Suchergebnisse

Tiivistelmä. Tutkin pro gradu -tutkielmassani direktiivis-komissiivisia vuorovaikutustoimintoja neljän äidinkielenään suomea puhuvan informantin keskusteluissa, joita he käyvät PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds -nimisen selviytymisvideopelin pelaamisen aikana. Peilaan analyysiani Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlenin (2014) vuorovaikutustoimintojen jaotteluun, jossa keskiössä on tulevaisuuden toiminnan toimeenpanijan ja tulevaisuuden toiminnasta hyötyjän selvittäminen. Oleellista tutkimukseni toteutustavassa on se, että pelaajat eivät näe milloinkaan toisiaan keskusteluiden aikana, joten heidän vuorovaikutuksensa nojaa täysin mikrofonien välityksellä toteutettuun puhekommunikaatioon. Tällaista täysin vastaavalla tavalla toteutettua tutkimusta ei videopelikeskusteluista ole tehty. Aineistoni on kerätty syksyllä 2018 siten, että yksi pelaajista on tallentanut pelikuvaa, -ääntä ja pelaajien keskustelua videotiedostoiksi. Videoaineistoa on yhteensä 10 tuntia 17 minuuttia. Aineisto on säilöttynä kokonaisuudessaan Oulun yliopiston Kikosa-kokoelmaan. Olen käynyt aineistoa läpi siten, että olen keskittynyt kohtiin, joissa direktiivis-komissiivisia vuorovaikutustoimintoja on selvästi havaittavissa. Olen sitten litteroinut tutkimuksen kannalta hedelmällisiä kohtia ja analysoinut ne keskustelunanalyyttisesti. Analyysissani keskityn todistamaan Couper-Kuhlenin (2014) toimija–hyötyjä-jaottelun avulla, mikä vuorovaikutustoiminto kulloinkin on kyseessä. Samalla testaan jatkuvasti Couper-Kuhlenin (2014) teoriaa omaa aineistoani vasten. Olen toteuttanut tutkimuksen aineistovetoisesti, ja analyysini on kvalitatiivista. Tutkimuskysymykseni on "Mitä erilaisia direktiivis-komissiivisia vuorovaikutustoimintoja videopelikeskusteluissa on havaittavissa?". Couper-Kuhlenin (2014) toimija–hyötyjä-jako toimii yleisesti hyvin myös omaan aineistooni, joskin olen tutkimukseni tulosten perusteella tarkastellut sitä myös paikoin kriittisesti. Läpi aineistoni neljä keskeisintä direktiivis-komissiivista vuorovaikutustoimintoa ovat tarjous, pyyntö, ehdotus ja ohjeistus. Tutkimustulosten kannalta merkittävää on myös havainto siitä, että videopelikeskusteluissa ei välttämättä tulevaisuuden toiminnan hyötyä kyetä aukottomasti osoittamaan. Joissakin tapauksissa voidaan ajatella pelaajan ajavan koko joukkueen etua, mutta toisissa tapauksissa taas voidaan myös argumentoida sen puolesta, että pelaaja pyrkisi hyötymään tilanteesta itse. Tämän vuoksi esimerkiksi pyyntö ei toteudu välttämättä pyynnön esittäjän hyödyksi, vaikka Couper-Kuhlen (2014) näin väittääkin. Tutkimukseni avaa niin sanotusti peliä vuorovaikutuslingvistisessä tutkimuskentässä videopelikeskustelujen analyysille. Pidän äärimmäisen tärkeänä nyky-yhteiskunnassa videopeleistä tehtävää tutkimusta jo pelkästään siksi, että pelien harrastajamäärät kasvavat jatkuvasti. Humanistisia tieteitä kiinnostaa ihmisten toiminta, joten tutkimus täytyy viedä sinne, missä ihmiset viettävät aikaa 2020-luvulla — eli virtuaalisiin vuorovaikutusympäristöihin.Directive-commissive actions in video game conversations. Abstract. In this Master's thesis, I study directive-commissive actions in video game conversations. Four Finnish-speaking informants communicated with each other using microphones while they played PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds together. I test Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen's (2014) theory of actions, in which she asks who will commit the future action and who will benefit from it. The key point in my study is that the informants cannot see each other because they are not sharing a physical space. Instead, they play online and communicate solely with their voice. In linguistics, there are currently no other studies about directive-commissive actions conducted in the exact same way as this thesis. The data for my study was collected in Autumn 2018. One of the informants played the aforementioned game and recorded his point of view and the conversations in video files. The recorded data totals 10 hours and 17 minutes and is stored in the Kikosa Collection at the University of Oulu. I have analyzed the data with a focus on the parts containing clearly visible directive-commissive actions. I have then transcribed the most interesting parts and analyzed them more thoroughly using conversation analysis. In my analysis, I focus on proving Couper-Kuhlen's (2014) model, where the following two questions are asked: "Who will carry out the future action?" and "Who will benefit from it?" Using this method, I identify the directive-commissive actions visible in the transcripts. At the same time, I attempt to provide a critique of Couper-Kuhlen's (2014) theory by comparing it to my data. The research was conducted with a focus on the data, and my analysis is qualitative. My research question is: "What different types of directive-commissive actions are there to notice in video game conversations?" While Couper-Kuhlen's (2014) model works well for the most part, I have also pointed out a couple of inconsistencies at some points. The four most important directive-commissive actions in my study are Offer, Request, Proposal and Advice-giving. The results show that in video game conversations, it might not always be possible to pinpoint the beneficiary of the executed future action. In some cases, one could argue that a player execute their actions for the benefit of the whole team. On the other hand, a player could also only have their own benefit in mind. Thus, for example, a Request might not end up benefitting a player, despite it being so in Couper-Kuhlen's (2014) model. This study works as a first step towards further analysis of video game conversations in interactional linguistics. I believe this kind of study to be extremely important in our society, not only due to the large and increasing number of players in different types of video games, but also because the field of humanities has always involved an interest in human actions and interactions. Therefore, research needs to be where people spend much of their time in the 2020s — in virtual and interactive settings, that is.

