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The results of a geochemical study and paleogeographic, paleoclimatic interpretation for a cyclically constructed section of upper Cretaceous deposits near Volsk city, Saratov region, are presented. Elementary formation cyclites and cyclic variations of a number of certain parameters were associated with the Milankovich astronomical-climatic cycles. The curves of changes of paleotemperature, humidity, paleobathymetry were compiled. The results obtained give an idea of the migration of the arid belt boundaries in the upper Cretaceous and the overall climatic zonation, which is important for regional and global paleoclimatic reconstructions, as well as the history of the development of shelf seas that covered the Russian plate (especially Ulyanovsk-Saratov trough). Paleotemperatures of the land surface in the denudation areas are obtained from the chemical index of alteration (CIA). In the Turonian-Campanian interval selected climatic cyclicity, including period of relative cooling (Turonian–Coniacian) with paleotemperature about 20 °С, the period of relative warming in the mid-late Campanian (20–24 °С), the cooling time at the end of the late Campanian (19–21 °С) and the period of warming at the turn of the Campanian and Maastrichtian and in the early Maastrichtian time. In Maastrichtian age, there are two climatic cycles, beginning with a time of relative cooling (about 19 °С) and ending with a time of relative warming (about 20 С, at the end of Maastrichtian to 25 °С). The cycles of climate humidity change are also determined: two cycles in Campanian time, three cycles in early Maastrichtian, and one cycle in late Maastrichtian. The boundary of the early and late Maastrichtian corresponds to the change of arid conditions to humid ones. The paleobatimetry curves show transgressive-regressive cycles: one in the late Turonian-Coniacian time, two in the late Campanian time, five in the early Maastrichtian time, and one in the late Maastrichtian time. Depth variations were estimated: in the Turonian-Coniacian time in the range of 70–80 m, in the Campanian-Maastrichtian time, the paleobatimetry consistently increased and changed from 100 to 200 m (on average about 150 m). The results obtaired give and idea of the migration of the boundaries of the arid belt in the Late Creataceous and main features of the climatic zonation, which is important for regional and global paleoclimatic reconstructions, as well as for the history of the development the Russian plate in the Ulyanovsk-Saratov region.

The COVID 19 pandemic and its consequences have changed the lives of migrants around the world. It affected all spheres of people's life, from the health and education systems to the economy and politics. Migrants who were carrying out work abroad during the outbreak of the pandemic literally became hostages of the situation, many lost their jobs and were forced to return home. However, at home many of them became unexpected guests, so that they hope to be able to return back to where they came from as soon as the borders are opened, and resume their working days in order to continue to provide for their families. In the article, the author examines labour migration from the Republic of Moldova during the COVID 19 pandemic and analyses its impact on citizens who work abroad. It is noted that Moldova is a country where a third of the employable age population is working abroad. In 2019–2020, many migrants had to return to their homeland and adapt to new living conditions, including finding a job at home, with a relatively high unemployment rate in the country. It is emphasized that since the end of 2019, when the pandemic began, despite the "crisis" that has arisen, money transfers have not decreased, but, on the contrary, have broken the maximum record since 2008. In order to identify the impact of the pandemic on migrants, a survey was conducted among Moldovan citizens who work abroad, and they were asked to answer the following questions: where they work; what their education level is; on what grounds they live in the country where they work; how their employment has changed since the start of the pandemic; if they have tried to return to their homeland with the outbreak of the pandemic; if they received financial assistance, and from whom, during the pandemic; how their income has changed during the pandemic; if they made money transfers home during the pandemic, and in what quantity. To sun up, it can be said that, not only the COVID 19 pandemic, but also the poor economic situation in the country led to mass migration from the country and instability among its citizens abroad.

