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Half Title -- Series Information -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Figures and Tables -- Introduction: Steps Forward or Backwards? -- Reified Notions, Fantasmic Representations? -- Transition, Critique, Silence -- Marxist Methodology? -- A Lesser Status and a Distant Place? -- A Distant Place as a Greater Status -- Themes -- Part 1 Travelling On -- Chapter 1 Racisms (Home and Away) -- Introduction: A Place in the World -- Blood of the Founders -- The Good Things of This World -- Music, Speech, Passion -- A Faint Uneasy Movement -- They Are Our Brothers -- One's Own Free Will -- To See with Distorted Vision -- Avoiding the Question -- Samuel Smiles Revisited -- A Dearth of Workers -- Steady Work, Job Security -- Conclusion -- Chapter 2 Anti-capitalisms (Lessons Unlearned by Postmodernists) -- Introduction: The Anti-capitalism of Pro-slavery Discourse -- For the Mutual Benefit of Both -- Pro-slavery and/as (Conservative) Anti-capitalism -- Forging New Chains for Themselves -- All Capital Is Created by Labour -- (Pro-slavery) Contradictions, (Postmodern) Similarities -- Pro-slavery, Postmodernism, and Identity Politics -- Empowering Populism -- Conclusion -- Chapter 3 Transitions (Real and Imagined) -- Introduction: Simple Transitions? -- The Parting to Come? -- Trading Places -- Feudalism, but Not Yet … -- Free but Tied? -- Workers, or Tenants? -- Modes and Beams -- How Do We Know? -- Since the Beginning of the World -- Conclusion -- Chapter 4 Trajectories (To and from Unfreedom) -- Introduction: Quo Vadis, Domine? -- 1950 to 1980 -- 1980 to 2000 -- 2000 to the Present -- Theory, Methods, Problems -- India: 18th Century Onwards -- India: 1960s Onwards -- UK: 2015 Onwards -- Conclusion -- Part 2 On Travel -- Chapter 5 Travellers, or Tourists? (Journeys Outside Europe).

One The Method of Phenomenological Reductions -- "Wir wollen auf den 'Sachen selbst' zurückgehen" -- 1. The Transcendental Phenomenological Reductions -- 2. Specific Transcendental Phenomenological Procedures -- 3. Further Transcendental Procedures -- 4. The Order of Transcendental Phenomenological inquiry That Wills to Return to the "Things Themselves" -- Two Transcendental Phenomenology of Space, Time, Other -- The Problem, Plan and Historical Setting of the Constitution of Space and Time -- 5. Transcendental Phenomenological Unbuilding to the Tactually, Visually, and Auditorily Presented in Prespace -- 6. Transcendental Phenomenological Building-up of Quasi-Objective Space In Primary Passivity -- 7. The Transcendental Phenomenological Building-up of Phantom Quasi-objective Space. The Transcendental Phenomenological 'Deduction' of Space -- 8. The Transcendental Phenomenological Building-up of primordial Quasi-objective Space. The Transcendental Phenomenological "Deduction" of Time -- 9. Time, Space, Other -- Notes -- List of Works Cited.

The importance of accuracy verification methods was understood at the very beginning of the development of numerical analysis. Recent decades have seen a rapid growth of results related to adaptive numerical methods and a posteriori estimates. However, in this important area there often exists a noticeable gap between mathematicians creating the theory and researchers developing applied algorithms that could be used in engineering and scientific computations for guaranteed and efficient error control. The goals of the book are to (1) give a transparent explanation of the underlying mathematical theory in a style accessible not only to advanced numerical analysts but also to engineers and students; (2) present detailed step-by-step algorithms that follow from a theory; (3) discuss their advantages and drawbacks, areas of applicability, give recommendations and examples

