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El fenomen de la globalització que vivim actualment ha provocat canvis lingüístics molt importants a escala mundial. L'anglès ha esdevingut la llengua internacional, del poder econòmic i polític, i s'està convertint en la llengua de les classes socials altes i el jovent. Paral·lelament, però, les llengües regionals també estan experimentant una gran difusió, gràcies a les noves interaccions socials i al suport econòmic dels governs que les representen. Alhora, i com a resultat d'aquestes dues tendències, sorgeix el sentiment d'arrelament de les comunitats locals, que veuen la llengua local com a marca d'autenticitat que cal defensar davant del fenomen de la globalització i la regionalització. Ens dirigim, doncs, cap a una societat multilingüe, en què cada llengua ha de tenir les seves pròpies funcions socials distintives, encara que sigui inevitable que es generin conflictes entre les llengües en contacte. En vista d'aquesta situació, l'autor anticipa una pèrdua de l'hegemonia de l'anglès a favor de l'augment de les llengües regionals i una futura extinció de les llengües més minoritàries. ; The globalisation phenomenon that we are currently seeing has lead to major linguistic changes on a worldwide scale. English has become the leading international language, in economic and political spheres, and is becoming the language of high society and of the young. At the same time, however, regional languages are also making considerable headway, thanks to new social interaction and economic backing from their governments. In turn, and as a result of these two trends, there is impetus for feelings of belonging to local communities which see their language as a sign of their own authenticity, one that has to be defended against the phenomena of globalisation and regionalisation. We are thus heading towards a multilingual society, in which each language has its own, distinct social functions, even though it is inevitable that there will be conflict between the languages that come into contact. In this scenario, the author predicts a loss of hegemony for English, in favour of regional languages, and the future extinction of the least spoken minority languages. ; El fenómeno de la globalización que vivimos actualmente ha provocado cambios lingüísticos muy importantes a escala mundial. El inglés se ha convertido en la lengua internacional, del poder económico y político, y se está convirtiendo en la lengua de las clases sociales altas y la juventud. Paralelamente, sin embargo, las lenguas regionales también están experimentado una gran difusión, gracias a las nuevas interacciones sociales y al apoyo económico de los gobiernos que las representan. A su vez, y como resultado de estas dos tendencias, surge el sentimiento de arraigo de las comunidades locales, que ven la lengua local como signo de autenticidad que hay que defender frente al fenómeno de la globalización y de la regionalización. Nos dirigimos, pues, hacia una sociedad multilingüe, en que cada lengua debe tener sus propias funciones sociales distintivas, aunque sea inevitable que se generen conflictos entre las lenguas en contacto. Ante esta situación, el autor anticipa una pérdida de la hegemonía del inglés a favor del aumento de les lenguas regionales y una futura extinción de las lenguas más minoritarias.

This article presents a sociolinguistic study of the city of Melilla, considered with Ceuta, as one of the last Spanish colonial territories in Africa. To do so, we will analyze the aspects of Melilla´s society that influence the usage of language, and especially the cultural norms and the social context. Melilla presents a unique value for Sociolinguistic given that this town constitutes a sociological mosaic and a linguistic paradigm. The peaceful coexistence between Jewish, Christians and Muslims which has characterized the Iberian peninsula, is still a reality in this African city where different communities live together, Berbers, Spanish from the peninsula, Jewish and Hindus, which has converted it into an inheritor of the historical "Spain of the three cultures". However, the study of its social and demographic components and the analysis of the results of an ethnographic fieldwork realized in the city, that we present below, show how Melilla's cultural diversity remains a matter of folklore and a declaration of intent. This city presents a linguistic diversity, given that Tamazight is also spoken alongside Spanish, even though the former language has been marginalized by local institutions and society, while a domination of the main language sustained by the Spanish central government has been imposed. ; Este artículo presenta un estudio sociolingüístico de la ciudad de Melilla considerada, junto con Ceuta, como uno de los últimos resquicios del colonialismo español en África. Para ello, analizaremos los aspectos de la sociedad melillense que influyen en el uso de la lengua, entre los que destacamos las normas culturales y el contexto social. Melilla es una ciudad dotada de un valor único para la Sociolingüística por ser tanto un mosaico sociológico como un paradigma lingüístico. La convivencia entre judíos, cristianos y musulmanes que caracterizó a la Península ibérica se perpetúa aún en esta ciudad africana donde conviven diferentes comunidades, bereberes, españoles peninsulares, judíos e hindúes, ...