International audience ; In India, where a tenth of the world's urban dwellers lives, the urbanisation is not limited to the expansion of very large metropolises such as Mumbai, Delhi, or Bengaluru. Cities with less than 100,000 inhabitants account for 40% of the urban population. Often forgotten, invisible, and neglected by urban policies, these small urban settlements, whose number is constantly growing as localities diversify, are a major characteristic of the territorial transition taking place in India. We put forward the notion of subaltern urbanisation to designate the in-situ character of the urban shifts in a context of structurally weak residential migration towards large cities. Based on a synthesis of about 20 small towns' ethnographies, we argue for different urban configurations that can be synthesized into 4 types: influenced cities, micropolis, market towns, and ordinary localities. Exchanges between these localities, their linkages with their hinterland, and their insertion in globalised value chains contribute to the formation of new extended urban territories. These urban halos structure a horizontal urbanisation which must be seen as an opportunity in the context of general uncertainty and saturation of metropolises. ; En Inde où vit un dixième des citadins de notre planète, l'urbanisation n'est pas limitée à l'expansion de très grandes métropoles comme Mumbai, Delhi ou Bengaluru. Les villes de moins de 100 000 habitants regroupent quarante pour cent des urbains. Souvent oubliées, invisibles et négligées par les politiques urbaines, ces petites villes dont le nombre n'a de cesse de croître au fur et à mesure que les localités se diversifient constituent une caractéristique majeure de la transition territoriale qui s'opère en Inde. Nous proposons la notion d'urbanisation subalterne pour désigner ce caractère in situ des mutations urbaines dans un contexte de faiblesse structurelle des migrations résidentielles vers les grandes villes. Fondée sur une synthèse d'une vingtaine d'études de ces petites localités, nous mettons en évidence différentes configurations urbaines que l'on peut synthétiser en 4 types : les villes sous influences, les micropolis, les bourgs marchands et les localités ordinaires. Les échanges entre ces localités comme les liens avec leur arrière-pays ainsi que leur insertion dans des chaînes de valeur globalisées composent de nouveaux territoires urbains étendus. Ces halos urbains structurent une urbanisation horizontale qui doit être envisagée comme une opportunité dans le contexte grandissant d'incertitude générale et de saturation des métropoles.

International audience ; In India, where a tenth of the world's urban dwellers lives, the urbanisation is not limited to the expansion of very large metropolises such as Mumbai, Delhi, or Bengaluru. Cities with less than 100,000 inhabitants account for 40% of the urban population. Often forgotten, invisible, and neglected by urban policies, these small urban settlements, whose number is constantly growing as localities diversify, are a major characteristic of the territorial transition taking place in India. We put forward the notion of subaltern urbanisation to designate the in-situ character of the urban shifts in a context of structurally weak residential migration towards large cities. Based on a synthesis of about 20 small towns' ethnographies, we argue for different urban configurations that can be synthesized into 4 types: influenced cities, micropolis, market towns, and ordinary localities. Exchanges between these localities, their linkages with their hinterland, and their insertion in globalised value chains contribute to the formation of new extended urban territories. These urban halos structure a horizontal urbanisation which must be seen as an opportunity in the context of general uncertainty and saturation of metropolises. ; En Inde où vit un dixième des citadins de notre planète, l'urbanisation n'est pas limitée à l'expansion de très grandes métropoles comme Mumbai, Delhi ou Bengaluru. Les villes de moins de 100 000 habitants regroupent quarante pour cent des urbains. Souvent oubliées, invisibles et négligées par les politiques urbaines, ces petites villes dont le nombre n'a de cesse de croître au fur et à mesure que les localités se diversifient constituent une caractéristique majeure de la transition territoriale qui s'opère en Inde. Nous proposons la notion d'urbanisation subalterne pour désigner ce caractère in situ des mutations urbaines dans un contexte de faiblesse structurelle des migrations résidentielles vers les grandes villes. Fondée sur une synthèse d'une vingtaine d'études de ces petites localités, nous mettons en évidence différentes configurations urbaines que l'on peut synthétiser en 4 types : les villes sous influences, les micropolis, les bourgs marchands et les localités ordinaires. Les échanges entre ces localités comme les liens avec leur arrière-pays ainsi que leur insertion dans des chaînes de valeur globalisées composent de nouveaux territoires urbains étendus. Ces halos urbains structurent une urbanisation horizontale qui doit être envisagée comme une opportunité dans le contexte grandissant d'incertitude générale et de saturation des métropoles.

