародними організаціями. Акцентовано увагу на операціях з примусу до миру відповідно до норм та принципів Статуту ООН та військових інтервенцій, наближених за своїми ознаками до операцій з примусу до миру. Показано взаємозалежність між операціями з примусу до миру та механізмами легітимізації дій держави чи коаліції держав під час реалізації таких операцій через посередництво міжнародних міжурядових організацій глобального та регіонального характеру. З'ясовано, що загострення внутрішньополітичної ситуації в країні проведення через переростання її в конфлікт стає приводом до постановки перед уповноваженою міжнародною організацією питання щодо початку такої операції державою чи коаліцією держав. При цьому визначальним є фактор відповідності такої операції нормам і принципам Статуту Організації Об'єднаних Націй в частині примусу до миру та сфери підтримання миру. З'ясовано, що такі операції, здебільшого, розпочиналися після ухвалення рішення на рівні ООН чи іншої компетентної регіональної міжнародної організації. Іноземні військові втручання з сумнівною легітимністю, зазвичай, починали з військового втручання, і лише тоді робили спроби легітимізувати їх у рішеннях переважно регіональних організацій, а іноді ООН. Незважаючи на той факт, що втручання часто носили превентивний характер чи були частиною більшої операції з примусу до миру, питання отримання мандата на її здійснення від міжнародної організації залишалося важливим елементом політики ініціаторів такого втручання.Ключові слова: Організація Об'єднаних націй; міжнародна регіональна організація; операція з примусу до миру; іноземне військове втручання; міжнародна легітимність.
