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A Hundred Years of the Project Method in PolandThe text presents the development of the project method in Polish education throughout the last century. The project method was introduced into Poland after regaining independence, and it was implemented during the inter-war period (1918–1939) in some schools, both in urban and rural environments. Nevertheless, the method was at that time treated as a pedagogical novelty andexperiment, rather than a natural part of school life. After 1945, education, like other aspects ofsocio-political life, was influenced by the communist propaganda, and the project method, supporting autonomy, democracy and empowerment, was not promoted as a valuable educational approach. After 1989, when progressive trends appeared in Polish schools, the project method gained somepopularity but it was not until 2008 when it was granted national and formal recognition. Then, the new core curriculum was developed, and the project method became an obligatory part of school reality. The revival of the project method was connected with the alarming findings concerning social capital in Poland. In this situation, making students cooperate within projects seemed aremedy for the decreasing social capital. As the author points out, formal introduction of the method does not necessarily mean its effective accomplishment, which should be accompanied by spontaneity and authentic engagement. What is more, as the author shows, after decades of theabsence of this method in Poland, and the lack of the relevant socio-cultural background, teachers might find it difficult to implement a project so as to contribute to the increase of social capital. All these areas need further investigation. Nevertheless, the author hopes that the text will contribute tobetter understanding of contemporary challenges and opportunities related to the implementation of the idea of projects in Polish education. ; A Hundred Years of the Project Method in PolandThe text presents the development of the project method in Polish education throughout the last century. The project method was introduced into Poland after regaining independence, and it was implemented during the inter-war period (1918–1939) in some schools, both in urban and rural environments. Nevertheless, the method was at that time treated as a pedagogical novelty andexperiment, rather than a natural part of school life. After 1945, education, like other aspects of socio-political life, was influenced by the communist propaganda, and the project method, supporting autonomy, democracy and empowerment, was not promoted as a valuable educational approach.After 1989, when progressive trends appeared in Polish schools, the project method gained some popularity but it was not until 2008 when it was granted national and formal recognition. Then, the new core curriculum was developed, and the project method became an obligatory part of school reality. The revival of the project method was connected with the alarming findings concerningsocial capital in Poland. In this situation, making students cooperate within projects seemed a remedy for the decreasing social capital. As the author points out, formal introduction of the method does not necessarily mean its effective accomplishment, which should be accompanied by spontaneity and authentic engagement. What is more, as the author shows, after decades of theabsence of this method in Poland, and the lack of the relevant socio-cultural background, teachers might find it difficult to implement a project so as to contribute to the increase of social capital. All these areas need further investigation. Nevertheless, the author hopes that the text will contribute tobetter understanding of contemporary challenges and opportunities related to the implementation of the idea of projects in Polish education.

There is no law making without law writing. Creating an act of law means organizing (coding) a rule into a strictly designed form. That form and the knowledge of coding allows a reader to extract rules from statues. The knowledge necessary for law writing includes but is not limited to the following elements of acts of law: statues, directives, editing, text structure, rules for amending and unifying etc. Development of legislative techniques and quality control in law writing are necessary to provide high quality law that citizens can trust.

This article deals with the concept of introducing international proverbs to the foreign language lesson. International proverbs can be a good way to improve language skills in at least two foreign languages with less effort by using the analogy between the languages. What is more the experience that the student gains by learning the first foreign language, can be used while learning the second and the next one. Moreover international proverbs, in regard of the European policy supporting multilingualism among the European citizens, help to achieve this goal. ; This article deals with the concept of introducing international proverbs to the foreign language lesson. International proverbs can be a good way to improve language skills in at least two foreign languages with less effort by using the analogy between the languages. What is more the experience that the student gains by learning the first foreign language, can be used while learning the second and the next one. Moreover international proverbs, in regard of the European policy supporting multilingualism among the European citizens, help to achieve this goal.

W artykule zwraca się uwagę na zależność sposobu wyboru sędziów sądów konstytucyjnych w zależności od przypisywanego w danym porządku prawnym charakteru tych sądów. Jednak zawsze zwraca się uwagę, aby skład sądu był ustalany tak, aby jedna, przeważająca w parlamencie, siła polityczna nie miała decydującego wpływu na wybór składu sądu konstytucyjnego. Nieporozumieniem jest traktowanie sądu konstytucyjnego jako organu politycznego (trzeciej izby parlamentu, negatywnego ustawodawcy). Orzeczenia sądu konstytucyjnego mają mieć charakter kasacyjny, badając zgodność aktu normatywnego z konstytucją lub innymi aktami normatywnymi, sąd konstytucyjny nie bierze pod uwagę racjonalności i celowości przyjętych rozwiązań. W artykule proponuje się nowy sposób doboru kandydatów na stanowiska sędziów polskiego Trybunału Konstytucyjnego, który ma zapewnić, że będą się oni charakteryzować określonymi cechami: wyróżniać się wiedzą prawniczą, nieskazitelnością charakteru oraz świadomością niezawisłości. ; It is shown in the paper that the method of appointing judges to the Constitutional Tribunal depends on the character of the Tribunal ascribed to it by a specific legal order. And yet, care is always taken to ensure that the composition of the Constitutional Tribunal is not influenced by any political power. Treating the Constitutional Tribunal as a political organ (or a third chamber of the parliament, a negative legislator) is flawed. The Constitutional Tribunal can by its decisions strike down certain laws. When examining the compliance of a normative act with the constitution the court takes no account of the rationality or fitness for purpose of the solutions adopted. In this paper, a new way of selecting candidates for the office of judge of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal is proposed with a view to ensuring that a judge of the Constitutional Tribunal is distinguished by outstanding legal knowledge and impeccable character as well as being aware of judicial independence.

