Bu makalede özgürlük ve güvenlik ilişkisi anayasal-demokratik bir rejim standartları açısından irdelenmektedir. Son yıllarda dünya çapında yaygınlaşan ve yoğunlaşan terörü öne süren birçok devlet özgürlükleri aşırı ölçüde kısıtlama eğilimine girmiştir. Özgürlükleri devlet güvenliği için feda etmeyi onaylayan bu güvenlikçi gidişin frenlenmesi için özgürlükçü-demokratik hukuk devletine öncelik tanıyan yeni bir bakışa ihtiyaç vardır. Bu ise anayasal-demokratik devlet anlayışına uygun olarak, güvenlik mülâhazasıyla özgürlüklerin sınırlanması söz konusu olduğunda yasama ve yargı organlarının "özgürlük karinesi"ni temel ilke olarak benimsemelerini gerektirmektedir. ; The subject-matter of this article is to consider relationship between liberty and security from a constitutional-democratic point of view. In recent years as terrorism becomes a world-wide and profound phenomenon, governments incline to overstep the reasonable limits of restricting civil liberties. In order to check this temptation on part of governments that subscribes to sacrifice liberty for state security we need a new perspective that gives priority to liberty. This, in turn, demands, in a constitutional-democratic regime, that in limiting liberties with genuine security concerns legislators and judges adopt "presumption of liberty" as the guiding principle along with proportionality.
Özgürlük, mutluluk ve demokrasi Mill'i bir siyaset felsefecisi olarak değerlendirirken üzerinde durulması gereken anahtar kavramlardır. Mill, geleceğin en büyük sorunu olarak gördüğü özgürlüğü düşünce özgürlüğü, eylem özgürlüğü ve bir araya gelme özgürlüğü olmak üzere üç aşamada değerlendirmektedir. Düşünce özgürlüğü için hiçbir sınır koymayan Mill'e göre hiçbir düşünce susturulmamalıdır; zira her düşünce potansiyel olarak bir hakikat barındırmaktadır. Bireylerin her türlü eylem ve bir araya gelme özgürlükleri ise başkalarının refah ve huzuruna zarar verilmediği sürece bakidir. Mill yaşamın amacını mutluluk olarak görürken, mutluluğu birbiri ardına yaşanan hazlar şeklinde tanımlamaktan kaçınmaktadır. Onun ima ettiği mutluluk yalnızca bireyin kendi mutluluğu değil, eylemle ilgili olan herkesin mutluluğudur. Mill'e göre bir toplumun nasıl yönetileceği o toplumun karakteri ile doğrudan ilintilidir. Dolayısıyla Mill ideal bir yönetim şekli iddiasından ziyade toplumun yapısıyla uyumlu bir yönetim şeklinin aranması taraftarıdır. Mill'in siyaset felsefesinde toplumun tüm zorunlu ihtiyaçlarını bütünüyle karşılayacak tek yönetim tüm halkın katıldığı yönetimdir. Toplumun gelişim düzeyi ne kadar yüksekse demokratik yönetimin o toplum için uygunluğu da o derece yüksek olacaktır. Mill demokrasinin çoğunluğun tiranlığına dönüşmesinin engellenmesi gerektiğini savunurken doğru ve yanlış demokrasi arasında ayrım yapmaktadır. Eşit oy hakkı Mill'e göre yanlış bir demokrasi uygulamasıdır. Onun doğru demokrasisinde çoğunluk değil nitelik öncelenmekte ve bu yolla sistemin topluma ahlâkî ve entelektüel açıdan faydalı olması hedeflenmektedir. ; Liberty, happiness and democracy are the key terms of John Stuart Mill's political philosophy. Mill evaluates liberty, he accepts as the most important problem of the future, in three stages as freedom of thought, freedom of action and freedom of aggregation. According to Mill, any restriction of freedom of thought could not be accepted in any case because all kinds of thought include truth as potential. Freedom of action and freedom of aggregation could be restricted just by relying on harm principle that means someone is free in his action as soon as he does not harm other people. Mill, while accepting the aim of life as happiness, avoids describing happiness as the sum of pleasures. Happiness, according to Mill, is not the happiness of individuals but the happiness of everyone related with the action. The regime of a society is directly related with the character of society. Hence, Mill is in favor of searching for a regime compatible with the society rather than ideal regime for all societies. In political philosophy of Mill, the mere administration fulfils the necessary needs of society is the administration whole community participated. The higher developmental degree a society has, the compatibility of the democracy for the related society is higher, as well. Mill discriminates between true and false democracy. In true democracy of Mill, the important factor is not the selection of majority but the property. By this way, he aims to increase the moral and intellectual capacity of the society.
Bu çalışmada temsili demokrasilerin olumsuz özelliklerine karşı Spinoza'nın siyaset anlayışı üzerinden ne gibi çözümler üretilebileceği tartışılmaktadır. Bu amaçla Spinoza'nın siyaset anlayışının seçilmesinin nedeni çağını aşan bir demokrasi anlayışı çerçevesinde bugünün "oy odaklı" siyasal yaşamına yeni yollar gösterebilmesindendir. Spinoza bir yandan Eski Yunandan gelen doğrudan demokrasi anlayışına yakın görünse de demokrasiyi salt bir yönetim biçimi olarak görmez. Spinoza, demokrasiyi insanların ortak uzlaşım kanallarını açabilecek bir anlayışla değerlendirir. Bu bağlamda Spinoza'nın önemi demokratik bir toplumda öncelikle saygı temelli bir çoğulcu bakışı oluşturabilecek bir siyaset anlayışına sahip olmasından gelir. Spinoza'da siyaset -Aristoteles'te olduğu gibi- ahlak temellidir. Birey kendi conatus'uyla (çabasıyla) insani olanaklarını keşfeder. Spinoza'nın conatus kavramı, kişinin kendini korumasına ilişkin olsa da toplumsal ve düşünsel bir etkinlikle bağlantısı içinde Spinoza'nın etiğini siyasetine kavuşturur. Conatus aynı zamanda belirlenimcilik-özgür istem çatışkısını aşıp özgürlüğe olanak sağlar. Spinoza'da özgür düşünce, boş inançları yıkıp bilimsel düşünceyi egemen kılan felsefi bilgiyle olası olabilir ve siyasal düzenin kalıcılığı buna bağlıdır. ; The abusing of representative democracies will be discussed in this thesis in terms of what kind of solutions Spinoza's political insight can be produced. For this reason, Spinoza's view of politics which exceeds his era has been selected since it sheds lights to new ways for today's political life on the "focus of voting" of democratic insight. On the one hand Spinoza's insight of democracy stays closed to the Antique Greek's direct democracy, whilst Spinoza doesn't consider democracy that exists only as a form of government. Spinoza's consideration of democracy is to what can create some mutual conventional channels for people. In this context the significance of Spinoza is about his political insight which emphasizes respect for establishing pluralistic understanding in a society. According to Spinoza, politics is based on morality -as Aristotle did-. An individual recognizes his own possibilities in with his conatus (effort). Spinoza's ethics is engaged with his politics since the concept of conatus is related to be preserved and being evaluated in a social and intellectual activity. According to Spinoza, conatus also solves the antinomy of determinism-free will and it provides in the possibility of freedom. The liberty of thought in Spinoza can be possible with philosophical knowledge instead of superstition; and the stability of political order is depended on this situation.
