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The paper shows how textual information can be used to predict and study cause-effect relationships in macroeconomics. I consider a special case of forecasting - nowcasting on the example of unemployment. The key feature of nowcasting is that the forecast is built for a period that has already passed, but which has not yet come out statistics. As textual information, Internet requests are used. The paper is new in several direction. For the first time in the literature, information from two search engines, Yandex and Google, is used at once for forecasting. Information provided by search engines complements each other and allows performing suitable words' selection from the bunch of users' internet-requests. For the first time, the popularity of online systems as sources of information on job availability is taken into account. In Russia, the popularity of the Internet as a source of information on the availability of jobs has more than tripled from 2008 to 2018. If the researcher uses only the dynamics of related internet-requests then the results will show the dynamics of internetservices' popularity rather than unemployment. Most of the models with internet query words show significant quality improvement in fore(now)casting unemployment. The paper proposes the procedure how to use query data for macroeconomic nowcasting

The article deals with the methodological problems of the correlation between the theory and the history of macroeconomics in the training courses for economics students. The author comes to the conclusion that the unity of historical and logical in the curricula of the Macroeconomics course is realized on the basis of the principle of continuity of scientific ideas and hypotheses, consistently developed by different scientific schools. The hypotheses that unite all modern scientific schools of macroeconomics include the role of expectations of economic agents in explaining the processes of macroeconomic dynamics, the rationale for the use of rules in conducting macroeconomic policies, the relationship between economic growth and economic fluctuations.

The authors consider Macroeconomics as a set of interrelateol research programmes which incorporates such schools of thought as Neoclassical, Keynesian, Neoclassical synthesis, Monetarism, New Classical and New Keynesian. This approach has a number of competitive advantages over a standard course and provides new opportunities for researchers, academics, entrepreneurs and students of economic theory.

The paper deals with the method of teamwork projects in the courses of Microeconomics-3 and Macroeconomics-3 for graduate students at the Economic Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University. The purpose of this kind of work is to deepen the theoretical knowledge of students on relevant topics of modern micro- and macroeconomics based on acquaintance with the publications in their original language. The authors consider the organization, the procedure and the role of teamwork projects in training of graduate students and their familiarization with scientific research.

The socio-economic category of "trust" is studied in the article. The analysis of the existing views about the term "trust" was conducted. A model of the interaction of "Power - Business - People", using the concept of "trust", was made. The application and the structure of confidence estimations in economy and politics are studied. The accumulated experience of application of confidence estimations in the macroeconomics of the major countries of the world was showed. The current weaknesses of the confidence indexes are reflected. ; В статье рассмотрена социально-экономическая категория «доверия». Проведен анализ существующих взглядов о термине «доверия». Рассмотрена модель взаимодействия «Власть-бизнес-население», с применением понятия «доверие». Изучено применение и структура формирования оценок доверия в экономике и управлении. Отражен накопленный опыт применения оценок доверия, при выработке макроэкономической политики ведущих стран мира. Выделены существующие недостатки индексов доверия.

Demand and supply — categories with a rich history, introduced into scientific circulation 250 years ago, comprehensively investigated from the positions of quantitative analysis. But it turns out that the glossaries of microeconomic textbooks do not give either the definition of demand (there is a reference — see the demand curve) or the units of demand measurement (there are no units of measurement between the price and quantity) and, accordingly, supply
that restricts their practical application. The model of the general economy — the synthesis of the "Capital" of Marx, micro- and macroeconomics — allows us to supplement the quantitative analysis of all market categories with qualitative analysis and, in particular, to define demand and supply through two factors of the commodity–use value and cost. The definition of categories and units of their measurement makes it possible to expand the field of application of theory (the demand for a set of goods and the supply of a set of goods) and formulate an algorithm for their use in business practice.

The article describes the impact of the Chinese gold industry on the world gold market and the economic growth of China for the period 2000-2020. Despite a slowing economic trend, the Chinese mining industry continues to experience growth. China produces about half of the world's steel, imports more than 70% of the world's seaborne iron ore, and produces around 90% of the world's rare earth metals. The paper demonstrates the importance of the Chinese mining sector and describes the key concepts of the successful government and business strategies.