Este artículo presenta un estudio sociolingüístico de la ciudad de Melilla considerada, junto con Ceuta, como uno de los últimos resquicios del colonialismo español en África. Para ello, analizaremos los aspectos de la sociedad melillense que influyen en el uso de la lengua, entre los que destacamos las normas culturales y el contexto social. Melilla es una ciudad dotada de un valor único para la Sociolingüística por ser tanto un mosaico sociológico como un paradigma lingüístico. La convivencia entre judíos, cristianos y musulmanes que caracterizó a la Península ibérica se perpetúa aún en esta ciudad africana donde conviven diferentes comunidades, bereberes, españoles peninsulares, judíos e hindúes, convirtiéndola en heredera de la "España de las tres culturas". Sin embargo, el estudio de sus componentes sociales y demográficos y el análisis de los resultados del trabajo de campo realizado en la ciudad, cuyos resultados presentaremos a continuación, nos muestran cómo la diversidad cultural a Melilla queda acantonada a una mera folclorización y declaración formal de intenciones. Esta ciudad goza de una diversidad lingüística, ya que junto con el español también se habla tamazight, pero esta lengua ha sido marginalizada institucionalmente y socialmente, imponiéndose así un monolingüismo alimentado por el poder central español. ; This article presents a sociolinguistic study of the city of Melilla, considered with Ceuta, as one of the last Spanish colonial territories in Africa. To do so, we will analyze the aspects of Melilla´s society that influence the usage of language, and especially the cultural norms and the social context. Melilla presents a unique value for Sociolinguistic given that this town constitutes a sociological mosaic and a linguistic paradigm. The peaceful coexistence between Jewish, Christians and Muslims which has characterized the Iberian peninsula, is still a reality in this African city where different communities live together, Berbers, Spanish from the peninsula, Jewish and Hindus, which has converted it into an inheritor of the historical "Spain of the three cultures". However, the study of its social and demographic components and the analysis of the results of an ethnographic fieldwork realized in the city, that we present below, show how Melilla's cultural diversity remains a matter of folklore and a declaration of intent. This city presents a linguistic diversity, given that Tamazight is also spoken alongside Spanish, even though the former language has been marginalized by local institutions and society, while a domination of the main language sustained by the Spanish central government has been imposed.

El llenguatge polític fa ús de totes les estratègies argumentatives possibles amb la finalitat de convèncer els votants i, concretament, hi destaquen les estratègies lingüístiques corteses i descorteses. Aquestes estratègies, que reforcen la imatge o el territori dels dos pols del procés comunicatiu, emissor i receptor, o que mitiguen la vulneració de tots dos, en el llenguatge polític es posen al servei de la persuasió. Per tant, en l'àmbit polític es recorre a la cortesia per millorar la imatge del partit polític o del candidat, i també per aconseguir l'increment de vots. La cortesia s'aconsegueix, doncs, de dues maneres: la primera, mitjançant l'ús de reforços valoritzants de la imatge i del territori; la segona, utilitzant mecanismes atenuadors en el cas dels actes descortesos. ; In order to convince voters political language makes use of all the possible argumentative strategies , among which politeness and impoliteness linguistic strategies have special relevance. These strategies, which reinforce the image or the territory of the two poles of the communicative process, addressor and addressee, or that mitigate a possible attack to both, are put in the political language at the service of persuasion. Politeness is therefore appealed to in the political domain in order to enhance the image of the political party or the candidate and also to increase the votes. From this perspective, politeness can be achieved in two way: by enhancing the image and theterritory, and by downtoning potential impolite acts.

The International Congresses of the Spanish Language (CILEs) encompass one of the main discursive mechanisms for disseminatintg the Pan-Hispanic linguistic policy implemented by Spain in recent decades. These public events promote a homogeneous discourse about the Spanish language, and seek to create a space of acceptance as well as promote linguistic instruments presented as applicable across to the Hispanic field. Within this framework, we consider that the CILEs form part of an ideological discursive matrix whose central tenets can be found in a preceding congress held as early as 1892. Also, some components of this matrix are included in a broader matrix, and are evident in various discourses from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present, with some modifications due to contextual changes. These discourses favor the conservation of linguistic unity in the Hispanic community, and highlight the apparently "natural" leadership of the Iberian Peninsula with respect to Latin American countries in matters of linguistic authority.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.19137/anclajes-2016-2034 ; Los Congresos Internacionales de la Lengua Española (CILE) constituyen uno de los dispositivos principales que ha desplegado la política lingüística panhispánica implementada por España en las últimas décadas. Estos acontecimientos públicos difunden un discurso homogéneo sobre el español y buscan generar un espacio de aceptación y promoción de instrumentos lingüísticos que se presentan como comunes en todo el ámbito hispánico. En este marco, consideramos que los CILE integran una determinada matriz ideológico-discursiva cuyos rasgos principales pueden identificarse en un congreso que operó como antecedente en 1892. Asimismo, ciertos componentes de la matriz se inscriben en una más amplia que circula en discursos variados desde fines del siglo XIX hasta la actualidad, aunque con algunas modificaciones vinculadas con cambios coyunturales. Estos discursos privilegian la conservación de la unidad lingüística en la comunidad hispánica y sitúan en la Península un liderazgo "natural" frente a los países americanos en materia de autoridad lingüística.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.19137/anclajes-2016-2034