Robots are mechanical systems that perform tasks through a series of perception, cognition, and manipulation steps. Robots with dimensions between 10-9 -10-4 m are classified as micro/nanobots. These are often called micro/nanoswimmers (or micro/nanomotors) since most micro/nanobots are used in liquid environments. These tiny robots can be precisely guided to locations where human access is restricted. Consequently, micro/nanobots are widely applicable in different fields, including environmental cleaning, medicine, exploration, and military applications. Micro/nanobots (or micro/nanoswimmers) are often designed differently from their macro-sized counterparts for two reasons. First, while macro-sized robots typically use onboard batteries, micro/nanobots generally use external energy sources, such as chemical, magnetic, electric, acoustic, and optical energy, due to the current technological restriction of battery miniaturization. Second, micro/nanobots must create a propulsive force differently than macro-sized robots. Unlike macro-sized robots, micro/nanobots swimming in a Newtonian liquid by reciprocal motion show zero net displacement since the drag force exerted on objects dominates over the inertial force at such small scales. Methods to create propulsive forces in micro/nanobots can be inspired by small-scale living entities. For example, microorganisms create propulsive forces by using non-reciprocal motion, such as spermatozoon and bacterial flagellum that use undulatory and cork-screw locomotion, respectively. The purpose of this dissertation is to design and fabricate micro/nanobots and study their propulsion mechanisms. Four micro/nanobots are newly designed by tuning properties of micro/nanobots, such as geometry, material, physical, and chemical properties. Furthermore, their propulsion mechanisms are understood for efficient and controlled propulsion by fully characterizing their resultant locomotion in Newtonian fluids. In the first chapter, general knowledge of micro/nanobots, including definition and theory of micro/nanobots, is introduced. In the following chapters (chapter 2-4), the state of the art of micro/nanobots actuated by different external energies is thoroughly reviewed, especially focusing on the effect of the design of micro/nanobots on their locomotion and propulsion mechanisms in fluids. Newly developed micro/nanobots are introduced in each chapter, consisting of subsections addressing motivation, experimental methods, results and discussion, and conclusion. Chapter 2 reports catalytically driven core−shell nanowires. The investigated catalytic locomotion in H2O2 solution shows that, unlike conventional bimetallic nanowires that are self-electroosmotically propelled, our core−shell nanowires show both a noticeable decrease in rotational diffusivity and increase in motor speed with increasing nanowire length. Numerical modeling based on self-electroosmosis attributes decreases in rotational diffusivity to the formation of toroidal vortices at the nanowire tail, but fails to explain the speed increase with length. To reconcile this inconsistency, we propose a combined mechanism of self-diffusiophoresis and electroosmosis based on the oxygen gradient produced by catalytic shells. The possible contribution of diffusiophoresis to an otherwise well-established electroosmotic mechanism sheds light on future designs of nanobots, at the same time highlighting the complex nature of nanoscale propulsion. Chapter 3 reports multi-wavelength light-responsive Janus microbots consisting of black TiO2 microspheres asymmetrically coated with a thin Au layer. Conventional photocatalytic micro/nanobots are limited to the use of specific wavelengths of light due to their narrow light absorption spectrum, which limits their effectiveness for applications in biomedicine and environmental remediation. Unlike conventional robots, our microbots are propelled by light, both in H2O2 solutions and in pure H2O over a broad range of wavelengths including UV, blue, cyan, green, and red light. An analysis of the motion of the robots shows that the robot speed decreases with increasing wavelength, which has not been previously realized. A significant increase in robot speed is observed when exploiting the entire visible light spectrum (>400 nm), suggesting a potential use of solar energy, which contains a great portion of visible light. Finally, stop−go motion is also demonstrated by controlling the visible light illumination, a necessary feature for the steerability of micro/ and nanomachines. Chapter 4 reports two types of newly developed nanobots that are magnetically actuated. First, nanowire-based magnetic surface walkers are reported. The nanowires are made of hard-magnetic CoPt alloy synthesized by means of template-assisted galvanostatic electrodeposition. The hard-magnetic behavior of the nanowires allows their alignment to be programmed with an applied magnetic field, as they can retain their magnetization direction after pre-magnetizing them. Their propulsion mechanism can be changed as a function of the applied rotating magnetic field frequency. By engineering the macroscopic magnetization, the locomotion mechanism of the nanowires is set to tumbling, precession, or rolling depending on the frequency of an applied rotating magnetic field. In addition, vortices were found by tracking polystyrene microbeads trapped around the CoPt nanowire when they were propelled by precession or rolling motion. Second, magnetically driven multilink nanowires are reported. The employed manufacturing process enables tuning the geometrical and material properties of nanowires and, therefore, allow resembling the shape and swimming strategies of spermatozoon. The resultant structure comprises an elastic eukaryote-like polypyrrole tail and rigid magnetic nickel links connected by flexible polymer bilayer hinges. Under a planar oscillatory magnetic field, the multilink nanowires display planar undulations. The multilink design exhibits an increase in swimming efficiency with increasing numbers of hinges in the structure. Annex 1 covers important yet overlooked aspects in the fabrication of nanowires observed during the fabrication process of nanobots. We examine the junction quality of electrochemically grown segmented nanowires. We particularly focus on the Au-Co system to illustrate this aspect. Annex 2 provides a strategy to fabricate supported anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes, which served as templates to grow long nanowires with modulated diameters. This approach was also employed to fabricate core-shell nanobot reported in chapter 2.

A multi- and inter-disciplinary discussion of "trans-Asia" approaches from critical theory, historical studies, cultural studies to film studies. At the heart of the book is a desire and attempt to give a grounded understanding of what "trans-Asia" approaches are by examining human mobilities, media culture flows and connections across Asia and beyond in four key aspects: cross-border flows and connections; inter-Asian comparison and referencing; transnational and de-nationalized approaches; and cross-border collaboration.

The objective of the research paper is to contemplate the issues, assumptions, and new parts of the scholastic examination in regards to the elements of the worldwide changes in all circles of scholarly life. It additionally means to help researcher's admittance to the globalizing research fields, just as to add to improvement researcher's chances for a free decision and respectable work and the research acknowledgment. For this reason, a group of our researcher's s directed an enormous scope inside and out examination, applying up to the advanced world principles quantitative and subjective techniques. Inside the research, a ton of experimental data was gathered, organized, and investigated, the principle part of which is introduced in this research. The got discoveries could be carried out in shaping of the information base on research issues, improving the philosophy for gathering factual data by research qualities, just as for planning an exploration strategy bookkeeping of the particular highlights of ordinary research and formal research, which might be carried out by both legislative and non-administrative examination associations. The idea of this research paper was drafted and determined through a progression of conversations and completing of the principle speculations. After a point-by-point investigation of theories, distributions, and accessible examinations on the subject, the fundamental exploration speculations have been figured.