This article explores the concept of macroeconomic stability originated from the theory of general economic equilibrium (GEE) by L. Walras. Modern macroeconomic models that do not contradict the GEE, a implement the principles of consistency of micro- and macroeconomic analysis, the interrelation of markets, and the effectiveness of market mechanism. Economic fluctuations generated by shocks are in dialectical unity with the state of equilibrium. The aim of macroeconomic policy is to maintain equilibrium (macroeconomic stability) through inflation targeting and effective public debt management. Within the framework of this policy a number of goals are met including the control over inflationary expectations, strengthening confidence in the central bank, and overcoming inflation. However, low inflation rates can produce liquidity traps, thus causing a need to adjust monetary policy and develop its new instruments. At the same time, the global crises of the 21st century, the Great Recession of 2008 and the COVID-19 pandemic, prompts to re-evaluate the contradictions between the theoretical concept of equilibrium and the real state of the economy, as well as measures needed to stabilize it during a recession. The policy of overcoming the crisis in 2020 includes large-scale discretionary fiscal and monetary stimulus according to Keynesian recipes, in the absence of which the loss of jobs, closure of enterprises, and lack of financial stability are inevitable. The gap between theory and reality, as it happened during the Great Depression almost a hundred years ago, once again raises the questions of further development of macroeconomics. The article may be of interest to teachers and students interested in the prospects for the development of scientific knowledge in this area.

The paper proposes a contemporary interdisciplinary method to identify consistent patterns within cyclical dynamics of GDP and its macroeconomics determinants in the Russian Federation. This method may contribute to better recognition of the stages of economic cycle and of potential early predicators to recessions and crises. We first identify the trend component of Russian GDP and then apply the spectral data analysis to its cyclical component which reveals its multi-frequency, and non-linear vibrations. These vibrations are then further investigated by transforming time series data on GDP and its determinants into a frequency spectrum series via Fourier transform techniques. Wavelength scanning of selected macroeconomic indicators shows the basic economic cycle of real GDP with duration time of approx. 3.13 years. Other procyclical indicators nevertheless discover asynchronous behavior towards GDP due to the relative autonomy of the sectors standing behind these indicators. Their autonomy lies behind differences in reaction forces (shifts) and periods (lags) to both internal and external shocks. We estimate differentials between the dynamics of GDP and its determinants by evaluating phase deviations of their pairwise harmonic components, mutual pairwise phase shifts, and by comparison of their pairwise cross-spectrum. The one of output is the quantification of time lags between GDP and key macroeconomic indicators of individual economic sectors. This result reveals the complexity of GDP dynamics that sends an aliased rather than a unit signal to economic agents. Our decomposition of this signal into signals from key economic sectors and quantification of phase discrepancies between sectoral signals may contribute to findings in early crisis predicators. We also estimate the depth and velocity of shocks penetrations into both economy as a whole and its particular sectors.

Analytical approaches to technological modernization depend on the conditions of that certain scholars take like a basis (industrial, institutional approaches). The article discusses about the factors which are necessary for the success of projects to introduce technological innovations (information systems, etc.) in the various kinds of organizations (in government, financial and real sectors of the economy).Purpose: definition of the behavioral factors to consider when carrying out technological modernization in the Russian economyMethodology: in article logical-historical methods, and also general scientific methods of the analysis were used.Results: highlights some of the most informative factors that influence the implementation of technological innovations in the Russian economy.Practical implications: results should apply by economic agents who engaged in or planning to implement of technological changes. ; налитические подходы к проведению технологической модернизации зависят от условий, которые те или иные исследователи принимают за базовые (индустриальный, институциональный подходы). В статье рассматриваются факторы, учет которых необходим для успеха проектов по внедрению технологических новшеств (информационные систем и т.п.) на организациях различной направленности в экономике России (госучреждения, организации финансового и реального секторов экономики).Цель: определение поведенческих факторов, которые необходимо учитывать при проведении технологической модернизации в экономике России.Метод или методология проведения работы: в статье использовались логико-исторические методы, а также общенаучные методы анализа.Результаты: выделены некоторые наиболее информативные факторы, которые оказывают влияние на реализацию процессов по внедрению технологических новшеств в экономике России.Область применения результатов: полученные результаты целесообразно применять экономическими субъектами, осуществляющими или планирующими технологические изменения.