This article proposes an empirical study on the naming strategies when referring to politicians. More precisely, our analysis is based on a corpus of journalistic articles in contemporary Spanish and gathers a homogeneous set of so-called loose appositive constructions referring to politicians. The aim of the study is to provide a structured analysis of the linguistic features of the appositive constructions collected in our database. We will argue that the 1084 appositive constructions examined present a predicational relationship. We distinguish between three types of predicational appositive constructions: specificational, attributional, and identificational constructions. Together with a description of the syntactic and semantic characteristics of these constructions, we also examine their informative role in journalistic articles. More precisely, we consider how syntax reflects a di_erent semantic content and a di_erent discourse function.

La Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela contempla desde 1999 en su artículo 81: "Se les reconoce a las personas sordas o mudas el derecho a expresarse y comunicarse a través de la lengua de señas" y en el Artículo 119. "El Estado reconocerá la existencia de los pueblos y comunidades indígenas, su organización social, política y económica, sus culturas, usos y costumbres, idiomas y religiones, así como su hábitat y derechos originarios sobre las tierras que ancestral y tradicionalmente ocupan y que son necesarias para desarrollar y garantizar sus formas de vida". El presente trabajo pretende que reconozcamos los derechos expuestos en el articulado, de venezolanos con idénticos derechos a los nuestros, que hasta ahora no habían podido manifestarlos de manera permanente y natural porque, sin proponérnoslo, los manteníamos en un auténtico silencio social. Se pretende en un análisis muy general, ilustrar el reto que representa para la mayoría hablante del español venezolano entender que convivimos con compatriotas que tienen una forma particular de concebir la vida, de entenderla y de nombrarla, venezolanos y venezolanas con una impronta particular biológica y cultural que, muy por encima de esas diferencias, comparten una misma patria y un mismo patrimonio moral con el resto de la población. ; The Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela states since 1999 in its Article 81 that: "Deaf or mute people are recognized as having the right to express and communicate through sign language", and in Article 119: "The State shall recognize the existence of indigenous towns and communities, their social, political and economical organization, their cultures, uses and costumes, languages and religion, as well as their habitat and originary rights over the lands they inhabit ancestrally and traditionally that are necessary to develop and guarantee their ways of living." The following paper aims to recognize the rights expressed on these articles about Venezuelans with identical rights to ours, which could not have been exercised in a permanent and natural way because, without intending it, we kept them in an authentic social silence. It is intended to illustrate, in a very general analysis, the challenge it represents for most of Venezuelan Spanish speakers to understand that we live next to fellow Venezuelans who have a particular way of seeing, understanding and naming life; Venezuelans who have a particular biological and cultural mark which above those differences, share the same country and the same moral patrimony with the rest of the population. ; 447-453 ; myriam@ula.ve

The main objective of the study was to analyze ways to improve the legal support of the linguistic and cultural aspects of language learning at school. The key method used involved a combination of modern modeling techniques. The specific topic is legal relations for language learning. The novelty is a model of legal support. Legal regulation of education is a historically conditioned form of organization of the educational process, formed as a result of the gradual growth of the role of state institutions in the performance of regulatory functions and the development of social relations. The new requirements faced by a modern teacher, his training and professional quality, make it necessary to take into account the experience and the latest achievements of other countries in the field of educational policy, in particular, in the field of foreign language teaching, as well as to identify and overcome the negative ones. In the conclusions of the case, based on the results of the study, the key aspect of improving the legal support of linguistic and cultural aspects of language learning in school was characterized.

The article is devoted to the theoretical problem of language contacts in modern linguistics in the era of globalization. The given work stresses the idea of the relationship between politics, economics, culture of many countries, connected with the ideas of multilingualism. The object of the research work is the role and place of the movement of Anglophonia on the world stage. The authors analyze the formation process of Anglophonia, the degree of its influence on international processes, as well as the way of becoming a global English language. ; El artículo está dedicado al problema teórico de los contactos lingüísticos en la lingüística moderna en la era de la globalización. El trabajo dado enfatiza la idea de la relación entre política, economía, cultura de muchos países, relacionada con las ideas del multilingüismo. El objeto del trabajo de investigación es el papel y el lugar del movimiento de la anglofonía en el escenario mundial. Los autores analizan el proceso de formación de la anglofonía, el grado de su influencia en los procesos internacionales y la forma de convertirse en un idioma inglés global. aumenta la tasa de riego a la escorrentía.