Songs and writings: oral and literary cultures in early-modern Finland renews the understanding of exchange between the learned culture of clergymen and the culture of commoners, or "folk". What happened when the Reformation changed the position of the oral vernacular language to literary and ecclesiastical, and when folk beliefs seem to have become an object for more intensive surveillance and correction? How did clergymen understand and use the versatile labels of popular belief, paganism, superstition and Catholic fermentation? Why did they choose particular song languages, poetic modes and melodies for their Lutheran hymns and literary poems, and why did they avoid oral poetics in certain contexts while accentuating it in others? How were the hagiographical traditions representing the international medieval literary or "great" tradition adapted to "small" folk traditions, and how did they persist and change after the Reformation? What happened to the cult of the Virgin Mary in local oral traditions?
The first Finnish 16th-century reformers admired the new Germanic models of Lutheran congregational hymns and avoided the Finnic vernacular Kalevala-metre idiom, while their successors picked up many vernacular traits, most notably alliteration, in their ecclesiastical poetry and hymns. Over the following centuries, the new features introduced via new Lutheran hymns such as accentual metres, end-rhymes and strophic structures were infusing into oral folk poetry, although this took place also via secular oral and literary routes. On the other hand, seventeenth-century scholars cultivated a new academic interest in what they understood as "ancient Finnish poetry".
The book has an extensive English Summary for the international readership.

Finland assumes the chairmanship of the Arctic Council for two years in May 2017. The report provides scholarly knowledge to support the preparation and implementation of the Finnish chairmanship, the definition of priorities for Finnish Arctic policy and public discussion on the Arctic and its transformation. Finland prepares to take over the chairmanship in an increasingly uncertain environment, especially with regard to the economic and political development of the region. Similarly, the Arctic governance structure is transforming. The tasks of the chairman have changed over time as the Arctic Council itself has evolved and non-Arctic actors increasingly pay attention to the region and the Council. The report investigates the transformation of the Arctic region from various perspectives, including the environment and environmental problems, societal change, political and geopolitical dynamics as well as traditional and new economic prospects. The report also investigates the ways in which regional challenges can be tackled with legal and political means, especially in the Arctic Council. In addition, the report analyses the consequences of the chairmanship for Finland and presents suggestions that could enable a successful chairmanship period.

"Matthias Alexander Castrén's (1813–1852) Luentoja suomalaisesta mytologiasta ('Lectures on Finnish Mythology', originally Swedish 'Föreläsningar i finsk mytologi') is a key work in the research history of Finnish mythology. This is the first Finnish translation of it. Despite 'Lectures' in the label, the work is a coherent book. It makes a systematic approach to ancient Finnish religion on the basis of earlier mythographers, Castrén's fieldwork among Finnic peoples and the latest European research trends of the first half of the 19th century. Even though Castrén's Lectures significantly developed Finnish mythography and it served as a standard work for half a century, its significance was largely forgotten when new research paradigms were introduced in the course of the 20th century. The work is an important part of the history of Finnish research in religions, linguistics and ethnography and it also reflects the state of the study of mythology in Europe in the middle of the 19th century. The book is lively written and therefore, it meets the taste of the general public in addition to researchers. This edition includes a concise introduction to Lectures' historical context, a scientific commentary and exhaustive indexes.

M. A. Castrén is renown especially as a linguist and explorer who worked among Siberian peoples but his work was marked also by interest in Finnishness at a time when the idea of a Finnish nation was developing. Lectures was Castrén's last work. He finished the book in his deathbed, and it was published posthumously in 1853.

The translator and editor of the Lectures, Joonas Ahola, PhD, is an expert in Old Norse language and mythology as well as kalevala-meter poetry. The other author of the introduction, Karina Lukin, PhD, is an expert of North Siberian cultures and 19th century expeditions among them.
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