Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health in a Changing Climate: A Socio-Ecological Framing -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Climate Change Impacts -- A Socio-Ecological Framing -- Threats to MNH - Pathways to Impacts -- VectorBorne Disease -- Nutrition -- WaSH -- The Framework in Practice -- Zika Virus in Brazil -- Konzo in Western Province, Zambia -- Dzud Events in Mongolia -- Saving Mothers "One Drop at a Time" -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Maternal Obesity and Implications for Maternal and Child Health -- Abstract -- Introduction -- What Matters -- Preconception and Pregnancy Lifestyle Health Matters -- Psychosocial Factors Contribute to Excessive Gestational Weight Gain -- Postpartum Weight Matters Too -- What Works -- Existing HiPPP Interventions -- Preconception Interventions -- Gabby -- A Preconception Health Risk Assessment Tool for the Primary Care Setting -- Preconception through Pregnancy to Postpartum -- HP4ALL -- Lifestyle Interventions in Pregnancy Prevent Excessive Gestational Weight Gain -- Postpartum Lifestyle Interventions -- What Translates Across Pregnancy and Postpartum -- A Systems Approach to Translation -- Translation through a Health Economics Lens -- Consumer and Community Involvement is Integral to a Systems Implementation Science Approach -- The Importance of Workforce Capacity Building for the Sustained Prevention Maternal Obesity -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Racial Disparities in Maternal Mortality of the United States -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Review of Literature -- 2.1. Data Integrity Issues -- 2.2. Trends in Racial Disparities -- 2.3. Health-Related Causes -- 3. Materials and Methods -- 4. Findings -- 4.1. Disparities in Maternal Mortality Ratios (MMR) and Uninsured Women by States.

In this paper I explore a specific historical moment in the cultural politics of feminism between 1973 and 1984, a decade that saw the emergence of feminist arts practice, exhibition and art-writing in Britain and, not incidentally, shaped my own attachment to the women's movement. How were maternal bodies represented within feminist arts practice? Whose bodies, and in which places? What did maternal artworks try to make visible, and what maternal affects did they invoke? I examine three bodies of work that expose the tensions involved in making the maternal visible in the context of feminism: Hackney Flashers, Who's holding the Baby? (1978), Mary Kelly, Antepartum, (1973), and Post-Partum Document (1973-79), and Catherine Elwes, With Child, (1983). Each of these works opened up an important space in the exploration of the politics of reproduction, although it should be recognised that this was still primarily the white maternal body. I shall argue that they were framed and contested in particular ways: in left wing publications that still prioritised class over gender; in institutions of art exhibition and criticism that were hostile to maternal art, particularly by feminist artists, and in feminist critiques of essentialism that rejected direct imaging of the maternal body.

In order to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals on maternal mortality, it is crucial to implement the maternal death surveillance and response (MDSR) cycle in Suriname. Our nationwide research focussed on the prevalence, risk factors and causes of maternal mortality. The prevalence appeared to be much higher than reported, with great disparities among women of different ethnicities (African-descendents have the highest risk). The most important causes of maternal mortality were bleeding, high blood pressure, and infections. The challenges we encountered during the classification of deaths entail, among other things, that experts classify the same deaths differently. Audit (critical evaluation) of why women died was more the consequence of substandard care in hospitals than due to patient or transport delay. Therefore national guidelines were developed conform the "bottom-up" strategy. Also, a committee on maternal mortality Suriname was installed to systematically review the maternal deaths. Almost half of the maternal deaths in the recent five years occurred at home or at the peripheral clinic and in women in already deplorable state on arrival at the hospital. Also, maternal deaths from hypertensive diseases, unspecified causes, suicide, and abortive outcomes increased in recent years. To successfully implement MDSR in Suriname strong government and healthcare providers commitment and leadership are essential.

Every year about half a million women die from complications of pregnancy, parturition and puerperium, most of which are preventable. The purpose of this thesis was to chart the distribution and decline in maternal mortality in Sweden between 1751 and 1980, and furthermore to characterize positive (predisposing) factors and negative (protective) factors of maternal mortality. Maternal mortality declined from 900 to 6.6 per 100,000 live births in these 230 years. Maternal deaths accounted for 10070 of all female deaths in the reproductive ages between 1781 and 1785, but only 0.2.0/0 between 1976 and 1980. However, in the 19th century 40-450/0 of the female deaths in the most active childbearing ages were maternal deaths. The children left motherless had an extremely high mortality. Indirect maternal deaths and puerperal sepsis accounted for the bulk of maternal deaths in the rural areas. Only a minority of maternal deaths occurred in lying-in hospitals. Midwifery services in rural areas and antiseptic techniques were most effective in preventing maternal deaths during the late 19th century. The changing distribution ofage and parity amongst the parturients had a definite impact on the mortality decline, enhanced by time, contributing to 500/0 of the mortality decline over the last 15 years. The expontential decline of cause-specific mortality and case fatality rates during the last 40 years is furthermore explained by the emergence ofmodern medicine - antibiotics, antenatal and obstetric care. The earlier serious problem of illegal abortions was eradicated by legislation and changes in hospital practice. The maternal mortality decline has levelled out during the 1970s, the relative importance of embolism as a cause of death is increasing. Advanced age and intercurrent disease are the most difficult risk factors to overcome. To conclude, this study indicates that the reason why maternal mortality has declined faster than otherhealth indices is that the major part of the maternal deaths can be prevented by medical technology, including family planning, antenatal and obstetric care. This experience should be of interest to developing countries where high rates of maternal mortality prevails.

This article discusses disability memoirs written by mothers of disabled sons during state socialism in Poland. It recovers an often forgotten experience of living socialism as a mother of a disabled child and analyzes disability as a category of difference that, unlike gender or class, was not reordered by the socialist state. It argues that disability reconfigured motherhood as a political institution under state socialism and shows that a child's disability permitted women to become politically disobedient subjects. Disability allowed women who were responsible for their children's overcoming disability to make demands on the state and criticize it for the lack of sufficient accommodations and resources. At the same time, the article highlights the violence embedded in the relationship between a disabled son and his mother.