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How to theorize communication in social sciences? This text has two goals. First, to rely on the work of Louis Quéré, revealing the strengths and weaknesses of the two dominant models of two dominant models: an epistemological model enrolling the theory of information and cybernetics in an instrumental aim; a political model that aims at inter-understanding at the service of self-determination of the citizens in the elaboration of norms that govern them. Moreover, we wish to add to this review, two models which go beyond the limits of the first two approaches: a praxeological model that relies on praxis as an organizing activity of shared perspectives; a model of incommunication that reverses the situation and makes the impossibility of achieving intercomprehension the norm.

The chemical effects which result from the passage of energetic atoms through liquid or gaseous media, have been studied by means of exact methods of the theory of probability. The distribution function for the number of hot products has been determined in terms of the efficiency of reaction upon collision.

Two phenomenological diffusion theories based, respectively, on thermodynamics of irreversible processes and on a dynamical method are compared.
It is shown that both formulations correctly describe the diffusion process, and that the selection of the appropriate scheme for a particular problem is a matter of convenience. The formulation according to irreversible thermodynamics appears, however, -preferable for problems involving the differential diffusion equation.
The matrix of coefficients connecting the two formulations is calculated explicitly in a form applicable to all reference frames for the bulk velocity.

Defining generalised functions products by analytic continuation, a two-point function whose mass distribution is positive may be used in the non linear spinor theory. As an application, we show that in an approximation where only strong interactions are considered — so that no imaginary parts have to be neglected, correct values for the π and η meson masses (and eventually, using enough parameters, for the meson nucleon coupling constants) may be obtained, in the first order of the new Tamm-Dancoff method, if the mass distribution is positive ; if not, it seems that the contribution of the negative part must be negligible.

The purpose of this article is to highlight the main contributions of the experimental method to the economic analysis of the law. The experimental method shall be designed to replicate a predefined microeconomic environment and observe the behaviour of real individuals interacting within that environment. Observed behaviours can thus be confronted with theoretical predictions of the underlying models. The purpose of this article is precisely to present a number of illustrations from this confrontation. The presentation addressed in turn the question of the validity of the Coase theory, the study of competition policy, the effectiveness of dispute resolution methods and the analysis of criminal behaviour. ; International audience This article summarizes the main contributions of experimental economics to the field of law and economics. Laboratory experiments are designed so as to replicate a microeconomic environment and to observe the behaviour of real people interacting in this environment. Observed behaviour can, then, be contrasted with theoretical predictions to assess their empirical relevance. We review four streams of research in experimental law and economics: the Coase Theorem, competition policy, the efficiency of dispute resolution mechanisms, and criminal behaviour. ; The purpose of this article is to highlight the main contributions of the experimental method to the economic analysis of the law. The experimental method shall be designed to replicate a predefined microeconomic environment and observe the behaviour of real individuals interacting within that environment. Observed behaviours can thus be confronted with theoretical predictions of the underlying models. The purpose of this article is precisely to present a number of illustrations from this confrontation. The presentation addressed in turn the question of the validity of the Coase theory, the study of competition policy, the effectiveness of dispute resolution methods and the analysis of criminal behaviour. ; L'objectif de cet article ...

This article, which introduces this special issue of Politix about Government coalitions, purposes a critical survey of the main studies in this active field of political sciences. In the first part, we show how coalition theory has been developed as (something of) a self-containing field of study since the pioneering works of William Riker. This work, which is marked by the influence of positivism and rational choice paradigm, has influenced most of the later coalition studies. Recently, many stimulating developments have taken into account new variables and refined the analysis in order to analyze coalition governance. In the second part, we argue that, despite this evolution, only a radical shift toward a sociological approach of coalitions enables to improve the knowledge on 'coalition life' and 'coalition governance'. The papers gathered in this Politix issue, based on various field studies, show that this sociological shift opens up new ways for research (subjective experience of coalition, coalitions inclination to autonomy). Adapted from the source document.

In this article I explore the historical and intellectual origins of the functional theory of European integration. By drawing on a dual body of scholarship, one dedicated to World War One and the other to the political process of European integration, I identify the socio-economic and cultural context which gave birth to the influential functionalist paradigm first theorized explicitly by David Mitrany. However, the biography and autobiography of Jean Monnet -the principal architect, administrator and promoter of the European Communities in the first decades after World War Two- support the idea that the intellectual rudiments of the functionalist approach go back to the practical experience of joint (Atlantic) Allied economic war planning during World War One. These executive economic committees acted indeed as a training ground for a new type of technocratic European elite, who will afterwards populate the interwar executive bodies of the League of Nations and, finally, the new (Western) European institutions.