Over the last decade, ending female genital mutilation (FGM) has become a key policy priority in Scotland and across the UK. Although there has been a strong emphasis on community engagement in policy, we know little about FGM-affected women's views on the legislative changes and new measures which have been introduced to tackle FGM in Scotland. This report is based on a participatory doctoral research conducted in collaboration with Glasgow Saheliya Champions for Change group between 2018 and 2021. The Champions have participated in the project as Community Advisers, contributing to refining the focus of the project, piloting the data collection methods and interpreting the findings. This collaborative partnership has been a key to ensuring the relevance of this project to FGM-affected women and communities. The project has explored how cultural values, norms and practices are influenced by migration to Scotland. We have been interested in understanding how migration and resettlement influence identity, family relationships, gender roles and women's vulnerability to female genital mutilation (FGM). In gathering the views and experiences of FGM-affected women, community members and key informants, this project aims to support policymakers and services to address the needs of women and wider communities more effectively and sensitively. This report specifically focuses on FGM-affected women's experiences of immigration control and child protection, an area which the women themselves have identified as a key issue affecting their lives. It has been five years since Scotland introduced the National Action Plan to End FGM which outlines actions to strengthen FGM prevention, protection and provision of support services for women and girls (Scottish Government, 2016). This report encourages decisionmakers and practitioners to reflect FGM-affected women's barriers to protection and engagement with immigration control and statutory services, including health, police and social work. We believe that FGM-affected women's experiences and views should be placed at the heart of future developments in designing legislation, services and safeguarding procedures. With this report, we want to raise awareness about how women are falling between the cracks of different policies and professional practices which are intended to protect women and girls from FGM. At the end of this report, we outline key recommendations for policymakers and service providers to strengthen FGM prevention and engagement with FGM-affected women and communities.

International audience ; In India, where a tenth of the world's urban dwellers lives, the urbanisation is not limited to the expansion of very large metropolises such as Mumbai, Delhi, or Bengaluru. Cities with less than 100,000 inhabitants account for 40% of the urban population. Often forgotten, invisible, and neglected by urban policies, these small urban settlements, whose number is constantly growing as localities diversify, are a major characteristic of the territorial transition taking place in India. We put forward the notion of subaltern urbanisation to designate the in-situ character of the urban shifts in a context of structurally weak residential migration towards large cities. Based on a synthesis of about 20 small towns' ethnographies, we argue for different urban configurations that can be synthesized into 4 types: influenced cities, micropolis, market towns, and ordinary localities. Exchanges between these localities, their linkages with their hinterland, and their insertion in globalised value chains contribute to the formation of new extended urban territories. These urban halos structure a horizontal urbanisation which must be seen as an opportunity in the context of general uncertainty and saturation of metropolises. ; En Inde où vit un dixième des citadins de notre planète, l'urbanisation n'est pas limitée à l'expansion de très grandes métropoles comme Mumbai, Delhi ou Bengaluru. Les villes de moins de 100 000 habitants regroupent quarante pour cent des urbains. Souvent oubliées, invisibles et négligées par les politiques urbaines, ces petites villes dont le nombre n'a de cesse de croître au fur et à mesure que les localités se diversifient constituent une caractéristique majeure de la transition territoriale qui s'opère en Inde. Nous proposons la notion d'urbanisation subalterne pour désigner ce caractère in situ des mutations urbaines dans un contexte de faiblesse structurelle des migrations résidentielles vers les grandes villes. Fondée sur une synthèse d'une vingtaine d'études de ces petites localités, nous mettons en évidence différentes configurations urbaines que l'on peut synthétiser en 4 types : les villes sous influences, les micropolis, les bourgs marchands et les localités ordinaires. Les échanges entre ces localités comme les liens avec leur arrière-pays ainsi que leur insertion dans des chaînes de valeur globalisées composent de nouveaux territoires urbains étendus. Ces halos urbains structurent une urbanisation horizontale qui doit être envisagée comme une opportunité dans le contexte grandissant d'incertitude générale et de saturation des métropoles.

