The article analyzes the political conflict – the clash and confrontation of different socio-political forces and political actors in their quest to realize their goals and interests, primarily related to the struggle for power, redistribution and change of their political status. It is noted that the management of political conflict is the activity of certain actors to resolve the conflict, or harmonize its course in order to rationally achieve the goals of the participants in the current political process. Investigate the specifics of mediation and reveal aspects of mediation as one of the modern solutions to political conflicts. Investigate the specifics of mediation and reveal aspects of mediation as one of the modern solutions to political conflicts. The aim of the article is to analyze the specifics of mediation and reveal aspects of mediation as one of the modern ways of resolving political conflicts. Political mediation - a form of mediation of the phenomena of political life – a solidarity component of the interaction of power structures and social forces, which helps to resolve contradictions in favour of the positive development of the state and society, interstate relations. The task of mediators is not to make an arbitral award or a verdict. Rather, it is up to the parties to the conflict to make a decision that best suits their interests. As a result of the agreement reached, everyone should win. Research has shown that considering the history of mediation as an effective technology for resolving political conflicts, the following definition can be made: Mediation is an effective method of resolving political conflicts involving a third (neutral) party that is only interested in resolved their conflict.
Тhe article analyses the main methods of management personnel is represented in the works of domestic and foreign works, are allocated to the social aspects of regulation and impact on the achievement of efficient use of labor potential of the company. Examines the socio-psychological methods of management and submitted their detailed classification . Conclusions are made about the need for a new vision of the role of employees in the activity of the agricultural enterprises and search methods, and strengthening their capacity
Popular methods of fair division are studied in qualification (bachelor's) work. It is shown which method approaches the most optimal result while having a minimiz ed number of options. An effective method for making decisions on the example of solving the problem in a democratic way has been established ; У кваліфікаційній (бакалавріатській) роботі досліжено популярні методи справедливого поділу. Показано, який метод наближує до максимально оптимального результату при цьому маючи мінімізовану кількість варіантів. Встановлено ефективний метод при прийняті рішення на прикладі вирішення питання демократичним шляхом.
У статті проаналізовано, систематизовано та узагальнено найбільш поширені методи психологічного впливу на поведінку споживача, які можуть використовуватися в рекламі. Розкрито сутність і особливості кожного із методів. Особливу увагу приділено способам і технологіям використання даних методів в сучасній рекламі для формування необхідної поведінки споживачів. Визначено ситуації, в яких застосування окремих методів є найбільш дієвими, та фактори, які впливають на їх використання. Дане дослідження носить теоретично-практичний характер. На основі досліджень підприємства і рекламодавці зможуть ознайомитися з аспектами сучасної теорії і практики психології щодо реклами та краще зорієнтуватися в сучасному рекламному виробництві. Також результати дослідження допоможуть зрозуміти яка реклама, яким чином і який вплив здійснює на психіку людини для того, щоб створювати психологічно грамотну і ефективну рекламу. ; Modern advertising is aimed to change the customers' behavior to goods on the market and stimulate them to do the purchase of it. Advertising is one of the main means to impact on the customers' behaviour, to obtain a benefit and effective tools for development of an individual company and field in total. Advertising has a significant psychological and socio-cultural impact on customers, inducing them to certain actions. From the point of view of psychology, advertising is one of the possible mediators between the need and is the subject that could satisfy it. The various methods of psychological impact on the customer are used to increase the advertising impact and effectiveness of the advertisement itself. Such methods are persuasion, suggestion, psychoanalytic method, ericonic hypnosis, neurolinguistic programming, linguistic manipulation, socio-psychological settings, stereotypes, identification, mechanism of "aureola", imitation, psychological infection, advertising shows and technology of the 25th frame. In the article we have revealed the essence and features of each method. We paid special attention to the methods and technologies of using these methods in modern advertising to form the necessary consumers' behavior. We have found that the attitude of scientists and practitioners to use of these methods is ambiguous. Some are convinced of the efficiency and utility of these methods. The second, on the contrary, argue that the use of most methods is ineffective, because the main driving force of consumers' behavior is the objective needs of man. Others believe that the effectiveness of methods of psychological influence depends on certain circumstances, as well as the level, nature and technology of using the methods themselves. We concluded that in the process of creating modern advertising used and closely intertwined various methods of psychological influence, the nature of which can be positive and negative. Psychologically competent, positive advertising does not destroy the psyche and promotes the formation of positive thinking of the consumer. Positive advertising is a psychologically competent advertisement that attracts the attention of the customer, shapes his behavior, and shows the benefits of the product, the uniqueness, the need for the product through the knowledge of the basics of psychology, and elementary information about the psychology of the individual. The research of methods of psychological influence and possibilities of their use in advertising involves the solution of a number of topical issues: scientific, technological, ethical, legislative and others. This research is theoretically practical. On the basis of a research, companies and advertisers will be able to get acquainted with the aspects of modern theory and practice of psychology with regard to advertising and better orientation in modern advertising production. Also, the results of the study will help you understand what is advertising, how and which impact does on the human psyche in order to create psychologically competent and effective advertising.
