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Appendices: I. L'autonomie des ports de commerce [Annales des sciences politiques, jan., 1909] II. La nouvelle loi espagnole sur la marine marchande [Rev. pol. et parl., mars, 1910] III. Nos grandes compagnies de navigation. ; "Bibliographie": p. [v]-vi. ; Mode of access: Internet.

"Ouvrage récompensé par l'Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques." ; Mode of access: Internet.

Cyprus has been a full-fledged member of the European Union since May 1, 2004 & a member of the monetary union since January 1, 2008. It is now experimenting with a new framework of rights & obligations that allows it to take part in EU policy decisions. Like other small countries, Cyprus benefits from diplomatic leverage: as a member of the EU it enjoys a degree of influence it would not have had if it had remained alone, especially in relation to other countries. But the EU has also reaped considerable benefits from its new member. As a spearhead of Europe in the eastern Mediterranean, Cyprus brings to this "marriage" one of the world's largest merchant marine fleets, as well as a network of political & commercial relationships that will help the EU spread its influence in this region. It is paying particular attention to the development of a good neighbor policy & to Europe's initiatives to support a settlement of the Israel-Palestine conflict. Adapted from the source document.

In this thesis, we aim at presenting the merchants strategies in Landerneau from the end of the XVIIth century to the middle of the XIXth century. The French Navy based in Brest at the end of the XVIIth century – in order to prepare for the « Second Hundred Years' War » - as well as the loss of the English market by the crées (linen canvas) of Leon, the constant wars betwenn 1744 and 1815, the crisis of all kinds, the loss of the Spanish market and its colonies during the 1820's, constituted several challenges to address for Landerneau's merchants' commmunity. Developping an active trade, this community tried to face every new opportunity. Reinforced by external additions, it became a dominant group, getting the upper place of the financial hierarchy. In 1721, it managed to take over the local government, making the town to fully becoming a trade place. The public policy could then be turned to serve the goals set up by this group, like building new harbour facilities, matching with the needs of an expanding traffic. The beautiful mansions built nearby this economical backbone, are as many testimonies of the merchants' achievement.When, at the beginning of the 1820's, the Spanish liberal revolution and the emancipation of the colonies definitly closed those markets to canvas from Brittany, an amazing industrial restructuring was engaged by the main merchant's group of the town, in order to become leader on the market of military supply. This is a unique case in Brittany. This revolution, essential to respond to the price and quality requiered by the payer, leaded to the creation in 1845 of the Société Linière du Finistère (Linen Society of Finistère), which became the main private compagny of Finistère, employing up to 4500 people. ; L'objectif de cette thèse est de présenter les stratégies du négoce landernéen de la fin du XVIIe siècle au milieu du XIXe siècle. L'implantation de la Marine Royale à Brest à la fin du XVIIe siècle pour préparer la « Seconde guerre de Cent Ans » la perte du marché anglais pour les ...

In this thesis, we aim at presenting the merchants strategies in Landerneau from the end of the XVIIth century to the middle of the XIXth century. The French Navy based in Brest at the end of the XVIIth century – in order to prepare for the « Second Hundred Years' War » - as well as the loss of the English market by the crées (linen canvas) of Leon, the constant wars betwenn 1744 and 1815, the crisis of all kinds, the loss of the Spanish market and its colonies during the 1820's, constituted several challenges to address for Landerneau's merchants' commmunity. Developping an active trade, this community tried to face every new opportunity. Reinforced by external additions, it became a dominant group, getting the upper place of the financial hierarchy. In 1721, it managed to take over the local government, making the town to fully becoming a trade place. The public policy could then be turned to serve the goals set up by this group, like building new harbour facilities, matching with the needs of an expanding traffic. The beautiful mansions built nearby this economical backbone, are as many testimonies of the merchants' achievement.When, at the beginning of the 1820's, the Spanish liberal revolution and the emancipation of the colonies definitly closed those markets to canvas from Brittany, an amazing industrial restructuring was engaged by the main merchant's group of the town, in order to become leader on the market of military supply. This is a unique case in Brittany. This revolution, essential to respond to the price and quality requiered by the payer, leaded to the creation in 1845 of the Société Linière du Finistère (Linen Society of Finistère), which became the main private compagny of Finistère, employing up to 4500 people. ; L'objectif de cette thèse est de présenter les stratégies du négoce landernéen de la fin du XVIIe siècle au milieu du XIXe siècle. L'implantation de la Marine Royale à Brest à la fin du XVIIe siècle pour préparer la « Seconde guerre de Cent Ans » la perte du marché anglais pour les ...

