Suchergebnisse

At the end of the 17th century the law of fluid resistance established by Newton gives the opportunity to apply mathematics to new physical and mechanical situations in very important fields on a economic and military point of views: marine, military arts and hydraulics. This opportunity however faces several obstacles. The first one is theoretical. The second one concerns the relations between the stakeholders, and requires to take into account the transformation of the status and role of one of them, the engineer, which may be able to develop bridges between theoreticians and artisans. During the second half of the 18th century, the fluid resistance raises several questions, one of which follows from the difficulties encountered, and concerns the usefulness of theory for practice. Panckoucke's Encyclopédie méthodique consisting in a reorganization per subject of the knowledge gathered in Diderot's and D'Alembert's Encyclopédie (1751-1765), the Dictionnaire de Mathématiques, published between 1784 and 1789, is thus an especially interesting work to deal with this question. Based on the study of fluid resistance and its applications, I will first emphasize the small place given to the mathematics applied to concrete problems, namely in marine and ballistics. I will show that this statement is not only due to the edition process of the dictionary, but also to the ideas of the editors (Bossut and Charles) on the usefulness of mathematics in practice.

At the end of the 17th century the law of fluid resistance established by Newton gives the opportunity to apply mathematics to new physical and mechanical situations in very important fields on a economic and military point of views: marine, military arts and hydraulics. This opportunity however faces several obstacles. The first one is theoretical. The second one concerns the relations between the stakeholders, and requires to take into account the transformation of the status and role of one of them, the engineer, which may be able to develop bridges between theoreticians and artisans. During the second half of the 18th century, the fluid resistance raises several questions, one of which follows from the difficulties encountered, and concerns the usefulness of theory for practice. Panckoucke's Encyclopédie méthodique consisting in a reorganization per subject of the knowledge gathered in Diderot's and D'Alembert's Encyclopédie (1751-1765), the Dictionnaire de Mathématiques, published between 1784 and 1789, is thus an especially interesting work to deal with this question. Based on the study of fluid resistance and its applications, I will first emphasize the small place given to the mathematics applied to concrete problems, namely in marine and ballistics. I will show that this statement is not only due to the edition process of the dictionary, but also to the ideas of the editors (Bossut and Charles) on the usefulness of mathematics in practice.

At the end of the 17th century the law of fluid resistance established by Newton gives the opportunity to apply mathematics to new physical and mechanical situations in very important fields on a economic and military point of views: marine, military arts and hydraulics. This opportunity however faces several obstacles. The first one is theoretical. The second one concerns the relations between the stakeholders, and requires to take into account the transformation of the status and role of one of them, the engineer, which may be able to develop bridges between theoreticians and artisans. During the second half of the 18th century, the fluid resistance raises several questions, one of which follows from the difficulties encountered, and concerns the usefulness of theory for practice. Panckoucke's Encyclopédie méthodique consisting in a reorganization per subject of the knowledge gathered in Diderot's and D'Alembert's Encyclopédie (1751-1765), the Dictionnaire de Mathématiques, published between 1784 and 1789, is thus an especially interesting work to deal with this question. Based on the study of fluid resistance and its applications, I will first emphasize the small place given to the mathematics applied to concrete problems, namely in marine and ballistics. I will show that this statement is not only due to the edition process of the dictionary, but also to the ideas of the editors (Bossut and Charles) on the usefulness of mathematics in practice.

At the end of the 17th century the law of fluid resistance established by Newton gives the opportunity to apply mathematics to new physical and mechanical situations in very important fields on a economic and military point of views: marine, military arts and hydraulics. This opportunity however faces several obstacles. The first one is theoretical. The second one concerns the relations between the stakeholders, and requires to take into account the transformation of the status and role of one of them, the engineer, which may be able to develop bridges between theoreticians and artisans. During the second half of the 18th century, the fluid resistance raises several questions, one of which follows from the difficulties encountered, and concerns the usefulness of theory for practice. Panckoucke's Encyclopédie méthodique consisting in a reorganization per subject of the knowledge gathered in Diderot's and D'Alembert's Encyclopédie (1751-1765), the Dictionnaire de Mathématiques, published between 1784 and 1789, is thus an especially interesting work to deal with this question. Based on the study of fluid resistance and its applications, I will first emphasize the small place given to the mathematics applied to concrete problems, namely in marine and ballistics. I will show that this statement is not only due to the edition process of the dictionary, but also to the ideas of the editors (Bossut and Charles) on the usefulness of mathematics in practice.

