Suchergebnisse

The Hungarian community had no noticeable activity in the era of Mamluk period 1250– 1382, and that's because of their small numbers which no one can observe their roles in that period. In addition to that, the Islamic sources do not name any strange population by its names or nationality but reported them as the Franks. Even foreign sources and travelers books in the same period did not mention the names or groups that had a prominent role in the Egyptian society in the Mamluk era in that period. So the researcher cannot link the term Franks and any groups or individuals who had a significant role in the Egyptian society during the period under study. By the end of the first half of the 14th Century, the Eighth Century AH, the Ottoman Empire appeared as a new force in the area to increase the conflict between the East and the West. The ambitions of the Ottoman Empire exceeded the maritime boundary between it and Europe, so the military clash resulted a large number of Hungarian prisoners, and with many wars and victories the palaces of the Sultans had been filled by them. The Ottoman Sultans sent large numbers of Hungarian prisoners as gifts to the Mamluk Sultan in Cairo, as an expression to their victory, and the great role they played to support the Islam. As a result of the large number of those prisoners, the Ottoman Empire slave markets were filled with them, so they had been sent to other markets, and Egypt was the first destination for releasing this quantity of prisoners. Genoa played a great role in transferring these prisoners for sale in slave markets in Egypt. By the time, in the 15th Century AD, the Ninth AH, the Hungarian community ranked first level among all Mamluks coming from the European lands. They entered into the sultan's entourage, or came to the service of princes, and some of them joined the military teams. The writings of foreign travelers who visited Egypt during this century confirmed that Hungarians represented the largest number of the other Mamluks who came from European continent. Despite Hungarians involvement in the Egyptian society in the Mamluk era, and despite their respect for the saying "peoples on the religion of their kings", they have often expressed their culture of traditions and customs. Some of them convinced by Islam, some of whom embraced it to escape tribute or imprisonment. That latter category in the late Mamluk period, brought actions contrary to Islamic law and Egyptian society traditions, the matter forming diseases that contributed significantly to the collapse of country power. The researcher relied on many Arab sources, writing of foreign travelers and some Turkish sources; trying to compare and link between what came in these sources, to reach the nature of the life of that community within the Egyptian society in the Mamluk era.

Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Part I: Mamluks in Official Memory -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Notes -- Chapter 2: Representations of the Mamluks in School Textbooks (1921-1949) -- Textbooks of the 1920s -- Mamluk Sultanate Periods -- The Ottoman Periods -- Textbooks of the 1930s -- Mamluk Sultanate Periods -- The Ottoman Periods -- Textbooks of the 1940s -- Mamluk Sultanate Periods -- The Ottoman Periods -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Chapter 3: Representations of the Mamluks in 'Ābdı̄n Project Historians' Literatures -- Mamluk Sultanate Era (1250-1517) -- Mamluks Under Ottoman Rule (1760-1811)

Dynasty Mamluk/Mamalik is a Muslim dynasty that ever appeared in Egypt,Egypt became one of the regions of the Islamic world's terrible Tempest due to the invasion of the Mongols, led by Hulagu Khan although Timur Lenk. This dynasty also known by the name of the Mamluk dynasty because it was founded by the slaves. The Mamluk dynasty inherited many civilizations, from the fields of Economics, science and technology (science and technology), the monuments of historic buildings, such as mosques, madrasahs, Tomb complex, a hospital and a library. He also became the saviors of Islamic civilization from destruction due to the invasion of the Mongols, Tatars, and Crusaders. Pattern his Government an oligarchy, if compared to other dynasties. Because, there are two kinds of succession of the leader change. First, the succession is not determined on the basis of descent, but on the basis of ability / competency by means of the election conducted by the amir. Second, the succession based on heredity. The purpose of this writing is to analyze the factors of the Mamluk dynasty, reign, and explain the results of their civilization. While its use is to add insight, good for researchers, as well as for the readers of this paper, in addition to that, also to add references, especially for the Civitas academic Department of Islamic history and culture (SKI). This method of writing history, which stages the include heuristics (data collection), which was done in libraries. Furthermore, verification or sources of criticism, with critics do data obtained, either internally, or externally. While the theory is the theory of the solidarity expressed by Ibn Khaldun. He argues that solidarity is the basis of sovereignty, because solidarity can bring together for the same purpose, defend themselves, and refuse or defeating enemies. In addition, the Kingdom or dynasty may be enforced with the help of solidarity so that it can avoid or defeat other groups. The Mamluk dynasty was one of the Kingdom's extensive and powerful, that solidarity is based on religion (Islam).Keywords: Mamluk dynasty, civilisation, and invansion

Remarks on Jane Hathaway's "nostalgia" theory (seeinfra, n. 6) concerning the impression left by the Mamluk sultans left on historiography.Our remarks are based on manuscripts (especially the unpublished BNF arabe 3651) that did not become part ofThe Arabian Nights but help in understanding how that collection formed and took shape. ; Los comentarios sobre la teoría de la "nostalgia" de Jane Hathaway (ver infra, n. 6) sobre la impresión dejada por los sultanes mamelucos en la historiografía. Nuestras observaciones se basan en manuscritos (especialmente el BNF arabe 3651 no publicado) que no se convirtieron en parte de Las mil y una noches pero ayudaron a comprender cómo se compuso y tomó forma esa colección.

Based on chapter 6 of the author's upcoming book Land Tenure, Fiscal Policy, and Imperial Power in Medieval Syro-Egypt

This laudable work offers a study, translation and partial edition of one of the most important early Mamluk sources and its author. In addition to the work's contribution to Mamluk history, it also makes a significant contribution towards the ultimate goal of having the key texts of early Mamluk historiography accessible to scholars. Volume II is an edition of the years 1297-1302 (697-701 AH) of al-Yūnīnī's Chronicle, collated with the extant fragments of al-Jazarī's (d. 1338) ḥawādith al-zamān

This laudable work offers a study, translation and partial edition of one of the most important early Mamluk sources and its author. In addition to the work's contribution to Mamluk history, it also makes a significant contribution towards the ultimate goal of having the key texts of early Mamluk historiography accessible to scholars. In this first volume the life and work of al-Yūnīnī (d. 1326), the textual history of his Chronicle, its historiographic significance and textual filiation with other independent sources are presented and discussed