Bu çalışma, Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığının Zonguldak ve Kastamonu yöresindeki ormancılık birimlerinden hareketle Türkiye ormancılığının mevcut örgüt yapısını ve çağdaş ormancılık anlayışına göre olması gereken örgüt yapısını ortaya koymak, yönetsel ve örgütsel başarıyı etkileyen faktörleri belirlemek amacıyla ele alınmıştır. Araştırmada kullanılan verilerin büyük bir bölümü anket yolu ile ilgili birimlerde çalışanlardan ve bir bölümü de daha önce yapılmış çalışmalardan elde edilmiştir. Toplanan veriler yüzde yöntemi ve istatistiksel analizler (Kruskal–Wallis (K-W) H Testi, Duncan Testi, Faktör Analizi, Çoğul Regresyon Analizi) yardımıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmada Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığının çağdaş ormancılık anlayışına uygun olarak merkezde ve taşrada örgütlenmesine ilişkin değerlendirmeler yapılmış ve bazı öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Bu konuda deneklerin görüşlerinin çalışılan bölge, birim, görev ve deneyime göre farklılıkları denetlenmiştir. Ayrıca uygulanan istatistiksel analizlere göre; araştırma bölgesinde örgütsel ve yönetsel başarı düzeyini etkileyen en önemli faktörler, sırasıyla: (1) işteki Özgürlük ve Doyum, (2) Üstlerin Yönetsel Yeterliği, (3) Teknik Personelin Yönetsel Teknik Yeterliği, (4) Ücret ve Çalışma koşulları, (5) Özerklik, (6) iletişim, (7) Motivasyon Ģeklinde saptanmıştır. Bu yedi önemli faktöre bağlı olarak hesaplanan baĢarı indeksi (BI) değerleri bağlı değiĢken ve geriye kalan 16 değiĢken bağımsız değişken kabul edilerek, bağımsız değişkenlerin BI üzerindeki etkileri çoğul regresyon analiziyle incelenmiş ve başarı düzeylerindeki değişimler açıklanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara dayanarak örgütsel ve yönetsel başarı düzeylerinin artırılması için birtakım öneriler geliştirilmiştir. ; This study has been prepared in order to exhibit the existing organization structure and the required organization structure of forestry of Turkey according to contemporary forestry mentality and to determine the factors which affect the organizational and administrative success from the view of forestry departments of Ministry of Environment and Forest in Zonguldak and Kastamonu regions. Most of the data used in the research has been obtained via survey from the personnel in the related departments and from previous studies. The gathered data has been evaluated by means of percent method and statistical analysis (Kruskal–Wallis (K-W) H Test, Duncan Test, Factor Analysis, Multiple Regression Analysis). Within the study, evaluations regarding to organization in center and provinces of Ministry of Environment and Forest in comply with the contemporary forestry mentality were carried out and several suggestions were developed. In this regard, the differences of opinions of subjects were surveyed with respect to working region, department, duty and experience. Besides, as per the applied statistical analysis, the most of important factors affecting the organizational and administrative success within the study region were determined as, respectively: (1) Liberty and Satisfaction at Work, (2) Administrative Qualification of Senior Management, (3) Administrative Technical Qualification of Technical Personnel, (4) Wages and Working Conditions, (5) Autonomy, (6) Communication, (7) Motivation. The success index (SI) values calculated depending on these 7 important factors were assumed as dependent variable and the remaining 16 variables were assumed as independent variable and the effects of independent variables on SI were examined via the multiple regression analysis and the changes in success levels were explained. Some suggestions were developed in order to increase the organizational and administrative success levels based on obtained findings.
ÖZETBasın özgürlüğü, toplumun doğru şekilde bilgilendirilmesi ile birlikte bilinçli bir kamuoyunun oluşmasında önemli bir rol üstlenir. Özellikle liberal demokrasilerin vazgeçilmez parçası olan bireylerin kendi kendisini idaresi ve fikirlerin farklılığına saygı çerçevesinde görevini yerine getirir. Bu yüzden basın özgürlüğü, demokratik bir toplumun en temel ve vazgeçilmez unsurudur.Basın özgürlüğü, ifade özgürlüğünün bir diğer şekli olarak karşımıza çıkar. İfade özgürlüğü bir insan hakkı olarak, BM İnsan Hakları Evrensel Bildirgesi, BM Medeni ve Siyasi Haklar Sözleşmesi, Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi gibi en temel insan hakları belgelerinde yer almıştır. Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi m. 10'da ifade özgürlüğü güvence altına alınmıştır. Anılan maddede ilk olarak ifade özgürlüğünün çerçevesi çizilmiş, bu özgürlüğün kanaat özgürlüğü ile kamu otoritelerinin müdahalesi ve ülke sınırları söz konusu olmaksızın haber veya fikir alma ve verme özgürlüğünü de içerdiği belirtilmiştir. 10. maddenin ikinci fıkrasında ifade özgürlüğünün kabul edilebilir sınırları belirlenmiştir. Buna göre, ifade özgürlüğü üzerine konan bir sınırlamanın kabul edilebilmesi için, sınırlama ilkin kanunen belirlenmiş olmalı, ikinci olarak bu sınırlama demokratik bir toplumda gerekli olmalıdır. üçüncü olarak ise bu sınırlama 10. maddenin ikinci fıkrasında sayılan meşru amaçlardan birini gerçekleştirmeye yönelik olmalıdır.Maalesef ülkemizde, AİHS m. 10 korumasına rağmen özellikle siyasi baskılardan ve medya sahiplik yapısından kaynaklanan nedenlerle basına müdahaleler olmakta ve Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi tarafından ihlal kararları verilmektedir. Çalışmamızda mahkeme kararları ışığında ihlal nedenleri incelenecek ve basın özgürlüğünün meşru sınırlandırılması halleri anlatılacaktır. Ayrıca mahkeme kararları, Avrupa Birliği İlerleme Raporları ve basın meslek kuruluşlarının bildirileri ışığında Türkiye'nin basın özgürlüğü konusundaki geçmişine, şu andaki durumuna ayrıntılı şekilde yer verilecektir. Anahtar kelimeler: Basın özgürlüğü, Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi, Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi, İfade Özgürlüğü, Medya.ABSTRACTFreedom of press assumes significant role in ensuring an informed public opinion thanks to properly clarified. This freedom fulfills mission in the context of an inherent part of liberal democraties, a form of government based on self governance, respect for a plurality of view. Freedom of expression is necessity and an essential liberty of democratic society. Freedom of press appears as a form of freedom of expression. The right to freedom of expression is protected by all major international human rights instruments such as the U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant an Civil and Political Rights, and The European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights protects freedom of expression. First it states the scope of the right. It entitles everyone to the freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. Article 10 defines the circumstances in which limitations on free expression are permitted. Such limitations are permissible only if they satisfy three tests. Firstly, the restriction must be prescribed by law. Second, a restriction is permissible only if it is "necessary in a democratic society". And third, a restriction is valid only if it is designed to specified objectives in the article 10/2.Despite of the protection in Article 10 of European Convention of Human Rights, unfortunately in Turkey, there is illegal interference in freedom of press especially arising from political pressures and ownership structure of the media. So European Court of Human Rights finds violation of the right to freedom of press.In our thesis, causes of right violation will be analyzed in the light of the court decisions. At the same time the limitations of freedoom of press will be explained. Furthermore background, today and the plans about the freedoom of press in Turkey will be covered in detail in the light of court decisions, European Union Turkey Progress Reports and international press associations. Keywords: Freedoom of Press, European Convention of Human Rights, European Court of Human Rights, Freedoom of Express, Media.
