Suchergebnisse

As traditional methods of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) become increasingly expensive due to increased regulation, many local governments are considering cooperation as a waste management strategy. A theoretical model is used to specify a partial observability probability model in which the decision Tennessee counties made to form either a single-county solid waste region or a multi-county region. We find that, while economies of scale may be a factor in the consolidation decision, current and future levels of solid waste services are statistically more important.

Sustainable municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is a major challenge in urban areas throughout the world, with the situation getting worse in most developing countries. This paper evaluates MSWM performance in Ghana, using the Wa Municipality as a case study. The policy and legal, institutional, and financial frameworks, as well as the technical capacity for waste management, were examined. The methodology and research design for the study was an exploratory and interpretive case study that was analysed through both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The study findings indicate that Ghana has a good institutional framework, sufficient and robust legislation, existing bylaws, policies and programmes regarding MSWM. However, the challenge is the non-enforcement of and non-compliance with the laws and regulations governing MSWM. Also, the emphasis on stakeholders' involvement in MSWM in the country is focused mainly on waste collection, and no attention paid to waste reduction, treatment and final disposal. Additionally, waste management financing and the technical capacity for waste management are woefully inadequate. Thus, improving the enabling environment for sustainable MSWM with a focus on the examined indicators could scale up MSWM performance in Ghana for the attainment waste management goals.

1. Overview -- 2. MSW and its management -- 3. Generation of MSW -- 4. Management practices of MSW in developing countries -- 5. Component technologies for municipal solid waste management / Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, Amanullah Mahar, Amjad Ali, Quan Wang, and Zengqiang Zhang -- 6. Kinetics of waste degradation / Poornima Jayasinghe and Patrick Hettiaratchi -- 7. Systems approaches in municipal solid waste management -- 8. Municipal solid waste management planning -- 9. Models for municipal solid waste management systems.