The presented article is aimed at reflecting usage of mediation as a form of international conflicts settlement and at revealing its factors, at the example of the case of conflict in Abkhazia, Georgia. The article is a hypothesis on to what extend international or regional organizations act as effective mediators during mediation process. Attempt of conflict regulation and work of the mediation platform created after Russian-Georgian war are discussed.The theory discussing main variables for evaluating international mediation represented in mediation literature have been used for evaluating mediation factors. The article shows the level of mediation effectiveness in international conflicts, when it is not clear which are the conflicting sides; it shows that when there is an influential country, considering its capabilities, it has enough power to act as effective mediator, only in case if it does not have direct interest in the conflict.We have concluded that mediation can be effective only when it is clear which the conflicting sides are. It is considered that international organizations cannot be effective in conflict resolution when a conflict is in cold phase. ; The presented article is aimed at reflecting usage of mediation as a form of international conflicts settlement and at revealing its factors, at the example of the case of conflict in Abkhazia, Georgia. The article is a hypothesis on to what extend international or regional organizations act as effective mediators during mediation process. Attempt of conflict regulation and work of the mediation platform created after Russian-Georgian war are discussed.The theory discussing main variables for evaluating international mediation represented in mediation literature have been used for evaluating mediation factors. The article shows the level of mediation effectiveness in international conflicts, when it is not clear which are the conflicting sides; it shows that when there is an influential country, considering its capabilities, it has enough power to act as effective mediator, only in case if it does not have direct interest in the conflict.We have concluded that mediation can be effective only when it is clear which the conflicting sides are. It is considered that international organizations cannot be effective in conflict resolution when a conflict is in cold phase.

The main aim of the article is to present several of the most important patterns of modernization of the urban space in Warsaw in the post-1989 period, with particular emphasis on the different ways of treating the objects typical of late modernism, also called socmodernism, in the Third Reich. The reflections refer to the four types of social change identified in the context of historical institutionalism: survival and return; reproduction by adaptation; gradual transformation; breakdown and replacement. The author for his part distinguishes four general and seven more specific modernization options and shows their different urban-architectural examples, being present in Warsaw public space.

The subject under discussion is the problem of publications on the relationship between the e-government implementation process and the ability to compete. Today, it is estimated that the key objective of the informatisation of public administration at both central and local levels, is the preparation and implementation of electronic public services for citizens and businesses productively and efficiently. The e-government vision presented by the European Commission, and gradually implemented through EU Member States shows, that the process of developing e-government should serve as a tool to support the processes of governance. Projects related to the informatisation may influence the improvement of the education system and health services, create jobs, change how resources are managed, reduce transaction costs and the overall transformation of institutional nature. The currently used measuring tools of benefits from the implementation of public e-services and general development of e-government do not always show directly whether they are generated. The purpose of the publication is to identify and evaluate currently used indicators of electronic administration development in the context of measuring the benefits of this process, which are significant for improving the country's competitiveness in the international arena. ; Przedmiotem rozważań zawartych w publikacji jest problematyka zależności między procesem wdrażania administracji elektronicznej a zdolnością konkurencyjną kraju. Współcześnie ocenia się, że kluczowym celem informatyzacji administracji publicznej, zarówno na szczeblu centralnym, jak i lokalnym, jest produktywne i efektywne przygotowanie oraz wdrożenie elektronicznych usług publicznych dla obywateli i przedsiębiorstw. Wizja e-administracji przedstawiona przez Komisję Europejską oraz stopniowo realizowana przez państwa członkowskie UE ukazuje, że proces rozwoju e-administracji powinien służyć jako narzędzie wspomagające procesy rządzenia. Projekty związane z informatyzacją mogą wpływać m.in. na poprawę systemu edukacji i służby zdrowia, tworzenie nowych miejsc pracy, zmianę sposobów zarządzania zasobami, zmniejszenie kosztów transakcyjnych i ogólne przemiany instytucjonalne. Stosowane obecnie narzędzia pomiaru korzyści wynikających z wdrażania e-usług publicznych i ogólnie rozwoju e-administracji nie zawsze ukazują je wprost. Celem publikacji jest zidentyfikowanie i ocenienie stosowanych obecnie mierników stopnia rozwoju administracji elektronicznej w kontekście pomiaru korzyści wynikających z tego procesu, mających znaczenie dla poprawy konkurencyjności państwa na arenie międzynarodowej.