Suchergebnisse

The Israeli military operation against the Gaza Strip of 27 December 2008 – 18 January 2009 (so-called Operation Cast Lead) started a critical debate at the international level on the alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Gaza. In September 2009 the UN Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict presented its results: the Goldstone Report, named after the president of the mission, found that grave violations of international law, humanitarian law and human rights had been committed by both sides of the conflict, but in particular by the Israeli side. The report also denounced the possible commission of war crimes and crimes against humanity and called for proper accountability mechanisms at the national and international level. The report's conclusions and recommendations were endorsed by the UN Human Rights Council and by the General Assembly amidst high political pressure. In case of lack of proper domestic investigations and prosecutions, it was recommended the recourse to international justice mechanisms, and in particular to the ICC. The ICC Prosecutor in fact had opened a preliminary examination of the situation, but difficulties arose because of the uncertain status of Palestine under international law. In the meanwhile, the principle of universal jurisdiction seems to represent the only available, although difficult, option in the search for justice and accountability. The Gaza situation can be seen as a test case for international justice and sheds a light on the role of international institutions in the difficult mix of law and politics that is the feature of international justice.

The aim of this paper is to identify and value the actual public policy in Rio Gallegos city in relation with the promotion of familiar agriculture between 2007-2017. The inquiry identifies the relevant plans and programmes during the period, their objectives and the institutions involved in this activity.In order to do so, a survey of plans, programmes and institutional documents was carried out, and the information gathered was filed and sistematized for further analysis. The analysis was intended to decide over the relevance of the offering of public policies to achieve the aims of the second objective of Sustainable Development: Zero Hunger, present in the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030, and to qualify it in relation with quality indicators of State Capacity advanced by the Task Force for Measuring of the San Salvador Convention. In this way we intend to produce useful knowledge, backed by empirical data, that will potentially help improve the formulation of proposals in local and state government agendas, increasing their compatibility with the standards defined by international Pacts and Treaties on the efective compliance of human Rights. ; El objetivo del trabajo es identificar y valorar la política pública vigente en la ciudad de Río Gallegos, en relación con la promoción de la agricultura familiar entre los años 2007 – 2017. La indagación identifica los programas y planes vigentes durante ese período, sus objetivos y las instituciones involucradas en esta actividad. Para ello se realizó un relevamiento de planes, programas y documentos institucionales, fichaje y sistematización de la información obtenida para su posterior análisis. Este análisis se orienta a determinar la pertinencia de la oferta de la política pública para alcanzar las metas definidas por el Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 2: Hambre cero, de la Agenda de Desarrollo Sostenible 2030, y a calificarla en relación con algunos indicadores de Capacidad estatal propuestos por el Grupo de Trabajo para la medición del Protocolo de San Salvador. De esta manera se pretende generar conocimiento útil, respaldado en información empírica, que potencialmente ayude a mejorar la formulación de propuestas en las agendas de gobierno municipal y provincial, que sean cada vez más acordes con los estándares que definen los Pactos y Tratados internacionales para el cumplimiento efectivo de los derechos humanos.

Brazil now has a president-elect who glorifies the military dictatorship and a general as vice president-elect; in Guatemala, officers made their menacing presence felt as they literally stood behind the president as it was announced that the government would not renew the mandate of the International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala; and, Argentina intends to again use armed forces in conflicts within the country. In Latin America, the military is once again openly intervening in politics. The continent seems to be on its way back to a past that many had thought overcome.
Although history seldom repeats itself and straight-out military regimes are unlikely, the continent is in a political crisis. The basic structural problems of violence, corruption, and inequality persist and continue to undermine democratic institutions.
The use of the military in crises is met with hardly any resistance, not only in defective democracies such as Guatemala or in authoritarian contexts such as Venezuela. In fact, surveys show that the military enjoys surprisingly high levels of trust throughout the entire region even despite past human rights violations.
The increasing violence against human rights activists is decreasing the room for manoeuvre of civil society actors, a group whom democratic societies need for stability and conflict management.
The coming into office of Donald Trump as president of the United States has buttressed right-wing authoritarian movements in Latin America. In that context, as the military advances into politics it has nothing to fear from Washington.
While international attention had been focusing on the return of authoritarian structures in Nicaragua and Venezuela for some time now, the election of farright, former reserve officer Jair Bolsonaro as president of Brazil shocked the continent. This is a dramatic wake-up call. Only if state and non-state actors support those political, economic, and social forces that defend democratic institutions can a new phase of political militarisation in Latin America be prevented.