For at imødegå et stigende pres på klodens ressourcer og ønsket om at sikre bæredygtigt forbrug har effektiv håndtering og udnyttelse af ressourcer stort fokus hos offentlige myndigheder. Blandt initiativer kan nævnes forebyggelse, begrænsning og genanvendelse af affald. Pålidelige data om materialesammensætningen og ressourceindholdet i individuelle affaldsstrømme i samfundet er afgørende for at kunne fastsætte det nuværende udgangspunkt, opsætte fremtidige målsætninger og måle udviklingen i forhold til forebyggelse, reduktion og genanvendelse af affald. Affaldsdata er også et nødvendigt grundlag for at planlægge affaldshåndteringen, udvikle den nødvendige teknologi og udføre miljømæssige vurderinger af affaldssystemet som helhed. Sådanne data kræver karakterisering af affaldet. I mangel af standardiserede og almindeligt accepterede procedurer for prøveudtagning og sortering af affald anvendes forskellige metoder i litteraturen til opgørelse af affaldets sammensætning. Dette begrænser både sammenligneligheden mellem forskellige undersøgelser og anvendeligheden af resultaterne. For at afhjælpe disse begrænsninger i eksisterende metoder til affaldskarakterisering er udviklet specifikke procedurer for prøveudtagning og sortering af affald samt et trinvist system til navngivning af materialefraktioner. Statistik anvendes i stigende grad til analyse af affaldsdata med henblik på at opnå konklusioner, der understøtter udviklingen af lovgivning og politik på affaldsområdet. De traditionelle statistiske metoder ignorerer dog iboende egenskaber i affaldsdata, som er "lukkede datasæt" (procentsatserne eller masserne af individuelle materialefraktioner i en affaldsstrøm er f.eks. altid positive og summen af alle fraktioner en konstant). Eksisterende statistisk analyse af affaldsdata tager ikke højde for disse egenskaber, hvilket resulterer i fejlagtig fortolkning af data. Nye procedurer for statistisk analyse af affaldsdata blev derfor introduceret i projektet for at muliggøre en konsistent vurdering af data. Affald blev udtaget direkte fra kilderne for præcist at fastlægge affaldsdata i forhold til specifikke geografiske områder og typer af husstande. Prøveudtagnings- og sorteringsfejl blev minimeret ved at undlade at sigte og reducere massen af affaldet før manuel sortering. Affaldet blev af samme grund indsamlet uden komprimering. Alle affaldsprøver blev manuelt sorteret i 10-50 affaldsfraktioner samt organiseret og navngivet efter et tre-trins system. Den resulterende liste over affaldsfraktioner øgede muligheden for anvendelse af de indsamlede affaldsdata til forskellige formål. Affaldsanalyserne viste, at dagrenovationsmængden i Danmark hovedsageligt består af madaffald (42-45 % masse per våd vægt). Fejlplacerede genanvendelige materialer (papir, pap, glas, metal og plast) i dagrenovation udgjorde 20 % masse per våd vægt. Fejlplacering af særlige affaldsfraktioner såsom farligt affald, batterier og WEEE udgjorde 0,4-0,8 % af dagrenovationen. Selv om denne andel var relativ lille, er risikoen for miljøbelastning fra disse materialefraktioner betydelig, hvis fraktionerne ikke håndteres hensigtsmæssigt. Statistisk analyse af affaldsdata viste, at adskillelsen af madaffald fra emballagen ikke var nødvendig i forbindelse med affaldskarakterisering, fordi denne adskillelse ikke signifikant påvirkede den overordnede sammensætning af affaldet; hverken den procentvise andel af madspild eller emballageaffald såsom papir, pap, metal og plast. Forskellen i affaldssammensætning mellem udvalgte kommuner var ikke signifikant. Dette tyder på, at data for affaldssammensætningen fra én kommune også kan anvendes ved affaldsplanlægning i andre kommuner med tilsvarende affaldsordninger. Madsaffald består af madspild og øvrigt madaffald. Madspild er betegnelsen for mad, der kunne have været spist, men i stedet er smidt ud uanset årsag. Øvrigt madaffald repræsenterer fødevareaffald, der ikke er beregnet til at spise (f.eks. knogler, bananskræller, m.v.). Madaffald blev estimeret til 183 kg per husstand (86 kg per person) per år. Heraf var 103 kg per husstand (48 kg per person) per år madspild og 80 kg per husstand (38 kg per person) per år øvrigt madaffald. Både madspild og øvrigt madaffald forekom i de fleste af de danske husstande. Dette tyder på, at initiativer til reduktion af madspild bør kombineres med initiativer, der fremmer en effektiv håndtering af det øvrige (og uundgåelige) madaffald for at sikre bedst mulig udnyttelse af ressourcerne i affaldet. Mængde af madspild per husstand stiger i takt med hussstandens størrelse. Det kunne imidlertid ikke påvises statistisk, at husstande med én person genererer mere madspild per person end husstande bestående af flere personer. Dette indikerer, at kampagner for reduktion af madspild især bør rettes mod husstande med flere end én person. Desuden var mængden af madspild og øvrigt madaffald per husstand og per person fra danske husholdninger ikke væsentligt påvirket af periodisk eller geografisk variation. En analyse af affald fra køkkener i kontorarealer viste, at der blev genereret 23 kg madaffald per medarbejder per år; heraf var 20 kg kildesorteret. Dette betyder, at kun 11 % af madaffaldet var fejlplaceret i affaldsspande beregnet til restaffald. Restaffaldet udgjorde 10 kg per medarbejder per år og bestod bl.a. af papir (29 %), plast (23 %) og fejlplaceret madaffald (24 %). Sorteringseffektiviteten for madaffald blev estimeret til 89 % med ekstremt lave urenheder i form af plast osv. (mindre end 0,5 %). Dette indikerer, at målet om 60 % genanvendelse af madaffald fra servicesektoren, som formuleret af den danske regering, bør være opnåeligt. ; In response to continuous pressure on resources, and the requirement for secure and sustainable consumption, public authorities are pushing the efficient use of resources. Among other initiatives, the prevention, reduction and recycling of solid waste have been promoted. In this context, reliable data for the material and resource content of waste flows are crucial to establishing baselines, setting targets and tracking progress on waste prevention, reduction and recycling goals. Waste data are also a critical basis for the planning, development and environmental assessment of technologies and waste management. These data are obtained through the characterisation of waste material. In the absence of standardised and commonly accepted waste sampling and sorting procedures, various approaches have been employed, albeit they limit both the comparability and the applicability of results. Thus, waste sampling and sorting procedures, as well as a consistent and transparent waste-naming system, have been developed. Classical statistics are applied increasingly when analysing waste data, in order to draw conclusions that underpin the development of waste legislation and policy. The existing statistical techniques ignore the inherent properties of waste data, which are "closed data," because the percentage or the mass of individual fractions are positive and add up to a constant. This constant constraint affects statistical analysis seriously and results in erroneous interpretations. Therefore, compositional analysis techniques have been introduced to analyse waste data more appropriately. Waste was sampled directly from source, in order to attribute the waste data accurately to the geographical areas and types of household generating the waste. Sampling and contamination errors were minimised by avoiding sieving and the mass reduction of waste before manual sorting. Consequently, the waste was collected without compacting. Additionally, the entire sample was manually sorted into 10-50 waste fractions organised according to a three-level approach. This detailed waste fractions list facilitated the comparison of waste data with various objectives. Analysis revealed that Danish residual household waste constitutes mainly food waste (42 – 45% mass per wet basis). Misplaced recyclable materials in residual waste bins, such as paper, board, glass, metal and plastic, amounted to 20% (mass per wet basis) of residual household waste. Moreover, special waste, such as hazardous waste, batteries and WEEE, was also misplaced in residual household bins, accounting for 0.4-0.8% of the total. Although the proportion of misplaced special waste was relatively small, these material fractions can have dire impacts on the environment when they are not disposed of appropriately. Statistical analysis indicated that separating food waste residue from packaging during waste sorting was unnecessary, because this separation did not significantly influence overall waste composition, the percentage of food waste or packaging waste fractions. Furthermore, the difference in waste composition between municipalities was not significant. These results suggest that waste composition data obtained from one municipality could be applied to other municipalities in the same area (provided that municipalities share the same source segregation scheme), although socio-economic aspects between municipalities were not analysed. Food waste consists of avoidable and unavoidable food waste. Here, "avoidable" food waste is defined as food that could be eaten but instead was thrown away regardless of the reason, whereas "unavoidable" food waste is food that would not be edible under normal circumstances (e.g. bones, banana peel, etc.). Food waste was estimated at 183 kg per household per year (86 kg per person per year), of which 103 kg per household (48 kg per person) per year was avoidable food waste and 80 kg per household (38 kg per person) per year was unavoidable food waste. These food waste fractions occurred in most of Danish households, which suggests that initiatives to reduce avoidable food waste should be combined with policies that promote the efficient treatment of unavoidable food waste, to ensure plant nutrient and resource recovery. The mass of avoidable food waste discarded per household increased in line with household size. However, there was no statistical evidence that a household containing one person throws away more avoidable food waste per person than households containing more than one person. This suggests that campaigns and initiatives targeting food waste reduction should particularly aim at households containing more than one person. Additionally, the mass of avoidable and unavoidable food waste per household and per person discarded in Danish houses was significantly influenced neither by periodic variation nor by geographical variations. Waste analysis from kitchens in office areas showed that food waste generation amounted to 23 kg per employee per year, of which 20 kg per employee was source-segregated. This suggests that only 11% of food waste was misplaced in residual waste, which itself amounted to 10 kg per employee per year and consisted of 29% paper, 23% plastic and 24% misplaced food waste. Thus, sorting efficiency was estimated at 89% of food waste, accompanied by extremely high purity (99%). These results indicate that the 60% recycling target formulated by the Danish Government for food waste generated by the service sector should be achievable.