Özet (Türkçe) Yüksek Yargı Kararları Işığında Laiklik Algısındaki Sosyolojik DeğişimBelli bir kültür içinde ortaya çıkan kavramların başka kültürlere aktarılmasında her zaman sorunlar yaşanmaktadır. Laiklik kavramı üzerinde, her ülkenin tarihi şartları, hukuk ve siyaset kültürü ile ilişkili tartışmaların yaşanması da bu yüzdendir.Laiklik kavramıyla ilgili olarak, Batı ülkeleri arasında bile bazı farklı anlayışların bulunuşu asgari bir kavramsal çerçevenin bulunmadığı anlamına gelmemektedir. Hukuk devleti ve özgürlüklerle ilgili süreçlerde ortaya çıkan laiklik kavramının da nihai varlık sebebi insanların özgürlüğünün sağlanması ve teminat altına alınması konusunda bir güvence olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Nihai amaç insanın özgür olmasıdır; özgürlüğünün güvence altında olmasıdır. Laiklik ilkesini benimsemediği halde din özgürlüğü alanında yeterli güvenceler sağlamış ülkeler olduğu halde laiklik ilkesine anayasalarında yer verdiği halde din özgürlüğünü gerçekleştirememiş ülkeler de vardır. Kavramların kendileri değil içerikleri her zaman daha fazla önem taşımaktadır.Laiklik kavramının anayasaya girişinden itibaren içeriğiyle ilgili tartışmalar başlamıştır. 1961 Anayasasında da laiklik ilkesinin benimsenmesi kararlaştırılınca, birçok yazar ve hukukçunun bu kavramın tanımının anayasaya konulmasını talep ettiğini görüyoruz. 1982 Anayasası hazırlanırken, yine laikliğin anayasada tanımlanmasını Danışma Meclisi üyesi birçok hukukçu talep etmiştir. Böyle bir tanım yapılmış olsaydı, kavramla ilgili tartışmaların ve uygulamada yaşanan sıkıntıların bir ölçüde aşılması mümkün olabilirdi. Çalışmamızda, özellikle Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlarında olmak üzere yüksek yargının laikliği bir hukuk kavramı olarak değil bir siyasi ideoloji olarak algıladığı tezi ileri sürülmekte ve tartışılmaktadır. Laiklik kavramının hukuki tanımı bazı farklılıklar gösterse de, üzerinde evrensel mutabakat sağlanmış asgari bir içerik bulunmaktadır. Hukuk bakımından kabulü gereken bu asgari içeriğin Türkiye'de, yüksek yargı kararlarındaki laiklik algısıyla örtüşmediği görülmektedir. Özet-İngilizceSociological Changes in Perception of Secularism in the Light of Supreme Court Decisions (in Turkey)Transfer of a particular concept that emerged in a particular culture, to another culture has always caused problems. That is the main reason for the arguments about the concept of secularism which are related to historical conditions and juridical - political culture of the country.Existence of different types of applications, even among the Western countries, does not imply the absence of basic border lines for the concept of secularism. Secularism promises the guarantee and the immortality of liberty. That is the only reason for the emerge of the concept of secularism in periods regarding law and freedoms. The ultimate aim is the freedom of people. In fact, the guarantee of this very essential freedom. There are examples of such countries which provide the assurance of religious freedom and have not adopted the concept of secularism at same time. Exact opposite examples exist too: secular countries without religious freedom. Contents of the concepts are always more vital than the concepts themselves.Various arguments have started, which have always been major status in debates, following the entry of the concept of secularism to the Turkish constitution. Upon adoption of secularism in the Constitution of 1961, lots of writers, authors and legists had requested insertion of the description of secularism into the constitution. Similar response had came from various legists from the Advisory Council while the preparation of the Constitution of 1982. If such definition had been made, the arguments about the concept of secularism and problems in the practice in daily life would have been solved.In my work, it is claimed and discussed that Supreme Court(s) in Turkey accepts secularism as a political view instead of a juridical term especially in Supreme Court decisions. Despite of the fact that juridical definition of the concept of secularism differs in some ways, there is an essential content of this concept recognized universally. This basic understanding of the concept is required for true practice of law. However, border lines of secularism conflicts with the insight of secularism in Supreme Court(s) decisions in Turkey.