International audience This article, which is part of the general framework of mathematics applied to economics, is a decision-making model in total ignorance. Such an environment is characterized by the absence of a law of distribution of the states of nature allowing having good forecasts or anticipations. Based primarily on the integral of Choquet, this model allows aggregating the different states of nature in order to make a better decision. This integral of Choquet imposes itself with respect to the complexity of the environment and also by its relevance of aggregation of the interactive or conflicting criteria. The present model is a combination of the Schmeidler model and the Brice Mayag algorithm for the determination of Choquet 2-additive capacity. It fits into the framework of subjective models and provides an appropriate response to the Ellsberg paradox. ; Cet article qui s'inscrit dans le cadre général des mathématiques appliquées à l'économie est un modèle de prise de décision dans l'ignorance totale. Un tel environnement est caractérisé par l'absence d'une loi de distribution des états de la nature permettant d'avoir des bonnes prévisions ou anticipations. Se basant principalement sur l'intégrale de Choquet, ce modèle permet d'agréger les différents états de la nature afin de prendre une meilleure décision. Cette intégrale de Choquet s'impose par rapport à la complexité de l'environnement et aussi par son caractère pertinent d'agrégation des critères interactifs ou conflictuels. Le présent modèle est une combinaison du modèle de Schmeidler et de l'algorithme de Brice Mayag pour la détermination de la capacité 2-additive de Choquet. Il s'inscrit dans le cadre des modèles subjectifs et apporte une réponse appropriée au paradoxe d'Ellsberg.

Problem children have great difficulties, as well to study any kind of language as to study mathematics. Papy F. and Papy G. have described a method to teach mathematics in the primary school. This method, based upon a non verbal language, has been applied to several groups of problem children. It gave them the opportunity to progress a lot in mathematics.
We study now the (possible) influence of this method on the evolution of their language and so of their psycho-pathological behaviour.

Le Manuel de rédaction à l'usage des militaires est un guide de rédaction qui s'adresse aux membres des forces armées appelés à rédiger des textes de qualité dans un style soutenu pour un lectorat militaire averti. Unique en son genre, il est une référence incontournable dans ce milieu.

Notice thèse accessible sur : http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0045 ; International audience ; During the second half of the 20th century, attempts were made to operationally redefine various social activities, including those related to science, the military, administration and industry. These attempts were aided by scientific and technical innovations developed in the Second World War, and subsequently by the increase in use of automation in various domains. This Ph.D. thesis addresses these attempts from a sociohistorical perspective, focusing on the specific case of archaeology. During this period, the domain of archaeology underwent a process of disciplinarisation and professionalisation. The same occurred in applied mathematics and then computer science: this thesis focuses on the relationships between these three domains. In France, during the 1950's and 1960's, there were significant methodological and conceptual innovations. Their subsequent scientific recognition, was, however, relatively minor. In archaeology, innovations related to applied mathematics and automatics did not lead to the emergence of an archaeological speciality based on computation. This situation was in striking contrast to what happened in other scientific domains and in archaeology in other countries, where new theoretical and methodological Anglophone definitions in 'New Archaeology' were spreading worldwide. This thesis explores three collective attempts to redefine the conceptual and methodological basis of archaeology, led by Georges Laplace, Jean-Claude Gardin and Jean Lesage, across France, Spain and Italy. These cases are completed by other people who had significant careers in both engineering and archaeology. In general, this thesis studies a scientific activity by investigating the cognitive and social aspects of peoples' methodological contributions. Three models of the relationships between experts in a scientific domain and experts in an applied science (here mathematics and computing) are empirically identified and ...