In this thesis, we aim at presenting the merchants strategies in Landerneau from the end of the XVIIth century to the middle of the XIXth century. The French Navy based in Brest at the end of the XVIIth century – in order to prepare for the « Second Hundred Years' War » - as well as the loss of the English market by the crées (linen canvas) of Leon, the constant wars betwenn 1744 and 1815, the crisis of all kinds, the loss of the Spanish market and its colonies during the 1820's, constituted several challenges to address for Landerneau's merchants' commmunity. Developping an active trade, this community tried to face every new opportunity. Reinforced by external additions, it became a dominant group, getting the upper place of the financial hierarchy. In 1721, it managed to take over the local government, making the town to fully becoming a trade place. The public policy could then be turned to serve the goals set up by this group, like building new harbour facilities, matching with the needs of an expanding traffic. The beautiful mansions built nearby this economical backbone, are as many testimonies of the merchants' achievement.When, at the beginning of the 1820's, the Spanish liberal revolution and the emancipation of the colonies definitly closed those markets to canvas from Brittany, an amazing industrial restructuring was engaged by the main merchant's group of the town, in order to become leader on the market of military supply. This is a unique case in Brittany. This revolution, essential to respond to the price and quality requiered by the payer, leaded to the creation in 1845 of the Société Linière du Finistère (Linen Society of Finistère), which became the main private compagny of Finistère, employing up to 4500 people. ; L'objectif de cette thèse est de présenter les stratégies du négoce landernéen de la fin du XVIIe siècle au milieu du XIXe siècle. L'implantation de la Marine Royale à Brest à la fin du XVIIe siècle pour préparer la « Seconde guerre de Cent Ans » la perte du marché anglais pour les crées du Léon, les guerres incessantes entre 1744 et 1815, les crises de toute nature, la perte du marché espagnol et de ses colonies dans les années 1820, voilà autant de défis à relever pour la communauté marchande landernéenne. Elle développe un commerce actif et saisissant toutes les opportunités, s'efforce d'y faire face. Renforcée par des apports allogènes, elle se transforme en groupe dominant, s'installant au sommet de la hiérarchie financière et, en 1721, s'empare du pouvoir local dans une ville qui devient pleinement négociante. Elle peut ainsi orienter l'action publique au service de ses ambitions et, réaliser ainsi un équipement portuaire adapté aux besoins de trafics en expansion. Près de ce poumon économique s'édifient les hôtels particuliers témoignant de la réussite des négociants. Lorsqu'au début des années 1820, la Révolution libérale espagnole et l'émancipation des colonies ferment définitivement ces marchés aux toiles bretonnes, le principal groupe marchand de la ville engage, cas unique en Bretagne, une étonnante reconversion industrielle, afin de se positionner en leader sur les marchés de fournitures militaires. Cette révolution, indispensable pour répondre aux exigences de prix et de qualité du donneur d'ordres, aboutit à la création en 1845 de la Société Linière du Finistère, qui devient la plus importante entreprise privée du Finistère, salariant jusqu'à 4 500 employés.

International audience ; From 1914 to 1918, military, merchant and fishing fleets played a leading role… but paid a heavy price when submarines took the war beneath the waves. Curiously enough, underwater remains dating from this terrible conflict were for a long time ignored, while the men lost at sea were themselves rarely mentioned. In 2013, French underwater archaeologists, aware of this omission, decided to undertake an ambitious project to raise awareness among the public of this sunken page of our maritime history. And the result was 'Danton Project'.Torpedoed on 19 March 1917 by the German submarine U-64, the French battleship Danton, built in 1909, sank in less than an hour, taking close to 300 sailors along with her 19,000 tons of steel. Largely forgotten, the Danton was discovered quite by chance in January 2008 when an underwater robot located, at a depth of 1,025 metres off Sardinia, a huge anomaly that subsequent surveys identified as the wreck of the lost battleship.Two surveys were carried out in situ in 2015 and 2016 by France's Department of Underwater and Underwater Archaeological Research.These operations involved the deployment of a robot fitted with specially designed equipment for filming and photographing at great depths. In less than six days the archaeologists were able to acquire more than 42,000 high-definition photographs and twenty-seven videos of the remains. This work laid the foundation for a 3D computer model of the wreck which will soon be made available to the public so they can visit the Danton as if they were actually diving to the site.The 'Danton Project' also led to a particularly innovative technological development which promises to dramatically speed up the 3D mapping of wrecks lying at depths of down to 2,000 metres. ; De 1914 à 1918, les marines militaires, de commerce et de pêche ont joué un rôle de premier plan et payé un lourd tribut par suite notamment du développement de la guerre sous-marine. Curieusement, les vestiges sous-marins hérités de ce conflit ont été ...