Avrupa Birliği (AB) 2004 yılından bu yana Orta ve Doğu Avrupa ülkelerinin büyük çoğunluğunu resmi olarak birliğe kabul etti ve Batı Balkanlarda geriye kalan üye olmayan ülkeler AB'nin yeni hedefi haline geldi. Ancak, Birlik AB politik üyelik koşulları yoluyla kurallarını Orta ve Doğu Avrupa ülkelerine kıyasla Batı Balkanlardaki diğer üye olmayan ülkelere aktarırken birtakım zorluklarla karşılaşmıştır. Burada akla iki soru gelmektedir: Birinci soru, "Hangi şartlar altında bu koşullar etkili olabilir?" iken; ikinci soru, "AB üyelik koşulları neden Batı Balkanlarda bulunan ülkelerin iç politikasında kısmen sınırlı bir rol oynar?" şeklindedir. Bu meseleyi açığa kavuşturmak için Schimmelfennig ve Sedelmeier (2004) tarafından "dış teşvik modeli" benimsenmiştir. Bu çalışma "dış teşvik modelinin" bu soruları tam anlamıyla cevaplandıramadığını ve ulusal kimliğin Batı Balkan devletleri olan Hırvatistan ve Sırbistan'da AB üyelik koşullarının etkililiğini belirleme noktasında önemli bir role sahip olduğunu ileri sürmektedir. Çalışmanın Hırvatistan ve Sırbistan'ı durum çalışmaları olarak ele almasının sebepleri; bu iki ülkenin eski Yugoslav Sosyalist Federal Cumhuriyeti olmaları ve 1990'lı yıllarda ortak bir savaş tarihi paylaşmalarıdır. Belirtilen bu ortak özelliklere rağmen bu iki ülkenin Birliğe olan üyelik sürecine ilişkin tutumlarının birbirinden farklılık arz ettiği dikkat çekmiştir (Massari, 2010). Hırvatistan AB üyeliğini hâlihazırda 2013 yılında elde etmiş olmasına rağmen, Sırbistan'ın bu üyeliği gerçekleştirme noktasında kat etmesi gereken daha çok yol vardır ; The European Union (EU) has formally initiated the vast majority of the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECS) into the Union and Western Balkans' remaining non-EU countries have became the new target of EU enlargement since 2004. The Union, however, has faced some difficulties in transferring its rules to non-member countries in Western Balkans by means of the EU political accession conditionality in comparison to Central and Eastern European Countries. Here are two questions to mind: 'Under what circumstances could the conditionality be effective?' and 'why does the EU conditionality play relatively limited role in the domestic politics of the Western Balkan states?' An "external incentive model" is adopted by Schimmelfennig and Sedelmeier (2004) to articulate the issue. This study addresses this contestation, arguing that the "external incentive model" is incapable of fully answering these questions and that national identity has a huge impact on the determination of the effectiveness of EU accession conditionality by focusing on the problems limiting this effectiveness in two Balkan states, namely Croatia and Serbia. The reasons why the paper has chosen Croatia and Serbia as case studies are that they are republics of former Yugoslavia and that they have shared war history in the 1990s, however act differently on the way to the European Union (Massari, 2010). Although Croatia has become a member of the Union, Serbia still has got a long way to go The European Union has utilised political conditionality as one of the most significant strategies to export its governance and to encourage non-member countries to obey the rules of the EU (Schimmelfennig and Sedelmeier, 2004). Political conditions, which are necessitated by the Union from the very beginning, can be described as a competitive party system, and free and fair elections. As for the essential political conditions of EU accession that the EU confirmed in 1993, which are also defined as the Copenhagen Criteria, they are the stability of democratic institutions, rule of law, liberal market economy, human rights and lastly the protection of minority rights (Bieber, 2013:2). The required political conditions are flexible. By which it means that some specific requirements could be added to the conditions. For instance, the UE required cooperation with the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in the context of Western Balkans (Frerburh and Richter, 2010:269-71). Predominant studies select "external incentive model" to articulate the logic of EU conditionality and political conditions. This model is based on a rationalist cost-benefit calculation that assumes that states are regarded as rational actors, seeking to boost their interests (Schimmelfennig and Sedelmeier, 2004). The tool of conditionality is perhaps the most significant instrument that the EU external governance applies to force would-be member states to obey the rules of the EU. That is, the Union decides its instructions as conditions and would-be member states are expected or required to accept these conditions to receive rewards. Consequently, the target government would face three various pressures namely from the Union, domestic and international politics in return for EU external incentives (Trauner, 2011:8). It is therefore the credibility of the EU conditionality plays a key role in evaluating the pros and cons of EU rewards as opposed to domestic compliance (Schimmelfennig and Sedelmeier, 2004:663-7). This model is, however, unsuccessful in fully articulating why the EU political conditionality could perform better in states like Croatia than in states like Serbia in the context of Western Balkan despite the fact that the Union has provided these countries with rewards. At this point, national identity, as a constructivist variable, has a huge impact on the determination of the effectiveness of EU accession conditionality by focusing on the problems limiting this effectiveness in two Balkan states, namely Croatia and Serbia. National identity is the main theme that determines whether conditionality can be effective or not. Constructivists argue that wouldbe member states would acknowledge the influence of the Union by means of socialisation and persuasion processes. It is these processes internalizing identities with the help of domestic actors (Trauner, 2011). Considering the rules of the EU appropriate and compatible with political conditionality helps domestic actors to stick to given EU rules (Schimmelfennig et al., 2006:27-52). In this sense, national identity, as a filter actor, influences EU conditionality. It is, therefore, crucial to note that states, as social actors, often shape and reshape national identity when they face or interact with different social structures. The EU political conditionality has raised doubts about its effectiveness in the countries in question. This is because they had ethnic conflicts in 1990s that shaped their national identities. It is this historic background affecting the effectiveness of EU political conditionality in Croatia and Serbia in different lights. As a result, the European Union (EU) has formally initiated the vast majority of the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECS) into the Union and Western Balkans' remaining non-EU countries have become the new target of EU enlargement since 2004. The Union, however, has faced some difficulties in transferring its rules to nonmember countries in Western Balkans by means of the EU political accession conditionality in comparison to Central and Eastern European Countries. In this paper, it is argued that the "external incentive model" is incapable of fully explaining the issue in question and that national identity has a huge impact on the determination of the effectiveness of EU accession conditionality by focusing on the problems limiting this effectiveness in two Balkan states, namely Croatia and Serbia. The reasons why the paper has chosen Croatia and Serbia as case studies are that they are republics of former Yugoslavia and that they have shared war history in the 1990s, however act differently on the way to the European Union (Massari, 2010). Although Croatia has become a member of the Union, Serbia still has got a long way to go.Cooperation with the ICTY has been very sensitive issue in both Croatia and Serbia where these countries had to comply with it as a result of being tied to EU accession. The way in which the transformation of the EU rules, however, quite varied from one another. Croatian elites saw the cooperation with ICTY as indispensable part of EU accession and in line with Croatian respect of European organizations. Croatia met EU requirements. This is simply because the country was one of the European countries in which the rule of law is respected and obeyed. As far as Serbia is concerned, the cooperation with the ICTY was ensured by Serbian elites who felt forced and oppressed to do so. But they rejected the Hague tribunal. Even though they rejected it, a sense of obligation arising from the fear of being punished by the international community through the cancellation or postpone of EU talks took place regarding detaining suspects. This problematic issue resulted in different images of the EU in the eyes of these two countries. Serbia regards the European Union as a punisher and a superior force that inclined to in Serbia. This could be one of the reasons why there is distance between Belgrade and Brussels. As for Croatia, the image of Europe in the eyes of Croatian people is related to high democratic standards, liberty and civilization (Subotic, 2011:326-7). This could be one of the reasons why there is close cooperation between Croatia and the European Union. The rational incentive model is important for explaining the choice of would-be member states. It is crucial to clarify that this model is valid once the rules of the European Union are compatible with national identity of the would-be member states. Once the national identity of the target state is incompatible with the rules of the EU, it is fair to say that any material condition does not serve a very useful purpose. Therefore, national identity matters