El Derecho Internacional de la Migración se encuentra atrapado en la "paradoja de la globalización" entre dos tendencias en apariencia contrapuestas: uniformización y fragmentación. Resulta reduccionista culpar a la fragmentación de la falta de eficacia de las normas, como insistir en que la desformalización resolverá su ineficacia. Actualmente, el DIM es una manifestación de las relaciones de poder existentes en el entorno internacional, y dista mucho de reflejar la realidad social o de responder a las necesidades de regulación de los movimientos migratorios. Vincular su fracaso a debilidades de forma distrae la discusión sobre limitaciones de fondo. Su errada formulación como un sistema binario en el que las categorías de migrante y refugiado son ambiguas a la luz de la complejidad de los movimientos de población globales, no permite dar certeza jurídica al migrante. Este DIM imperfecto, y carente de legitimidad, posibilita un statu quo que facilita el manejo de los flujos migratorios bajo criterios de eficiencia. Evade cuestionamientos en el ámbito jurídico material sobre la razón de ser de la norma, y contraría valores de justicia e igualdad que debe garantizar el sistema normativo cuya finalidad debe ser en últimas la protección de la persona migrante. ; International Migration Law is caught in the "paradox of globalization" between two apparently opposed tendencies: uniformity and fragmentation. It is reductionist to blame the fragmentation of the ineffectiveness of the rules, as it is insisting that de-formalization will solve their ineffectiveness. Currently, International Migration Law is a manifestation of existing power relations in the international environment, and is far from reflecting the social reality or responding to the regulatory needs of migratory movements. Linking their failure in form of weaknesses inherently distracts from the discussion of the underlying limitations. Its erroneous formulation as a binary system in which the categories of 'migrant' and 'refugee' are ambiguous considering the complexity of global population movements, and does not provide legal certainty to the migrant. This imperfect legislation, which lacks legitimacy, enables a statu quo that facilitates the management of migratory flows under efficiency criteria. It evades questions in the material legal field about the raison d'être of the norm, and contradicts values of justice and equality that the normative system must guarantee, as its purpose is ultimately centered around the protection of the migrant.

L'énergie électrique est au centre de presque tous les grands défis mais aussi des perspectives prometteuses, qu'il s'agisse d'emploi, de sécurité, de changement climatique, de production de nourriture ou d'accroissement des revenus (UN, s.d.). Dans le département de l'Alibori au Bénin, la faiblesse d'accès à l'énergie conventionnelle a favorisé le recours à l'énergie hors réseau (EHR). La mise en œuvre de ce type d'électricité présente aussi bien des avantages que des inconvénients pour les localités et les populations bénéficiaires. Cet article se propose de faire une analyse des enjeux socioéconomiques de la fourniture décentralisée de l'électricité dans l'extrême nord-est du Bénin. La démarche méthodologique adoptée a consisté en la recherche documentaire, la collecte des données, leurs traitements et l'analyse des résultats. Les résultats obtenus montrent que dans le milieu d'étude, les équipements décentralisés ont d'une part réduit la dépendance à l'électricité conventionnelle, contribué au développement des activités génératrices de revenus dans les milieux ruraux, amélioré les conditions de vie des ménages et limité la migration des jeunes. D'autre part, ils ont engendré des problèmes d'ordres sociaux, économiques et techniques dans certaines communautés. Il urge de mettre en place une politique adéquate pour améliorer les conditions d'accès des populations à cet type d'électrification. Electrical energy is at the center of almost every major challenge and opportunity, whether it be employment, security, climate change, food production or income growth (UN, n.d.). In the department of Alibori in Benin, the lack of access to conventional energy has favored the use of off-grid energy (OGE). The implementation of this type of electricity has both advantages and disadvantages for the localities and the beneficiary populations. This article analyses the socio-economic challenges of decentralized electricity supply in the far north-east of Benin. The methodological approach adopted consisted of documentary research, data collection, data processing and analysis of the results. The results obtained show that in the study area, decentralized equipment has reduced dependence on conventional electricity, contributed to the development of income-generating activities in rural areas, improved the living conditions of households and limited youth migration. On the other hand, they have created social, economic and technical problems in some communities. It is urgent to put in place an adequate policy to improve the conditions of access of the populations to this type of electrification.