The article considers theoretical, methodical and organizational aspects of teaching of economic disciplines in the modern college. The role of innovative approaches and active methods of teaching of economic disciplines in formation of readiness of future specialists to professional activity, their economic thinking and economic behavior is clarified. The necessity of the use of interactive methods of teaching of economic disciplines for students of the college is grounded. The methods of interactive learning and their organizational-methodical forms are considered, which are the most optimal for application in a certain type of occupations during preparation of specialists. The use of the latest technologies in the practical work of teachers of economic disciplines, in particular, their use in lectures and practical classes during the study of the courses "Economic Theory" and "Political Economy" at the Volyn College of the National University of Food Technologies was analyzed. It is determined that interactive methods of teaching intensify the student's attention, his creative abilities, develop his ability to communicate and defend his thoughts and positions, create favorable conditions for the student's education in the group, his self-education, and the establishment of constructive partnerships among all subjects of the educational process.
The article deals with the algorithm of the vehicle driver control activity using the method of logic-probabilistic modeling. When performing military automobile transporting in conditions of intense traffic flow, in conditions of performance of military-combat tasks the driver undergoes a significant amount of visual and auditory influences, the frequency of which increases significantly in situations that can cause incidents of traffic accidents. The driver is the operator of the system «driver-car-road-environment», the service processes are mainly reduced to the reception and analysis of operational information, decision-making that controls the actions and control of their implementation. Lack of time and necessary information, intense and uneven information load while driving the vehicle leads to the development of the driver psychological stress. At the same time, the important psycho-physiological characteristics of the driver deteriorate substantially, such as a complicated motor reaction, characterized by the average duration of response time, emotional stability and stability of attention. The factors that determine the possibility of traffic accidents, among others, include driver's level of qualification, his physical and psycho-physiological characteristics. In this case, the term of the reaction of the driver, which is an integral indicator of the visual-motor system, is of great importance. A long reaction time increases the risk of road traffic accidents which can cause both material and human losses. The car is the object of management in the «driver-car-road-environment» system. In recent years there is a continuous increase in the number of cars and improving their speed characteristics. In this regard, the safe operation of a modern car requires the use of modern pedagogical tools and training methods for drivers. In these conditions, not the knowledge of its design is essential for the effective operation of the car, but the knowledge of its properties as an object of management, understanding the role of automatic systems, the ability to perform operations with the control of these systems, the ideas about changing the properties of the car in the case of the failure of such systems. The safety of the vehicle driving depends on the psychological characteristics of drivers, the ability to perceive unexpected information quickly and respond to itadequately. Vision, hearing and touch are the most important channels of perception of information. The level of safe driving depends on the characteristics of mental processes, such as: attention, memory, thinking, psychomotor, sensation and perception, since they play an important role in the vehicle driving. Estimation of the driver's activity in terms of the degree of complexity of the driving of motor vehicles of standard sizes and the nature of the route must be complex, taking into account the design features of the control of vehicles and conditions of movement on the route. It must be carried out in different ways and take into account its various components. During the work the driver performs a large number of actions which seem to be quite simple such as pedaling, pressing the levers, turning on and off the toggle switches, turning the steering wheel. All these driving actions are carried out in a certain order, depending on typical traffic situations. During the operation, the driver performs a large number of motor activities, and the amount of effort applied to the control of the car, is quite large and different. Therefore, it is advisable not just to take into account the typical actions of the driver, but to estimate them by the amount of the efforts applied to the control of the car. A significant disadvantage of this method is the disregard for technical factors that affect the complexity of the driver activity of vehicle management (overall length, gross vehicle weight, type of gearbox design). It should also be noted that the nature of the connection between the complexity of the official driver activity and fuel consumption can be different. For example, considering the movement of a vehicle with a variable longitudinal profile of the traffic route, it can be noted that fuel consumption is greater when moving on the rise, and the difficulty, on the contrary, when driving on the descent. Comparison of fuel consumption and complexity of vehicle control processes, equipped with a hydro mechanical gearbox and conventional mechanical gear shows that fuel economy is less, and the complexity of the driving is lower. The use of methods of algorithmic analysis in road transport is a scientifically grounded method, an analysis of working processes with the introduction of their quantitative characteristics, having a certain psycho physiological content. The principle of this method is to decompose the work process into qualitatively different elemental components. The work of the car driver is presented as a logical activity, consisting of a set of actions and operational units of information. Examples of application of the algorithm and evaluation of the driver's activity on the control of the vehicle are considered.