Sivil Toplum, sivil toplum kuruluşları, Sivil toplum kuruluşlarının devlet içerisindeki yeri, demokrasi, devlet, devlet kurumları, emniyet teşkilatı, Polisin Sivil Toplum kuruluşlarına bakış açısı, özgürlükler, Avrupa birliği kavramları dünyanın olduğu gibi ülkemizin gündemini de uzun süre meşgul etmiştir. Küreselleşen dünyada devletler etkisini kaybetmekte, özgürlükler alanı genişlemektedir. Toplulukların devlet gibi düşünmediği veya devletin düşünmediği konularda bir araya gelerek organize oldukları, devletin boş bıraktığı alanlarda faaliyet gösterdikleri, devletin bazı yetkilerini kullandıklarını görmekteyiz. Ülkemizde sivil toplum kuruluşlarının gelişme dönemi 1980 yılından sonra olduğu görülmekle birlikte, topluma hizmeti görev kabul etmiş bir sivil toplum kuruluşu olan vakıfların kuruluş tarihinin asırlar öncesine dayandığını söyleyebiliriz. Türkiye'de 1995 yılında çeşitli Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları arasındaki ilişkilerin serbest bırakılması önemli bir karar olmakla birlikte 2004 yılında dernekler kanununda yapılan değişiklik ve emniyet teşkilatından bağımsız yapılanma imkânı tanınması, sivil toplum kuruluşlarının gelişmesi ve faaliyetlerinin çeşitliliğinin artması bakımından önemlidir. Bu çalışmamızda sivil toplum, sivil toplum kuruluşları ve bağlantılı terimlerin açıklanmasının yanında görevi sivil toplum kuruluşlarının faaliyetlerini yasalar çerçevesinde güvenli bir şekilde yapmasını sağlamak, yasa dışı söylem ve hareketleri yargıya intikal ettirmek olan Polisin sivil toplum kuruluşlarına bakışını ele alacağız. Emniyet Müdürlüğü bünyelerinde kuruluşu bulunan Güvenlik Şube Müdürlüğü Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları ile yasalardan kaynaklanan ilişkiler kurmak zorundadır. Aynı ilişki kurma zorunluluğu sivil toplum kuruluşları içinde geçerlidir. Polis ilişkilerini kurarken sivil toplum kuruluşlarını kategorize eder ve yasaların izin verdiği ölçüde görev niteliğine bakılarak iletişim içine girer. Bu iletişim ve ilişki sınırlı ve ölçülüdür. Bu çalışmamızda sivil toplum kuruluşları ile Polis ilişkisini incelerken ilgili yasaların neler olduğunu bu yasaların güncelliği ile birlikte eksiklerini, yasalardan kaynaklanan ilişki bozukluklarını inceleyeceğiz Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları demokrasi hayatı ve kültürü için ne kadar önemli olursa olsun faaliyetlerinin belli ölçüde sınırlandırılmasının gerektiği bunun demokrasinin gerekliliği olduğu ve demokrasi hayatının gelişmesinde Polisin davranışı ve yasaların özelliğinin ne kadar önemli olduğudur. Ülkemizdeki Sivil toplum kuruluşları ile Dünya'daki sivil toplum kuruluşları arasında büyük farklılıklar vardır. Bunun çok yönlü sebepleri olsa da demokrasi kültürünün tam anlamıyla yerleşmemiş olması en büyük sebeptir. Ankara Emniyet Müdürlüğü Güvenlik Şube Müdürlüğü bu eksikliğin farkında olarak hareket etmekte, sivil toplum kuruluşlarının faaliyetlerinde davranışları ve iletişimiyle örnek olmaya çalışmaktadır. Bu davranışlar başkente özel ve kişilere bağlı olsa da Türkiye'de uygulanması gereken davranış özelliğini kazanması açısından önemlidir. Çalışmamızda polis teşkilatının tamamının görüşünü yansıtmasa da resmi ve sivil çalışan polislere uyguladığımız ankette; Türkiye'de Polisin ilişki kurduğu sivil toplum kuruluşlarına nasıl baktığı, onları nasıl değerlendirdiği, faaliyetlerdeki tutumu yasaların sivil toplum kuruluşlarına tanıdığı özgürlükler polisin bu konudaki düşünceleri incelenmeye ve bir çerçeve çizilmeye çalışılmıştır. Sivil toplum kuruluşları denince polisin aklına ilk gelen düşüncenin sokaklarda eylem yapan, kaldırım taşlarını söküp kendisine taş atan öğrenci grupları, illegal söylemleri dile getiren, polis ile çatışmaktan çekinmeyen öğrenci platformları ve sendikalar gelir. İllegal örgütlere altyapı sağlayan dernekler, vakıflar, devlet değerlerini ve sistemini tanımayan, yazılı olarak kanuna uygun parti kabul edilen ama söylemlerinde devlete karşı tavır alan veya bölücü, irticai faaliyetleri bulunan siyasi partilerin de bulunduğunu unutmamak gerekir. Her Sivil toplum kuruluşu göründüğü kadar masum değildir. Bu masumiyet halkımız tarafından zamanla anlaşılmakta ve tepkisini yeri geldiğinde ortaya koymaktadır. Kuruluş amacı doğrultusunda hareket eden yasalara saygılı, dürüst, topluma hizmet eden Sivil Toplum Kuruluşlarının polis ile olan ilişkisi sadece evrak üzerinde kalmakta veya güvenlik talebi şeklinde kalmakta ve sorun yaşanmamaktadır. Türkiye'nin küreselleşen dünyanın saygın bir üyesi olabilmesi için, STK'larının çok sayıda, değişik türde ve ölçekte, yüksek potansiyeli, dünyaya açık, işlevlerini başarıyla yerine getirebilen, kendilerine güven duyulan bir biçimde gelişmesini sağlayabilmesi gerekir.Bu çalışma sonucunda elde edilecek verilerle demokrasi kültürüne katkı sağlayacağımızı düşünerek sivil toplum kuruluşlarının polis ile ilişkilerinin ne kadar önemli olduğunu, faaliyet istatistikleri ve Emniyet verileri kullanılarak açıklanmaya çalışılmaktadır. Bu ilişkilerin geliştirilmesinin demokrasinin gelişimi, demokrasi kültürünün topluma ve kurumlara hakim olması için şart olduğu değerlendirilmeleri yapılacaktır ; Civil Societies, Civil Society Institutions, place of the Civil Society Organizations within the State, democracy, state, state institutions, Police Organization, point of view of the Police organization Civil Societies, liberties, and European concept employed our country agenda as well of the world for a long time. States are loosing their effectiveness and widening liberties field in the globalize world. We begin to recognize that Civil Societies are performing their activities within the field?s state desolated and they are not thinking like the state. Progression period of the Civil Society?s Institutions in our country is after 1980?s. However, we can mention the history of the foundations that are accepted serving to society are based to centuries ago. While the important decision has been taking during the year 1995 on the release of relations between the various civil societies Institutions, changes made on the club law at 2004 it also important regarding to structuring independently from the police, given also self developing possibility to civil society organizations and in increasing variety of activities. In this study, we will undertake point of view of the police forces which are in obligation to provide to civil societies organizations to perform their activities safely within the legal frame work, beside to explain affiliated terms, civil society?s organizations and civil society . Security Department Directorate of the Police organization is obliged to establish relation with the Civil Society Organizations sourced from the laws. Same obligation is stand still for the Civil Society Organizations. Police, while establishing relation categorizes Civil Society organizations and enters in to the communication according to the nature of the duty and the laws are allowed. This communication is limited and moderate. In this study, while examining relation between the Police organization and Civil Society Organization, we will also study up to datedness these laws together with relation failures sourced from the law.Their activities necessary to be limited within the certain measures no matter how much important the Civil Society Organizations for democratic life and culture, and this limitation is also necessity of democracy and importance of the Police behavior and the characteristics of the laws. There is a large difference between Civil Society Organizations of our country and the Civil Society Organizations of the world. Notwithstanding multi-dimensional reasons, main reason is, democracy culture is not established in a proper sense. Ankara Directorate of Police, Security Department Directorate is acting well aware of this absence and runs to set a good example with his behavior and communication during the activities of the Civil Society Organizations. However, these behaviors in the Capital city, special and linked to the persons, it is important that behaviors gains necessary characteristics to apply in Turkey. In this study, even not reflecting the entire point of view of the Police Organization, we tried to draw an outline, on the police opinion and their evaluation on the liberty has been granted to the Civil Society Organizations the laws ad they are communicating with. We must not forget that when we speak about the Civil Society organizations, first thing considered by the police, are the students groups throwing pavement stones, students platforms with illegal pronunciations, syndicates not hesitating to clash with the police, clubs providing substructure to the illegal organizations, and the political parties considered legal according to laws, but not recognizing state values and system and with an attitude and pronunciations against the state in their speeches. Each Civil Society Organizations are that innocent as we are seen fro outside. However, this innocence understands by our public within the time and they betray their response in time. Relation of the Civil Society Organizations acting toward their constitutional aims, respecting laws, honest, and giving their services to the society with the police is only on the paper works such demand of security and posing no problems. For the Turkey becomes a respectful member of the global world, Civil Society organizations must provide progress in a manner of different kind and size, with his high potential and fulfill his functions with success within the trust. With the Data will be obtained at the result of this study, is trying to explain the importance of the relation between the police and Civil Society Organizations for to providecontribution to the democracy by using activity statistics together with security data?s. In this study evaluation on the progress of these relations which is a requirement for the progress of the democracy.