In this study, we analyze the political discourse of the United States and Europe in terms of linguistic approaches. Among the methods we use are systemic, structural, functional, content analysis, discourse analysis and thesaurus method. Its application took place within the theory of discourse. The study found that the main difference between the political discourses of Europe and the United States are the forms and means of communication, the formats of their distribution and the massive indicators of inclusion of the population (recipient of political discourse) in the communicative interaction. The difference is also the centralization and the levels at which the discourse develops. For example, the focus of political rhetoric on the institution of the U.S. presidency makes the presidential speech a reflection of public opinion. This is not typical of European countries, as pluralism of opinion is widespread there, communication takes place at local, regional, national, and supranational level. In addition, the European identity is in the process of being deeded. However, both discourses have in common the commitment to the values of democracy, but they manifest themselves differently.

In modern conditions of rapid development of international contacts and ties in culture, politics, economics and other spheres, practical knowledge of foreign languages becomes a real necessity and an indispensable condition for a successful career. Educators and researchers in recent decades have increasingly focused on the unity of motivational-cognitive and behavioral components in the graduate's personality structure. The broader concepts reflecting this unit turned out to be "competence" and "being competent." Contextual analysis of the concepts "competence" and "professional competence" indicates that various approaches to their interpretation have now been developed. The competence-action approach could implement the conceptual idea of modernizing the teaching and learning process, that is, ensuring mastery of communicative activities through the development of a set of competences focused on opportunities, skills, needs, cognitive activity and creativity of the students with clear political implications. It is concluded that, the competence in foreign languages is based on the development of constitutive capacities, such as: linguistic, communicative, transcultural, sociocultural, intellectual, educational, professional and critical thinking.

This article is the translation of Chapter 3 of the book War and Its Ideologies: A Social-Semiotic Theory and Description. Springer Digital Publication, 2019. Annabelle Lukin is Associate Professor in the Department of Linguistics at Macquaire University, Sydney, Australia. His research interests include the study of language in politics, media, health, and literature. She was a disciple of M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan. In 2019 he published War and its Ideologies: A Social-Semiotic Theory and Description, a book based on 15 years of research on how language legitimizes some forms of violence while stigmatizing others. ; Este artículo es la traducción del capítulo 3 del libro War and Its Ideologies: A Social-Semiotic Theory and Description. Publicación digital de Springer, 2019. Annabelle Lukin es Profesora Asociada en el Departamento de Lingüística de la Macquaire University, en Sidney, Australia. Sus intereses de investigación incluyen el estudio del lenguaje en política, medios, salud y literatura. Fue discípula de M.A.K. Halliday y de Ruqaiya Hasan. En 2019 publicó War and its Ideologies: A Social-Semiotic Theory and Description, un libro basado en 15 años de investigación sobre cómo el lenguaje legitima algunas formas de violencia mientras estigmatiza otras.

Assuming conversation as the principal model for understanding social episodes, this work aims at presenting a new paradigm in social psychology, exploring its contributions to psychosocial research. Linguistic skills are presented as the way through which social episodes are constructed, and notions as action, act and position are plotted as useful notions for the understanding of daily life. Then, the application of these notions takes place through examples of emotions, passions and feelings. The conclusion is that this new paradigm in social psychology offers the opportunity to overcome problems from the psychology of a different culture or psychopathology.

Language usage is probably one of the most discussed issues in language scholarship, and undoubtedly a frequent cause of division among researchers on this field. The usage-question is also present in some instances of the language-ideological debates which took place in Latin America and Spain all along the 19th century and deep into the 20th. It reveals itself tightly bound to issues also related to this question in other areas, like property and law, allowing the research on what could be called a linguistic political economy, which rules and laws are being there subjected to debate. This paper proposes to begin the discussion by analyzing some crucial texts of Andrés Bello, Miguel Antonio Caro, Rufino José Cuervo and Rudolf Lenz, which can help to sketch the boundaries and scope of this issue. ; El problema del uso constituye una de las fuentes de discusión y división más sostenidas en el estudio de la lengua. En la historia de los debates ideológico-lingüísticos en torno a la lengua española en América, sobre todo en los relacionados tanto con la formación de un discurso especializado en la materia como con el contexto general de formación y consolidación de los Estados modernos, el problema del uso se revela indesligable del de la propiedad, posibilitando una lectura de cierta economía política de la lengua cuyas reglas o leyes se encuentran allí en disputa. Se propone así una lectura de un corpus integrado por trabajos de Andrés Bello, Miguel Antonio Caro, Rufino José Cuervo y Rudolf Lenz que permita comenzar a delimitar el problema y determinar los alcances de su estudio.