The article deals with the algorithm of the vehicle driver control activity using the method of logic-probabilistic modeling. When performing military automobile transporting in conditions of intense traffic flow, in conditions of performance of military-combat tasks the driver undergoes a significant amount of visual and auditory influences, the frequency of which increases significantly in situations that can cause incidents of traffic accidents. The driver is the operator of the system «driver-car-road-environment», the service processes are mainly reduced to the reception and analysis of operational information, decision-making that controls the actions and control of their implementation. Lack of time and necessary information, intense and uneven information load while driving the vehicle leads to the development of the driver psychological stress. At the same time, the important psycho-physiological characteristics of the driver deteriorate substantially, such as a complicated motor reaction, characterized by the average duration of response time, emotional stability and stability of attention. The factors that determine the possibility of traffic accidents, among others, include driver's level of qualification, his physical and psycho-physiological characteristics. In this case, the term of the reaction of the driver, which is an integral indicator of the visual-motor system, is of great importance. A long reaction time increases the risk of road traffic accidents which can cause both material and human losses. The car is the object of management in the «driver-car-road-environment» system. In recent years there is a continuous increase in the number of cars and improving their speed characteristics. In this regard, the safe operation of a modern car requires the use of modern pedagogical tools and training methods for drivers. In these conditions, not the knowledge of its design is essential for the effective operation of the car, but the knowledge of its properties as an object of management, understanding the role of automatic systems, the ability to perform operations with the control of these systems, the ideas about changing the properties of the car in the case of the failure of such systems. The safety of the vehicle driving depends on the psychological characteristics of drivers, the ability to perceive unexpected information quickly and respond to itadequately. Vision, hearing and touch are the most important channels of perception of information. The level of safe driving depends on the characteristics of mental processes, such as: attention, memory, thinking, psychomotor, sensation and perception, since they play an important role in the vehicle driving. Estimation of the driver's activity in terms of the degree of complexity of the driving of motor vehicles of standard sizes and the nature of the route must be complex, taking into account the design features of the control of vehicles and conditions of movement on the route. It must be carried out in different ways and take into account its various components. During the work the driver performs a large number of actions which seem to be quite simple such as pedaling, pressing the levers, turning on and off the toggle switches, turning the steering wheel. All these driving actions are carried out in a certain order, depending on typical traffic situations. During the operation, the driver performs a large number of motor activities, and the amount of effort applied to the control of the car, is quite large and different. Therefore, it is advisable not just to take into account the typical actions of the driver, but to estimate them by the amount of the efforts applied to the control of the car. A significant disadvantage of this method is the disregard for technical factors that affect the complexity of the driver activity of vehicle management (overall length, gross vehicle weight, type of gearbox design). It should also be noted that the nature of the connection between the complexity of the official driver activity and fuel consumption can be different. For example, considering the movement of a vehicle with a variable longitudinal profile of the traffic route, it can be noted that fuel consumption is greater when moving on the rise, and the difficulty, on the contrary, when driving on the descent. Comparison of fuel consumption and complexity of vehicle control processes, equipped with a hydro mechanical gearbox and conventional mechanical gear shows that fuel economy is less, and the complexity of the driving is lower. The use of methods of algorithmic analysis in road transport is a scientifically grounded method, an analysis of working processes with the introduction of their quantitative characteristics, having a certain psycho physiological content. The principle of this method is to decompose the work process into qualitatively different elemental components. The work of the car driver is presented as a logical activity, consisting of a set of actions and operational units of information. Examples of application of the algorithm and evaluation of the driver's activity on the control of the vehicle are considered.