SUMMARYA great changement was occurring after fell down the Berlin Wall in East Europe, in 1989.The countries had begun to new period with high debts and inflation by these changements.East European countries have a common feature by carry out the transition period politics by rapidly in this process. So, it was necessity on stabilization politics but not easy.At result, privatization and restructure got an importance.I – THEORICAL AND CONSEPTIONAL FRAME OF MARKET ECONOMYFree market economy has the same philosophy and idea with liberalism. Economical liberalism is defended the free competition, reducing the customs taxes, import freedom and resisted to interference of state on the economy.Classical economy's base is economical freedom and market economy. Market economy is relying on free competition and private enterprise. Price mechanism and world prices are important. Interference of state must be in minimum levels. Public sector must be reduced. Basic factors such as wage, capital and foreign currency must reflect the real market prices, must get an importance to external trade.1-DEVELOPMENT OF MARKET ECONOMY1.1. CLASSIC REVIEWFree trade, specialization only on one field, annihilate the obstacles such as customs and quotas, interferences of state on the market are most important according to Adam Smith, which lived in 18th century.A specialization between nations must be obtained according to Ricardo. So, it must be an exchange on the entire world. 1.2. NEO-CLASSIC REVIEWAlfred Marshall, Leon Walras and Carl Menger is an echol. The state must be more active to improve the poor part of community and must create the opportunities on the market, get the taxes from revenues and wealth, finance the education, health, park and city planning, defence the personal freedom, private property and open markets, manufacture the public commodities.1.3. ORDO-LIBERALISM REVIEWIt is different from classic liberalism. Economical regularity is social which emerges in an evident process, not natural. Social and juridical standards emerge the economical system.Price, monetarily stability, sciences, stability and durability on economical politics are important to emerging of market economy.Basic aim is bring to existence an economical constitution.2- BASIC ELEMENTS OF MARKET ECONOMYBasic factors are enterprising, competition, economical ideas and attitudes.Enterprising is a person which makes unity the manufacturing factors, makes direct the investments, begins to motion by utilize the signals from internal and external markets, gets the share on productivity and determines the firm profit. Basic aim is profit.Competition is social event, protects the personal, which works with high productivity against to personal, which works with low productivity, uses the sources most effectively. Buyer and seller number must be too much in this system. Competition is opposed to monopolization but necessity laws and politics have to support it. ECONOMICAL IDEAS AND ATTITUDESIt includes price, wage, interest, hire and foreign currency. Price system occurs freely according to rate of request and demand conditions. At this straight, firms and consumers must carry out their decisions freely.3- MARKET MECHANISM FLOW AND ROLE OF SOURCE DISTRIBUTIONConsumers and producers have activities on the market economy. The prices are determined according to the lowest cost and to the highest profit.Ideal special future is high productivity, low profit and high production. Competition reduces the profit to the lowest level.Main mechanism on free market is price. If the relative scarcity is enough, request and demand is more or less equal.Producers and consumers may have a decision according to the price indicator and request and demand. This case makes lead the manufacturing, increases the alternatives, also economical activities make an harmony against to conditions.The evident features of market economy are free decision, liberty on preferences, a great price mechanism and competition. So, economical stability is obtainable.Interferences may apply on the market economy for public health, regulations on economical activities, protect the consumers. These motions are generally precautions to control of drugs and drink manufacturing and consumption, annihilation of harmful on public health, growth the power on economic morals, make grow the quality, regulation on manufacturing and marketing. The state may meddle with economy to development rapidly. For example, the state may encourage the saving, increase the rates of interest, decrease the taxes to get on the saving, provide the precautions on investment.The buyers and sellers cannot determine the price on one's own on free competition market. Otherwise monopoly, trust and cartels may occur, stability may out of order between commodity and services.Market economy may deviate from the rules on two main categories.Manufacturer, buyer and seller may make deviate from the rules. Especially trade unionization is effective on this deviation.The state may interfere in economy by taxes, if social and individual advantages different, it may deviate from competition market.The state is exist in every kind of economy and serves to people with harmony and politics and social philosophies of our age. Also it provides security, education and health services but it doesn't determine the prices. It is one of the biggest manufacturers at the same time.II – HISTORICAL WIEW TO BULGARIAN ECONOMY IN THE TRANSITION PERIOD OF FREE MARKET ECONOMY1. BASIC SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL INDICATORS1.1. GENERALThe form of government is republic, capital is Sofia, Population is 8.297.000(1997), increasing of population is %0. 7, distinctive characteristics in common with Turkishs, Pomaks, Russians, Gipsies, Tatars, Jewishes are in 16 percent.Estimated agricultural area is 1/3 and woodland is 1/3 of all the land. Charcoal, petroleum, natural gas, ferrum and sources except metal are too much. Bulgaria can't use the money too much on surroundings cause of economical lacks.Too many people are migrated to Turkey reason of economical lacks after communism regime. Population is decreased year by year, but unemployment.2. BULGARIA BEFORE 1989Ottoman empire had governorship on the Bulgaria more 500 years till 1908. Then, Bulgarian Kingdom is founded in 1908. Stamboliyski is in powered from Farmer Party in 1920. A new fascism supporter government is founded but communists and farmers were outside of government.Bulgaria is allied with Germany in 1941. Although a new government was found in 1944, the republican regime with referendum is founded in 1946. The new constution is validated in 1947. Cercenkov is in powered in 1950, relations with U.S.A. were out of order and membership of United Nations was validity in 1955.The new constitution is validated in 1971. T.Jivkow is in powered continually, became arrested cause of irregularity in 1990 and then, again a new constitution is validated. Communist Party is made to take out of only one party. In that year, state's name is changed to Republic of Bulgaria and removed the communist symbols from flag. Privatizational laws are validated with Jelev in 1992. The Government of Videnov is contraried the privatization in 1994.Peter Stoyanov is Nato's supporter and he was president in 1996. United Democratic Forces is in powered with 52 percent of vote after selections in 1997.2.1. COMECON AND COLLAPSING OF SYSTEMComecon is a union that emerged by East European Countries. Bulgarian economy has begun to transition period