The concept of 'humanity'-the belief that 'all humanity is one undivided and indivisible family'-has been created slowly in human consciousness since the fifteenth century. Humanity has found increasing expression in international law through the ending of slavery, the creation of 'crimes against humanity,' and the advancement of human rights. This slow creation of humanity is described by reviewing the vital contributions of Bartolome de Las Casas, Granville Sharp, Edmund Dene Morel, H. G. Wells, and Eleanor Roosevelt. Still, the creation of humanity is incomplete. The author's research on 'identification with all humanity' is summarized. Finally, speculation is offered on the social and psychological foundations of identification with all humanity, on factors that undermine it, and on how it might be enlarged. Adapted from the source document.

The work of a small & unusual activist group in the Indian state of Rajasthan has raised a series of practical & theoretical issues concerning the best means for combating specific instances of corruption, & for promoting accountability more generally. The Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan ([Workers' & Farmers' Power Organization] MKSS) has waged a campaign to secure the access of ordinary people to information held by government officials. In the process of experimenting with methods of compiling, sharing, & verifying expenditure data at local levels -- thus far, in the absence of statutory entitlement to such information -- the MKSS has developed a radical interpretation of the notion that citizens have a right both to know how they are governed & to participate actively in the process of auditing their representatives. Focus here is on the process by which this campaign emerged & the means by which it pursues its goals. Analyzed in conclusion are the implications of the MKSS experience -- & the larger movement it has spawned -- for contemporary debate in three areas: human rights, participatory development, & an end to corruption. Adapted from the source document.

Two related trends have created novel challenges for managing risk in the United States. The first trend is a series of dramatic changes in liability law as tort law has expanded to assign liability to defendants for reasons other than negligence. The unpredictability of future costs induced by changes in tort law may be partly responsible for the second major trend known as the `liability crisis' - the disappearance of liability protection in markets for particularly unpredictable risks. This book examines decisions people make about insurance and liability. An understanding of such decision making may help explain why the insurance crisis resulted from the new interpretations of tort law and what to do about it. The articles cover three kinds of decisions: consumer decisions to purchase insurance; insurer decisions about coverage they offer; and the decisions of the public about the liability rules they prefer, which are reflected in legislation and regulation. For each of these three kinds of decisions, normative theories such as expected utility theory can be used as benchmarks against which actual decisions are judged

International legal standards for children's rights and Girl Child Rights, strengthened by the global commitment of Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development and its SDG5 on gender equality set, as a priority, the elimination of all forms of violence against girl children and girl adolescents. Among them, harmful traditional practices, including child, forced and early marriage and female genital mutilations (FGMs), tend to re-produce, increasingly, in European countries, in connection to migration processes and the extensión of habitats of meaning, therefore, representing a new challenge for States, receiving significant migration flows. In this framework, our anthropology of implementation work, by a gendered qualitative approach, aims at shedding light on this topic, proposing the case of France, in comparison to the on-going debate in other European countries and reflecting on the role of institutions and the close relationship between culture and legislation for implementation. ; Los estándares jurídicos internacionales para los derechos de la infancia y, en particular, de las niñas, fortalecidos por el compromiso global de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible y su ODS5 sobre la igualdad de género establecen la prioridad de la eliminación de toda forma de violencia contra las niñas y las adolescentes. Entre otras, las prácticas tradicionales nocivas del matrimonio infantil, forzoso y precoz y las mutilaciones genitales femeninas (MGF), tienden a re-producirse, cada vez más, en países europeos, en conexión con procesos migratorios y la extensión de los hábitats de significado, convirtiéndose en un nuevo desafío para los países de destino. En este marco, nuestra antropología de la implementación, desde una perspectiva de género, pretende visibilizar este tema, reflexionando sobre el caso de Francia, en comparación con otros países europeos, el rol de las instituciones y la relación estrecha entre cultura y legislación para la implementación.

"This book challenges the dominant anti-trade and anti-globalization stands taken by many civil society organizations, such as NGOs, trade unions and women's organizations. The authors, however, argue that instead of free trade, international trade rules need to be tailored to the stage of development of an economy." "Greater openness to trade can bring benefits of new livelihoods for women and men, new technologies and methods of production. But there is also the certainty that some livelihoods will become uncompetitive. In such cases, public policy should be re-directed away from propping up non-competitive livelihoods towards productivity - enhancing investments that can improve competitiveness. Subsidies should be directed to promote change, rather than freeze livelihoods." "Instead of lamenting the fact that trade unions, women's organizations and other organizations of small producers can no longer be effective within national boundaries, the book argues that it has become necessary for civil society organizations to see themselves as, and make themselves, global. In order to improve labour (and environmental) standards, global action is a necessary concomitant to national action. In conclusion, there is a proposed agenda for civil society to strengthen global countervailing power to capital."--Jacket.