Any mathematical model is the interpretation of natural, technological, mental process in mathematical language. In scientific researches one faces interpretations method at every step. It is sufficient to mention the graph theory, analytic geometry, differential equations, Laplace transformation, Fourier transformation, encoding theory etc. As a rule in the interpretations method the problem of one branch of mathematics is interpreted in other branch, where it is either simplified or better responds to our intuition or allows usage of other approaches etc. We paid our attention to Gaussian quadratures not only because they are used in modern standard programs of integration. We made sure that there is certain didactic potential in Gaussian quadratures, which can be useful for those who study and teach mathematical modelling. We have selected problems in which nodes of Gaussian quadrature appear unexpectedly as a result of received solution. Traditionally the search of nodes and weighting factors of Gaussian quadrature involves making and solving the system of (non-linear!) algebraic equations, while simple mathematical folklore requires more 'trivial' proves which are good for simple understanding. Simple quadrature formula of Gauss (two nodes of integration) has been reviewed in the work. Examples of problems which contain latent connection to Gaussian quadrature are given. These problems are peculiar combination of simplicity and non-triviality in which a reader can find something interesting to his/her taste. It is natural that every problem is formulated on two 'canonic' intervals: [-1, 1] and [0, 1], to cover two versions of quadrature: Gauss-Legendre and Gauss-Bernoulli ones. Reviewed examples give new subjects for reflections and observations. It is worth noting that approaches suggested in the work has been successfully tested for 'clearness + briefness + convenience' among students of higher education institutions. We agree with the point of view of Lithuanian mathematician R. Kashuba who thinks that interpolations method contributes to spread of democracy because it improves the ability to change point of view. ; Будь-яка математична модель насправді є інтерпретацією природного, технологічного, розумового процесу математичною мовою. В наукових дослідженнях метод інтерпретацій зустрічається на кожному кроці. Достатньо нагадати про теорію графів, аналітичну геометрію, диференціальні рівняння, перетворення Лапласа, швидке перетворення Фур'є, теорію кодування тощо. В методі інтерпретацій, як правило, задача однієї області математики інтерпретується в іншій області, де вона або спрощується, або більше відповідає нашій інтуїції, або дозволяє використання інших підходів і т. ін. Ми звернули увагу на квадратури Гаусса не тільки тому, що саме вони використовуються в сучасних стандартних програмах інтегрування. Ми переконалися, що в квадратурах Гаусса є певний дидактичний потенціал, який може бути корисним для тих, хто вчиться і навчає математичному моделюванню. У роботі розглядається проста квадратурна формула Гаусса (два вузли інтегрування). Наведено приклади задач, в яких існує латентний зв'язок із квадратурою Гаусса. Ці задачі – своєрідна комбінація простоти і нетривіальності, в якій читач може знайти щось цікаве на свій смак. Природно, що кожна задача формулюється на двох "канонічних" інтервалах: [-1, 1] і [0, 1], щоб охопити дві версії квадратури: Гаусса-Лежандра і Гаусса-Бернуллі.
У статті розглянуто застосування методу стискаючих відображень та методу послідовних наближень на прикладі фрактального стиску зображень, вказано загальний алгоритм фрактального кодування зображень і його переваги та обґрунтовано важливість вивчення даного питання студентами закладів вищої освіти, зокрема студентами фізико-математичних факультетів педагогічних університетів. У обчислювальній математиці виникає багато задач, що можна звести до відшукання нерухомої точки відображення. Для цього використовують метод послідовних наближень (метод ітерацій), в основу якого покладено принцип стискаючих відображень. Цей принцип застосовують до доведення теорем про існування та єдиність розв'язків деяких типів диференціальних і інтегральних рівнянь; він також дозволяє розв'язувати наукові проблеми в алгебрі, геометрії, фізиці, медицині, інформатиці, у теорії фракталів тощо. Серед переваг фрактального методу стиснення зображення можна виділити такі: він здатний забезпечити найкраще співвідношення ступеня стиснення та якості відновленого зображення; має короткий час розпакування; надає можливість відновлювати лише частину зображення і будь-якого розміру; має широкі можливості у виборі параметрів стиску. На сучасному етапі стиск даних є важливим як для швидкості передачі, так і ефективності зберігання. Він застосовується у медицині для реконструкції зображень у комп'ютерній томографії, до того ж крім багатьох видів комерційного використання, технології стиску є важливими й для військових потреб. Отже, метод стискаючих відображень має досить широке коло використання та відіграє велику роль у нашому житті. Одним із прикладів його застосування є фрактальне кодування зображень. Знання даного методу дозволить спеціалістам з фізико-математичних спеціальностей застосовувати його при розв'язуванні прикладних задач, а майбутні вчителі зможуть пояснити учням математичний апарат на якому побудовані сучасні технології в багатьох галузях життя. ; The article considered application of the method of compression mappings and the method of successive approximation on the example fractal compression of images, a general algorithm for fractal coding of images is indicated and its advantages and the importance of studying this issue by students of higher educational institutions, in particular students of the physics and mathematics faculties of pedagogical universities, is substantiated. There are many problems in computational mathematics that can be reduced to finding a fixed point of reflection. To do this, use the method of sequential approximations (method of iterations), which is based on the principle of compression mappings. This principle is applied to the proof of the theorems on the existence and uniqueness of solutions of certain types of differential and integral equations; it also allows you to solve scientific problems in algebra, geometry, physics, medicine, computer science, fractal theory, and more. Among the advantages of the fractal image compression method are the following: it is able to provide the best ratio of compression ratio and quality of the reconstructed image; has a short unpacking time; provides the ability to restore only part of the image and any size; has a wide range of compression options. At the current stage, data compression is important for both transfer speed and storage efficiency. It is used in medicine for the reconstruction of images in computed tomography, and in addition to many commercial uses, compression technology is also important for military use. So, compression mapping has a wide range of uses and plays a big role in our lives. One example of its application is fractal image encoding. Knowledge of this method will allow specialists in physical and mathematical specialties to apply it when solving applied problems, and future teachers will be able to explain to students the mathematical apparatus on which modern technologies in many branches of life are built.