with some negative ness like other East European countries causes of political incompetence and dissociating end of 1980s.Bulgaria which had more than 60 percent of export to associate but it had couldn't find the new markets cause of inadequate ship of quality standards and had an old technology. Foreign currency reserves are high level. It has too many debts, political incompetent ship in the land. Financial system is not conformity to market economy and also could not claim 2 million dollars of money owing from Iraq because of golf war. So, Bulgaria couldn't save from crisis because of above reasons.2.2 GENERAL ECONOMICAL DEVELOPMENT AND SECTORSBulgarian manufacturing industry basically is founded on textile, wooden engrave, leather products and food prep rationing sectors.Bulgaria had realisation the attacks on the heavy industry that supported by S.S.C.B. after 2nd world war.Production of electro-mechanic and electronic goods in manufacturing sector is reached to an important share since 1970s.The biggest natural wealth of Bulgaria is productive earths. There are not important minerals in Bulgaria.In the following period of 2nd world war, metallurgy and chemical production had an importance. Industry sector had old technology. Its competition is losted the power with disunited of the Comecon.Productivity rates on industry are grown with economical reforms that started in 1979. Economical growing is dynamically continued in spite of reducing the productivity on agriculture sector, building sector and investments in Bulgaria. Especially, price volatility on agriculture sector is a reason of suspicion about real value of growth in 1988 according to 1987.Productions on agriculture and industry of Bulgaria are reduced according to statistics. Main problem on agriculture sector is delivery prices of goods.A stagnation indicator on Bulgarian economy is weakness of building and construction sector. Manufacturing products such as cement and weawing is in necessity. Manufacturing level is inadequate on that area and also unqualificationed organisations have been affected.2.3 - FOREIGN TRADEThere are no definite results on foreign trade reason of inadequate of numerical data's.However, export is increased up to the rate of 4 percent in 1988 and import is reduced to the rate of 1.8 percent. Bulgaria finance deficit is 600 million dollars result of trade with west countries in 1998. Tourism revenues are positive. Trade connections with Turkey are weak according to another East European countries.2.4 – PERESTROICA POLITICSThe new age on economy with state council's decision is started in January 9,1989. Activities to get the indepences of firms are velocitied. At the same time, this decision is more benefit to foreign investors too.3. 1989 – 1997 TRANSITION PERIOD3.1 – ECONOMICAL REFORM ACTIVITIESAlteration is started in east block countries after 1989 and together with this alteration. Comecon is losted the activity. So, idle capacities are commenced and Bulgaria is losted the production markets.The reforms are making started by new government in February 1991. External trade regime is liberalisation in one direction; this is one of the import nest factors of the reforms. With a decision is accepted in 1989, basic of economical reforms are occurred. Firms had equal rights to execution of economical activities. The laws related to foreign investment are validated in 1992.Commercial banks have gone to consolidation. Prices had freed except 11 basic consumption. Economical activities, government status on economy, foreign trade and foreign exchange regime, price regulations, privatization, tax systems are reorganized about foreign investors.3.2. SECTORAL CONSTITUTIONIndustrial sector had the over 50 percent of share on economy until 1990s. 11 private sector's share with service and trade sector approached to 60 percent between 1992 and 1997.SECTORSProductivity with old technologies on industrial sector is at low level. Engineering sector is developed. Products of textile sector are manufactured at high quality.CHEMICALSChemical products that have an important mark on export of Bulgaria. They were 1,096 milliard dollars with 22,3 percent in 1997 and 983 million dollars with 19.4 percent of total export in 1998.AGRICULTURE, FOOD AND TOBACCORate of plan tablelands are 34 percent in Bulgaria. Totally 304 firms are active on food, drink and tobacco sector.METALLURGY AND MINERSHIPIron product is 6.2 percent and other than iron is 6.8 percent on all of industry in 1998. In 1997, metallurgy sector is grown up to 117.2 percent with 529 million dollars in total amount of export in Bulgaria.MACHINEShare of machine sector is 13.8 percent in all of industry. Principal are; Machine parts, tractor, bus, ship, building and auto spare parts.CONSTRUCTIONPrivate firms in the sector have share with 13 percent in 1991. That share is grown to 62 percent in 1995 but then; it is reduced reason of financial inadequate ships.TOURISMTourism revenues are approximately 280 million dollars in 1995.4.5 million of transits and totally 8 million tourists are visited the Bulgaria in 1996.3.3. TRADE AFTER ECONOMICAL REFORMSExport of Bulgaria is totally 4.9 milliard dollars in 1997. The import nest export products are fuel oil, other fuels, cooper and its products and nuclear reactors. Import is 4.5 milliard dollars in 1997 and included the product such as mineral fuels, nuclear reactor heaters and spare parts, electric machines, mineral substances, cotton, synthetic fibres, cereals, auto and tractors.3.4. EXTERNAL DEBTSRate of the external debts to export revenues were 249.9 Percent in 1993 but then, back to 188.2 percent in 1994.Official external debts were 10.363 dollars in the end of 1997.3.5. FOREIGN INVESTORS EXTERNAL CAPITALMost investments with 636.2 million dollars by foreigners are made in 1997. This amount is 526 million dollars in 1998. Principal foreign investors are European countries and U.S.A. A new foreigner investment law is prepared in Oct 1997. Main sectors to investment are industry, trade, finance and tourism.3.6. COMMERCIAL BANKINGState banks are privatization by associate. Regulations relate to control of banking are valitidied by government. In the middle of 1997, a new law on banking are validated after economical crisis in 1996, Central Bank Law are rebuilt. High levels of capital and capital qualifications are obligationed.3.7. PRIVATIZATIONPrivatization is started with foundation transformation and privatization belongs to state and municipalities in April 1992. Privatization Agency is built-up. Privatization is realization with totally 836 million dollars between Jan 1,1993 and Dec 30,1998. Its part of 421.4 million dollars is in 1997 and part of 116 million dollars is realization in 1998.Foundations like ports, telecommunication and, etc.are out of privatization by laws. 95 percent of state firms transformed to form of private limited or nationalization. Share of these firms are belong to state.III. BULGARIA IN EUROPAN UNION AND CONNECTIONS WITH TURKEY1. BULGARIAN ECONOMY AND CONNECTIONS WITH TURKEYTest and certification operations, metal products except iron, chemical products, cereals, operational petroleum. Products are important substances from Bulgaria to Turkey.Although weaving products, food, chemical products, leather and stout leather products, glass, ceramics, brick products are ones of important from Turkey to Bulgaria.1.1. CONTENTS OF FREE TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN TURKEY AND BULGARIAAll taxes and restrictictions on