International audience ; From 1914 to 1918, military, merchant and fishing fleets played a leading role… but paid a heavy price when submarines took the war beneath the waves. Curiously enough, underwater remains dating from this terrible conflict were for a long time ignored, while the men lost at sea were themselves rarely mentioned. In 2013, French underwater archaeologists, aware of this omission, decided to undertake an ambitious project to raise awareness among the public of this sunken page of our maritime history. And the result was 'Danton Project'.Torpedoed on 19 March 1917 by the German submarine U-64, the French battleship Danton, built in 1909, sank in less than an hour, taking close to 300 sailors along with her 19,000 tons of steel. Largely forgotten, the Danton was discovered quite by chance in January 2008 when an underwater robot located, at a depth of 1,025 metres off Sardinia, a huge anomaly that subsequent surveys identified as the wreck of the lost battleship.Two surveys were carried out in situ in 2015 and 2016 by France's Department of Underwater and Underwater Archaeological Research.These operations involved the deployment of a robot fitted with specially designed equipment for filming and photographing at great depths. In less than six days the archaeologists were able to acquire more than 42,000 high-definition photographs and twenty-seven videos of the remains. This work laid the foundation for a 3D computer model of the wreck which will soon be made available to the public so they can visit the Danton as if they were actually diving to the site.The 'Danton Project' also led to a particularly innovative technological development which promises to dramatically speed up the 3D mapping of wrecks lying at depths of down to 2,000 metres. ; De 1914 à 1918, les marines militaires, de commerce et de pêche ont joué un rôle de premier plan et payé un lourd tribut par suite notamment du développement de la guerre sous-marine. Curieusement, les vestiges sous-marins hérités de ce conflit ont été ...

International audience ; From 1914 to 1918, military, merchant and fishing fleets played a leading role… but paid a heavy price when submarines took the war beneath the waves. Curiously enough, underwater remains dating from this terrible conflict were for a long time ignored, while the men lost at sea were themselves rarely mentioned. In 2013, French underwater archaeologists, aware of this omission, decided to undertake an ambitious project to raise awareness among the public of this sunken page of our maritime history. And the result was 'Danton Project'.Torpedoed on 19 March 1917 by the German submarine U-64, the French battleship Danton, built in 1909, sank in less than an hour, taking close to 300 sailors along with her 19,000 tons of steel. Largely forgotten, the Danton was discovered quite by chance in January 2008 when an underwater robot located, at a depth of 1,025 metres off Sardinia, a huge anomaly that subsequent surveys identified as the wreck of the lost battleship.Two surveys were carried out in situ in 2015 and 2016 by France's Department of Underwater and Underwater Archaeological Research.These operations involved the deployment of a robot fitted with specially designed equipment for filming and photographing at great depths. In less than six days the archaeologists were able to acquire more than 42,000 high-definition photographs and twenty-seven videos of the remains. This work laid the foundation for a 3D computer model of the wreck which will soon be made available to the public so they can visit the Danton as if they were actually diving to the site.The 'Danton Project' also led to a particularly innovative technological development which promises to dramatically speed up the 3D mapping of wrecks lying at depths of down to 2,000 metres. ; De 1914 à 1918, les marines militaires, de commerce et de pêche ont joué un rôle de premier plan et payé un lourd tribut par suite notamment du développement de la guerre sous-marine. Curieusement, les vestiges sous-marins hérités de ce conflit ont été ...