The last time the questions of location of pharmaceutical right are acquired by more intent attention outside, both legists and organizers of фармации. Thus, actual is fundamental determinations of independence of such field of law as pharmaceutical right. The aim of work is determinations of criteria of existence of pharmaceutical right as a historical and modern going is studied independent industry near classification of criteria of the national system of right. By means of such methods as an analysis, synthesis, it is set that an object and method of the legal adjusting come forward the basic criteria of determination of independence of the field of law. As a job performance the necessity of preparation of project of law of Ukraine is marked «About pharmaceutical activity», that first, was to the pre-lodge authors as early as 2001 and published in a magazine «Pharmacy» (2001–2002). At one time there were many different interpretations of concept «Pharmaceutical activity». It is well-proven that most exhaustive, is determinations of this concept in the release of scientists of the National pharmaceutical university, that gave encyclopedic exposition of interpretation of this concept. Attention is accented, that discussions round a pharmaceutical glossary and, in general to the standards of European Union it is proceeded modernisation, harmonization and имплементации of pharmaceutical right till now. A presence is reasonable at a pharmaceutical right for an independent object and methods. From them an object comes forward basic exactly, and an adjusting method comes forward as an additional criterion. It testifies to existence of pharmaceutical right as independent industry. The reasonable criteria of existence of pharmaceutical right allow in further to pass to consideration of other independent signs – existence of science, industry of legislation, questions of complex branch character of industry and also correlation of pharmaceutical right with other tangents of right by industries, first of all with a medical right. ; В последнее время вопросы определения места фармацевтического права привлекают все более пристальное внимание со стороны как правоведов, так и организаторов фармации. Таким образом, актуальным является принципиальное определения самостоятельности такой отрасли права как фармацевтическое право. Целью работы является определения критериев существования фармацевтического права как самостоятельной отрасли, изучены исторические и современные подходы к классификации критериев национальной системы права. С помощью таких методов как анализ, синтез, историко-правовой установлено, что основными критериями определения самостоятельности отрасли права выступают предмет и метод правового регулирования. В качестве результата работы отмечается необходимость подготовки проекта закона Украины «О фармацевтической деятельности», который впервые был предложен авторами еще в 2001 г. и опубликован в журнале «Аптека» (2001–2002гг.). В свое время были разные толкования понятия «фармацевтическая деятельность». Доказано, что наиболее исчерпывающим является определения этого понятия в редакции ученых Национального фармацевтического университета, которые дали энциклопедическое изложение толкования этого понятия. Акцентируется внимание, что дискуссии вокруг фармацевтического глоссария и, вообще, модернизации, гармонизации и имплементации фармацевтического права к стандартам Европейского Союза продолжаются и до этого времени. Обосновано наличие у фармацевтического права самостоятельного предмета и методов. Из них основным выступает именно предмет, а метод регулирования выступает как дополнительный критерий. Это свидетельствует о существовании фармацевтического права как самостоятельной отрасли.