Quelles raisons peuvent amener des chercheurs à plaider en faveur de l'introduction de méthodes jugées plus précises et systématiques mais se révélant aussi plus abstraites et contraignantes en pratique ? La question est examinée à partir des parcours de deux archéologues français, Georges Laplace et Jean-Claude Gardin. Dès les années 1950, ils se distinguent par leurs propositions méthodologiques fondées sur la formalisation ou le calcul. Elles restent toutefois relativement isolées au cours des décennies suivantes, alors même que des propositions similaires connaissent un succès en archéologie anglophone ou dans d'autres disciplines. Par une approche biographique on met en évidence les équivalences et les tensions établies entre les critères épistémiques et éthiques, biographiques et politiques qui caractérisent ces expériences, lesquelles apparaissent comme les formes les plus radicales d'une aspiration contemporaine à la modernisation et à la professionnalisation de l'archéologie. What are the reasons leading some researchers to advocate the application of certain methods on the ground that they are more precise and more systematic, even though they are also more abstract and more constraining than those currently in use? This question is examined here through a review of the evolution of the academic career of two French archaeologists, Georges Laplace and Jean-Claude Gardin. Their earliest works, dating from the 1950s, were characterized by the application of more abstract methodologies, based on formalization or on the use of computation. In the following decades, Laplace and Gardin's approach remained marginal in France, even though at the same time, similar perspectives were becoming popular not only among English-speaking archaeologists but also in other academic fields in France. The biographical perspective adopted in this paper allows us to highlight the parallel trajectories and the tensions existing between the epistemical, ethical, biographical, and political dimensions that shaped the careers of ...

What are the reasons leading some researchers to advocate the application of certain methods on the ground that they are more precise and more systematic, even though they are also more abstract and more constraining than those currently in use? This question is examined here through a review of the evolution of the academic career of two French archaeologists, Georges Laplace and Jean-Claude Gardin. Their earliest works, dating from the 1950s, were characterized by the application of more abstract methodologies, based on formalization or on the use of computation. In the following decades, Laplace and Gardin's approach remained marginal in France, even though at the same time, similar perspectives were becoming popular not only among English-speaking archaeologists but also in other academic fields in France. The biographical perspective adopted in this paper allows us to highlight the parallel trajectories and the tensions existing between the epistemical, ethical, biographical, and political dimensions that shaped the careers of Laplace and Gardin. As such, their academic experiences appear as the most radical forms of the contemporary aspiration to modernize and professionalize archaeology.

International audience ; Tartaglia's Nova Scientia published in 1537 heralded a new approach to the problems of military technology, by adopting neo-platonistic principles to physical phenomena. However, his enquiry was limited by his Aristotelian viewpoint, and his final edition of 1558 offered the idea that nature could be explained by knowledge applied through Platonic philosophy. Tartaglia had accepted that the flight of the missile, hitherto thought to comprise distinct violent and natural phases, had to be of a mixed nature. While application of mathematics in a mechanical paradigm offered a practical validity, readers needed convincing by a formal proof. The problem of the Gunner was finding a reliable way of firing his shot with reasonable accuracy. Neo-platonist philosophy needed a convincing solution to this problem. In his Stratioticos (1579) Thomas Digges' chapter on gunnery proposed an extensive list of parameters for investigation, thus offering an experimental programme for the English Gunners to follow over the next century. Some thoughts on learning in communities and epistemologies are considered

International audience ; What are the reasons leading some researchers to advocate the application of certain methods on the ground that they are more precise and more systematic, even though they are also more abstract and more constraining than those currently in use? This question is examined here through a review of the evolution of the academic career of two French archaeologists, Georges Laplace and Jean-Claude Gardin. Their earliest works, dating from the 1950s, were characterized by the application of more abstract methodologies, based on formalization or on the use of computation. In the following decades, Laplace and Gardin's approach remained marginal in France, even though at the same time, similar perspectives were becoming popular not only among English-speaking archaeologists but also in other academic fields in France. The biographical perspective adopted in this paper allows us to highlight the parallel trajectories and the tensions existing between the epistemical, ethical, biographical, and political dimensions that shaped the careers of Laplace and Gardin. As such, their academic experiences appear as the most radical forms of the contemporary aspiration to modernize and professionalize archaeology. ; Quelles raisons peuvent amener des chercheurs à plaider en faveur de l'introduction de méthodes jugées plus précises et systématiques mais se révélant aussi plus abstraites et contraignantes en pratique ? La question est examinée à partir des parcours de deux archéologues français, Georges Laplace et Jean-Claude Gardin. Dès les années 1950, ils se distinguent par leurs propositions méthodologiques fondées sur la formalisation ou le calcul. Elles restent toutefois relativement isolées au cours des décennies suivantes, alors même que des propositions similaires connaissent un succès en archéologie anglophone ou dans d'autres disciplines. Par une approche biographique on met en évidence les équivalences et les tensions établies entre les critères épistémiques et éthiques, biographiques et politiques qui caractérisent ces expériences, lesquelles apparaissent comme les formes les plus radicales d'une aspiration contemporaine à la modernisation et à la professionnalisation de l'archéologie.