industrial products by signed on European Agreement between European Union and Bulgaria in Mar 8,1993 and validated in Dec 31,1993 will be removed till 2002.Turkey and Bulgaria made easy to particularization into agricultural products market by reduced the taxes for between their selves.End of signed acts, 131 products of 446 that stated to Turkey and 1141 goods of existing on European Union Agreement are liberalization by remove from list of sensitive products.Foreign companies had a partnership rights with corporations and individuals and also foreign individuals had a right on economical activities by law of keeping foreign investors, which is validated in 1992. Same economical rights are recognized between foreigners and Bulgarians and also getting unlimited share from exist companies and companies that will be found.2. CONNECTIONS WITH EUROPEAN UNION AND FINANCIAL PORTREIT OF BULGARIA2.1. CONNECTION WITH EUROPEAN UNION OF BULGARIAIn the autumn 1989, Berlin wall is demolished and this motion make united the European that had divided to east and west after 2nd world war. Comecon's mean is continuing the economical dependent ship to Soviet Union. But, most east and west European countries reject it. After these European Union augmented economical and political supports to that countries reason of carry out and conclude the reform, which is started in middle and east European countries.Firstly, a group includes the Turkey is formed by 24 of OECD countries. G24s are transferred to entrust with coordination of support to the European Union Commission.That commission is functionizationed the Phare program that helps on financial and technical areas to Poland and Hungary. Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania in Sept.1990, Albanian, Estonia, Leetonia and Livonia in Jan.1992 and Slovenia in Aug.1992 are included by Phare program.Military regulations on security of West European losted the importance but they are already securely areas.Main political aims that related to Middle and East European countries of European Unions are explained below;a- Encouragement of liberal democratic system with respectful of law's superiority.b- to be sense on surroundingsc- to prevent the ethnical collidesd- to prevent the migration to foreign countries at the west.e- Phare program and encouragement of free market economy from planned economy.2.2. WHAT IS THE PHARE PROGRAM?Phare program's aim is build the encourage mental conditions to the market economy and to take pains about investments on economies of Middle and East Europe countries. This program includes unfinancable fields by traditional external supports. That supports on the program is formed by credits and encouragements and used for pilot projects related to reorganization of associations.Bulgaria is taken a support of 10.6 millions ECU by include of Phare program.European Union don't use only Phare program as a tool on politics related to Middle and East Europe countries, except itIncludes the programs within own constitution such as ERASMUS and COMETT.2.3. FIRST PERIOD (before 1989)In this period; trading is developed between Middle and East European countries that named as COMECON COUNTRIES but couldn't show the same developments against to West Europe in European Union.Soviet Union takes the priority on exporting with countries. Bulgaria is the develop pest country on trade with Soviet Union.2.4 TRANSITION PERIOD (1989-1992)The great changements occurred on trade in Soviet Union and Middle and East Europe countries from starting the reforms in 1989 to 1992.From 1989,trade and partnership agreements signed with Hungary and Poland then, with Czechoslovakia in 1990,also Bulgaria and Romania in 1991. At the same time, rejection is started on amount of restrictions. Exporting is increased between Middle and East European countries, Soviet Union and European Union other than below too;Devaluation in the countries other than Hungary,- Workings to join into the West European markets reason of re-emerging the losted ones in East European- Import is on peak-level from those countries to Germany after unitized the East and West Europe.2.5. EUROPEAN AGREEMENTSEuropean agreements are acted end of 1991.Bulgaria-Europe agreement's date of signature: Mar8, 1993Date of being inforce: Dec 31,1995Temporarily agreement: Dec 31,1992European agreement has been in force in Bulgaria, end of 1995. European agreements are partnership agreements that signed by based on 238th paragraph of Roma agreement and Maastricht agreement. According to that state, increasing of export is an prestipulation to growth the economy with stability.3. SUCCEED OF STABILITY PROGRAM IN BULGARIABulgaria signed on an agreement with IMF to pass over the economical hardships and started the reforms in 1991.Economy is grown at the rates of 2.1 percent in 1995.In 1997,economy has the new crisis related to Yugoslavia crisis and so, Bulgaria signed on a new agreement with IMF.Leva is fixed with 20 DM and 1000 Bulgarian Leva to 1 DM and constructral reforms is started to gain the speed.Economy in Bulgaria grown to positive from 1994 but to the 10.9 percent in 1996.- Inflation rates (%) in Republic of Bulgaria; 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 199882,2 72,8 96,2 62 123,1 1082,3 22,3After the stand-by agreement with IMF, inflation approached to 22.3 percent in 1998.Annual average of inflation is expected as 7.3 percent in 1999 and 9.0 percent in 2000.Bulgaria is the poorest country according to other east European countries candidate to membership of EU. Bulgarian Leva is determined by rejected the 3 zeros from Detsch Mark. So, new Leva is make related on euro at the rates of 1.95583:euro 1 (Lvl:DMI ).CONCLUSION:Bulgaria is declared the moratorium reason of hardness's to find an external debt, to refund the capital and interests of external debt.While external debt is 10.6-milliard dollars end of 1990,it has been 12.2 milliard dollars, end of 1993. So, started to paces towards to market economy in Feb 1991. Annual inflation is reduced from 338.5 percent in 1991 to 79.4 percent in 1992.The debts of managements of state are ruined the budget and also a reason to broken balance on economy too.The crisis on foreign currency is occurred in Mar 1994. Reforms have been out of control at the result of that crisis.Leva is devaluated as 100 percent and inflation is reduced to 90 percent on annual average. At this parallel, financial and revenue politics, money and its value are controlled. The debts to foreign countries are decreased to 9.8 milliard dollars with precautions in 1994 and end of 1996.Financial balance are obtained again in the first months of 1995, reduced the inflation and also rate of interests to 72 percent.Rate of exchange (Leva/$) was 503 percent between Jan 1 and Feb 12,1997. Especially, that increasing was 20-percent/each day in Feb 1997.Rate of interest was 300 percent in Sep.1996. 14 Banks are bankrupted in that period. Bulgaria had been 1st of the world from inflation increasing speed of view.Inflation, devaluation, unemployment and also wages are on the lowest level in transition period in Bulgaria. Incoming per person is decreased 50 percent between 1989 and 1995.Annual criminal events are increased 3 times more after 1990. Money committee had formed by advice of IMF in Jul 1997. 1Deutsche Mark is indexed on 1 Leva.Qualified personnel with educationed on technical areas is a great potential force of Bulgarian economy.Bulgaria will be completed the transition period when it became to membership of European Union.