UK: Стаття відображає теоретичне бачення ефективних методів управління розвитком освіти. Процес управління розглянуто з точки зору усіх можливих учасників освітнього процесу, та їх дії щодо реформ цього процесу. Детально розглянуто усі можливі методи і форми управління освітою, як адміністративні так й економічні (податкові, бюджетні та інші). Відображено зв'язок методів с об'єктом та суб'єктом управління. Ретельно розглянуто визначення методів з їх соціальної природи. Виділені й соціально-психологічні методи. Враховано зв'язок між методами та законодавством, та їх закріплення у роботі освітньої сфери. Зроблені висновки щодо зв'язку цих методів один до одного в Україні, їх схожість та необхідне розділення. Їх властивості, як економічних й вольових, так і соціально-психологічних. EN: This article reflects a theoretical vision of effective methods for managing educational development. The management process is considered from the perspective of all possible participants in the educational process, and their actions regarding the reforms of this process. All possible methods and forms of educational management, both administrative and economic (tax, budgetary and others) are considered in detail. The communication between the methods and the entity is displayed. Definitions of methods for their social nature are carefully considered. Selected and socio-psychological methods. The connection between methods and legislation and their consolidation in the field of education are taken into account. The conclusions about the connection of these methods to each other in Ukraine, their similarity and the necessary separation. Their properties, both economic and volitional, and socio-psychological. Public administration is a key concept in education, and it plays a vital role in ensuring that educational policies and their implementation proceed smoothly from top to bottom, that is, from the ministry of education to the grassroots. It also provides leaders with a platform to understand the educational challenges that grass-roots people face. The purpose of the article is to a concrete picture of the fact that public administration helps to plan and develop appropriate educational policies conducive to the development of education. In addition, it allows education administrators to develop a strategy for providing education to the public. Public administration methods are very important for the planning and development of education, and also allows state administrators to design and develop a curriculum that prepares students for public service. However, if there is no strategy for implementing plans and policies, nothing can be achieved. To summarize, we can observe and note that public administration methods are crucial for managing the education sector. In addition, the use of state management methods led to the decentralization of the education sector, and we have witnessed the unhindered passage of education. Moreover, in order to end with an important observation, the Ministry of Education plans to develop a curriculum, and the responsibility of administrators is to plan and formulate a strategy for implementing the plans.
The article shows the effectiveness of informal education assistance as a method of young specialist`s anxiety overcoming study. The sample consisted of 150 people between the ages of 21 and 49, divided into three groups. The first group included 44 people, short-term students, the second group (60 people) – middle-term students, and the third group (46 people) – long-term informal education assistance courses. We used Spilberger-Khanin`s anxiety test to define the level of personal and situational anxiety. To define professional difficulties, we used a half-structured interview and self-report. Short-term educational programs students have a low level of personal anxiety and middle-level situational anxiety, which changed slightly after the educational program (the difference is insignificant). The members of this group, as usual, have about 2 years of work experience and apply for academic help on specific professional issues. Middle-term educational programs participants mostly do not have work experience are somewhat confused about their professional specialization (for example: «I want to work with children or with adults, I do not know», «I want certain instruments, but I am not sure if I need them»), do not see the point of an in-depth study that or another theme. At the beginning of the course, they have a high level of personal and situational anxiety. They try to get the basics for the future work, quite quickly overcome the confusion, in studying situational anxiety of this group decreased with a significant difference (p < 0.05). Examined members of long-term educational programs have a middle level of individual and situational anxiety at the beginning. They try to understand many professional issues and feel tension and confusion. Situational anxiety in this group decreased with a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the process of studying. Members of this group feel the necessity to set goals and to plan their professional activity (for example: «I do not know where to start», «I do not understand why we need to do this», «I need consistency in work»), that is why they choose programs with a significant substance and content. The proposed system of educational assistance is based on the problem-oriented approach. We have identified the lack of beginner's practical skills, tools, and professional activity techniques as the main problem that leads to difficulties during a professional crisis. We suppose that overcoming this deficit affects changes in specialists' activity quality and their psycho-emotional condition. Our study results suggest that the proposed program of informal education has a positive effect on overcoming anxiety during the professional development crisis.
Introduction. A key element of the study of economic relations in the high-quality animal products market is the disclosure of the theoretical and methodological bases of pricing. Pricing processes directly affect the results of public reproduction in the agricultural sector, determine the satisfaction of the population's needs for basic animal products. The problems of securing high rates of livestock intensification in the current conditions and raising the standard of living of the population cannot be solved without establishing an effective pricing mechanism and harmonization of price proportions in the agro-industrial complex.The purpose of the article is to determine the principles and methods of pricing for high quality animal products in modern conditions.Results. The need to develop a systematic concept of price based on the study of the impact on the price of a number of interrelated factors is substantiated. To substantiate this concept, the toolkit for the concept of alternative value of goods was used. It is proved that price is a form of monetary value of goods. It is formed under the influence of a system of pricing factors (economic, technological, psychological, political, etc.) that have different orientations and potentials of influence depending on a particular situation for a certain period of time. The pricing process is related not only to production but also to market conditions. The principles and methods of pricing for high quality livestock products in modern conditions are determined. The basic principles of pricing, along with the scientific, goal-oriented, continuity, include the principles of proportionality and adequacy. It is concluded that the application of pricing methods with a focus on demand and competition in the context of large scale falsification of products, with the predominance of oligopolistic environment does not ensure the establishment of a price for high quality animal products, which will guarantee at least a simple reproduction.Originality. Theoretical approaches to substantiating the systematic concept of pricing for high-quality livestock products have been further developed. Such approaches are a logical continuation of the part of economic theory that has been called value theory by prominent representatives of economic thought. A conceptual clause has been formed whereby value as an economic category expresses the subjective aspect of the perception of the goods, both by the consumer (on the basis of its usefulness, rarity), and by the producer (on the basis of awareness of the alternative value of the goods, i.e. the value of lost opportunities from alternative use of resources).Conclusions. The existing animal husbandry support methods in Ukraine are insufficient and ineffective and do not provide equivalent cross-sectoral exchange. Partial compensation for interest rates on loans, some subsidies for livestock production and milk production, and partial compensation for fixed assets indirectly influence the increase in animal products production. For a commodity producer, the main motive for his activity is to obtain income from the sale of products, at the expense of which it is possible to cover the available costs. Therefore, the most rational method of stimulating the production of high quality animal products is the introduction of a mechanism of government support for purchase prices, which will create economic interest in increasing its output and sale.