This paper is based on an empirical work done by author on a series of case studies such us document studies and analyzing the best practices examples. The objective of this research is to find out barriers to reach regional waste management plan demands in three municipalities: Salacgriva, Saulkrasti and Ikskile. Author gives proposal with some recommendations for development of municipal waste management as well. There are several views and attitudes of local stakeholders such us municipality, waste producers, waste collectors and mediators on how to manage collection and transportation of solid waste in practice as well as on public involvement in the process. Passivity of stakeholders to realize theirs needs and requirements mainly depend on the limited human and financial resources, but often political will, skepticism or lack of knowledge. A lot of problems could be solved faster and easier, if there existed better communication and collaboration among local stakeholders.

In Taiwan, 3,130,735 t of refuse for disposal and 4,113,808 t of recycled recyclable waste were generated in 2017. The government of Taiwan has been actively promoting a resource recycling program since July 1998. To pursue sustainability and locate waste minimization opportunities, the correlation between utility consumption and population and the quantity of refuse and recyclable waste from municipalities in Taiwan was studied. There are six special municipalities and 16 cities and counties covering a great variety of urbanization and settlement characteristics, such as registered populations, electricity, and water consumption. The above parameters of the municipalities were correlated with the quantities of refuse and recycled urban waste. Residential electricity consumption, overall population, and business electricity consumption were found to be major parameters correlating the generation of refuse and recycled urban waste. Due to their higher levels of business activities, the waste generation behaviours of these six special municipalities are more diverse than those of the 16 municipalities. Due to the discrepancy of the registered population system, the utility consumption values within administrative boundaries can better predict municipal solid waste, (MSW) generation than utility consumption at a per capita. Utility consumption within administrative boundaries is more convenient as a measure to predict refuse and recycled urban waste than other complex social&ndash ; economic indicators.