В статті розглядається проблема нейтралізації загроз національній безпеці у кібернетичному просторі, що обумовлюється стрімким зростанням залежності державних та військових органів управління від використання автоматизованих систем управління, які є цілями здійснення кібернетичного впливу противника у разі ймовірного військово-політичного конфлікту.Розглянуто способи кібернетичного впливу на інформаційно-телекомунікаційні мережі, які включають несанкціонований доступ, що завдає збитків критично важливим інформаційним системам, ресурсам або інформації загального та приватного характеру шляхом порушення конфіденційності, цілісності та працездатності інформаційно-телекомунікаційних мереж, програмного забезпечення та цифрових даних.Стаття описує важливість забезпечення національної безпеки держави у кібернетичному просторі. Обґрунтовано актуальність та необхідність проведення розвідувальних заходів у кібернетичному просторі противника. Визначено етапи, складові та методи кібернетичної розвідки у кібернетичному просторі, а також критичні дані, які необхідно добути у ході проведення розвідувальних заходів для забезпечення командування інформацією про противника. Розглянуто порівняльні характеристики засобів розвідки кібернетичного простору та визначено критерії щодо їх побудови. Визначено основні переваги та недоліки активного та пасивного методу добування розвідувальних даних та запропоновано комплексний підхід використання переваг кожного методу, що дасть можливість підвищити ефективність проведення кібернетичної розвідки у інформаційно-телекомунікаційних мережах. ; В статье рассматривается проблема нейтрализации угроз национальной безопасности в кибернетическом пространстве, которая обусловливается стремительным ростом зависимости государственных и военных органов управления от использования автоматизированных систем управления, которые являются целями осуществления кибернетического воздействия противника в случае вероятного военно-политического конфликта.Рассмотрены способы кибернетического воздействия на информационно-телекоммуникационные сети, включающие несанкционированный доступ, что наносит ущерб критически важным информационным системам, ресурсам или информации общего и личного характера путем нарушения конфиденциальности, целостности и работоспособности информационно-телекоммуникационных сетей, программного обеспечения и цифровых данных.Статья описывает важность обеспечения национальной безопасности государства в кибернетическом пространстве. Обоснована актуальность и необходимость проведения разведывательных мероприятий в кибернетическом пространстве противника. Определены этапы, составляющие и методы кибернетической разведки в кибернетическом пространстве, а также критические данные, которые необходимо добыть в ходе проведения разведывательных мероприятий для обеспечения командования информацией о противнике. Рассмотрены сравнительные характеристики средств разведки кибернетического пространства и определены критерии для их построения. Определены основные преимущества и недостатки активного и пассивного метода добычи разведданных и предложен комплексный подход использования преимуществ каждого метода, что позволит повысить эффективность проведения кибернетической разведки в информационно-телекоммуникационных сетях. ; The article surveys the necessity of taking the measures to neutralize threats to national security in cyberspace, which are specified with the rapid growth of dependence of state and military authorities on the using of various automated control systems, which are the targets of the realization of cyber impact of enemy in case of a possible military-political conflict between countries.Every second, the dynamic processes take place in the cyberspace which are characterized some cybernetic activities – an action that provides access to various information resources or intelligence activities with the using of software and information networks for the purpose of collecting information about information systems and resources of enemy.Cyber influence is considered, which includes unauthorized access, which causes damage to critical information systems, to resources or general information and personal appointment by a breach of confidentiality, integrity and efficiency of information and information and telecommunication networks software, digital data, which provides a range of consumer services (telecommunication or information services).This article describes the importance of national security in the cyberspace. It is justified the urgency and the necessity of intelligence activities in cyberspace of the enemy in this article. It is defined the stages, components and the methods of cybernetic intelligence in cyberspace and critical data is identified which must be collected in the realization of intelligence activities for providing the headquarters with information gathered about the enemy. It is considered comparative characteristics of intelligence in cyberspace and it is determined the main criteria for their construction. The main advantages and disadvantages of active and passive method of intelligence gathering and integrated approach are proposed with the benefits of each method, which will allow increasing the efficiency of cybernetic intelligence in information and telecommunication networks.
В статті розглядається проблема нейтралізації загроз національній безпеці у кібернетичному просторі, що обумовлюється стрімким зростанням залежності державних та військових органів управління від використання автоматизованих систем управління, які є цілями здійснення кібернетичного впливу противника у разі ймовірного військово-політичного конфлікту.Розглянуто способи кібернетичного впливу на інформаційно-телекомунікаційні мережі, які включають несанкціонований доступ, що завдає збитків критично важливим інформаційним системам, ресурсам або інформації загального та приватного характеру шляхом порушення конфіденційності, цілісності та працездатності інформаційно-телекомунікаційних мереж, програмного забезпечення та цифрових даних.Стаття описує важливість забезпечення національної безпеки держави у кібернетичному просторі. Обґрунтовано актуальність та необхідність проведення розвідувальних заходів у кібернетичному просторі противника. Визначено етапи, складові та методи кібернетичної розвідки у кібернетичному просторі, а також критичні дані, які необхідно добути у ході проведення розвідувальних заходів для забезпечення командування інформацією про противника. Розглянуто порівняльні характеристики засобів розвідки кібернетичного простору та визначено критерії щодо їх побудови. Визначено основні переваги та недоліки активного та пасивного методу добування розвідувальних даних та запропоновано комплексний підхід використання переваг кожного методу, що дасть можливість підвищити ефективність проведення кібернетичної розвідки у інформаційно-телекомунікаційних мережах. ; В статье рассматривается проблема нейтрализации угроз национальной безопасности в кибернетическом пространстве, которая обусловливается стремительным ростом зависимости государственных и военных органов управления от использования автоматизированных систем управления, которые являются целями осуществления кибернетического воздействия противника в случае вероятного военно-политического конфликта.Рассмотрены способы кибернетического воздействия на информационно-телекоммуникационные сети, включающие несанкционированный доступ, что наносит ущерб критически важным информационным системам, ресурсам или информации общего и личного характера путем нарушения конфиденциальности, целостности и работоспособности информационно-телекоммуникационных сетей, программного обеспечения и цифровых данных.Статья описывает важность обеспечения национальной безопасности государства в кибернетическом пространстве. Обоснована актуальность и необходимость проведения разведывательных мероприятий в кибернетическом пространстве противника. Определены этапы, составляющие и методы кибернетической разведки в кибернетическом пространстве, а также критические данные, которые необходимо добыть в ходе проведения разведывательных мероприятий для обеспечения командования информацией о противнике. Рассмотрены сравнительные характеристики средств разведки кибернетического пространства и определены критерии для их построения. Определены основные преимущества и недостатки активного и пассивного метода добычи разведданных и предложен комплексный подход использования преимуществ каждого метода, что позволит повысить эффективность проведения кибернетической разведки в информационно-телекоммуникационных сетях. ; The article surveys the necessity of taking the measures to neutralize threats to national security in cyberspace, which are specified with the rapid growth of dependence of state and military authorities on the using of various automated control systems, which are the targets of the realization of cyber impact of enemy in case of a possible military-political conflict between countries.Every second, the dynamic processes take place in the cyberspace which are characterized some cybernetic activities – an action that provides access to various information resources or intelligence activities with the using of software and information networks for the purpose of collecting information about information systems and resources of enemy.Cyber influence is considered, which includes unauthorized access, which causes damage to critical information systems, to resources or general information and personal appointment by a breach of confidentiality, integrity and efficiency of information and information and telecommunication networks software, digital data, which provides a range of consumer services (telecommunication or information services).This article describes the importance of national security in the cyberspace. It is justified the urgency and the necessity of intelligence activities in cyberspace of the enemy in this article. It is defined the stages, components and the methods of cybernetic intelligence in cyberspace and critical data is identified which must be collected in the realization of intelligence activities for providing the headquarters with information gathered about the enemy. It is considered comparative characteristics of intelligence in cyberspace and it is determined the main criteria for their construction. The main advantages and disadvantages of active and passive method of intelligence gathering and integrated approach are proposed with the benefits of each method, which will allow increasing the efficiency of cybernetic intelligence in information and telecommunication networks.