Th e purpose of the article is to investigate the impact of temporary employment abroad on the reproductive activity of return migrants in Ukraine. Th e novelty of the study lies in establishing the quantitative eff ect of international migration experience on the reproductive behavior of return migrants, determining the impact of the presence and number of siblings on respondents' childbearing activity. Th e main methods used are comparison, grouping and indicators standardization. Th e baseline data and calculations presented in this publication are grounded on the results of a sample study carried out within the TEMPER project, which has surveyed 736 persons with an experience of employment in Italy or Poland and 509 respondents who have never worked outside of Ukraine. It is found that among return migrants one person has an average of 1.09 children, while among non-migrants the corresponding fi gure is 1.26. To avoid the impact of diff erences in gender and age structure between the two categories of respondents age-specifi c coeffi cients of the average number of children per person are calculated in the article and the procedure of their standardization is applied. Th e standardized average number of children per one woman of reproductive age from the group of return migrants is 1.10, which is only 0.01 less than the value of the actual indicator. For women of the same age who had never worked abroad, the fi gure is 1.41. If women of childbearing age with migration experience were to have on average the same number of children as women from non-migratory group have, the total number of child -ren of this category of persons would be 25 % higher than the actual one. Th e overall impact of the educational levels of both parents on the average number of children is revealed: returnees with higher education who have a partner with the same educational level have an average 1.21 children; in couples where one partner has higher education and the other secondary, the corresponding fi gure was 1.3; in cases where both spouses have diplomas of secondary level, the analyzed fi gure is 1.62 (for non-migrants, the coeffi cients were 1.28; 1.57 and 1.76 respectively).

Consacrée à l'Afrique au Sud du Sahara (47 pays, 1,1 milliard d'habitants en 2020), cette chronique propose à la fois une synthèse approfondie des grands changements sociodémographiques et sanitaires survenus dans la région entre 2000 et 2020 et un bilan statistique rassemblant les données récentes les plus fiables sur chaque pays. Y sont examinées les évolutions de la nuptialité et de la famille, de la fécondité et de ses variables intermédiaires, de la mortalité (enfants et adultes), des migrations et de l'urbanisation, des effectifs de population et des structures d'âges, et sont enfin considérées les perspectives de population et les défis à relever d'ici 2050 en matière de formation, santé et emploi. Si l'Afrique conservera tout au long du xxi e siècle la croissance démographique la plus élevée et la population la plus jeune du monde, divers changements sont en cours, mais à des rythmes variables selon les régions, les pays, les milieux d'habitat et les groupes sociaux, conduisant à une diversification croissante des régimes démographiques subsahariens et à de fortes inégalités spatiales et sociales. La fécondité vient, dans une majorité de pays, de connaître ses premiers reculs, la pratique contraceptive a augmenté, mais la demande d'enfants demeure élevée. Un peu partout, l'âge à la 1 re union progresse, la polygamie recule, mais les écarts d'âges entre époux et les proportions de mariages d'adolescentes demeurent élevés. En revanche, la région dans son ensemble vient de connaître des reculs remarquables de la mortalité, notamment celle des enfants, et des gains notables d'espérances de vie ; le sida recule mais est loin d'avoir disparu, la mortalité maternelle reste très élevée, les maladies non transmissibles progressent et conduisent à un double fardeau épidémiologique. L'Afrique s'urbanise, mais à des rythmes divers, et plus lentement qu'on ne l'imaginait il y a encore 20 ans ; s'y multiplie aussi le nombre de grandes villes et de mégalopoles. Quant aux migrations internationales, en forte progression depuis 2000, si une grande majorité d'entre elles se déroulent toujours à l'intérieur du continent, on assiste à une diversification des destinations et à un recul des modèles traditionnels hors du continent. Enfin, selon l'hypothèse la plus raisonnable des Nations unies, soit un doublement probable de la population d'ici 2050 et plus qu'un triplement possible d'ici 2100, l'Afrique subsaharienne est face à des défis considérables en matière d'éducation, de santé, d'emploi, de sécurité et de développement durable.

Political Islam has become an important factor of the international politics nowadays. By the beginning of the 21st century Islamist political groups have turned to be a matter of concern not only of the Middle East main stakeholders, but also the European and American ones. This circumstance has been aggravated even more, considering the fact, that, being a former metropolis, Europe had come to be a kind of cradle for the spread of Islam. The proportion of the Islamic population has been growing here year by year. Moreover, the migration waves following the 2011 Arab spring provoked even more tough migration crisis and posed a complicated challenge to the European society expressed in conciliation of freedom of religion within its Muslim community along with the preserving European values of secular democracy. The Society of the Muslim Brotherhood has always been considered to be a leading Islamist force not only in Arabic world but in the West as well. Indeed, if in the Middle East they position themselves rather as a political force, even though with wide representation, in Europe the Society of the Muslim Brotherhood claims to be a representative of the Muslim population of the region as a whole. Taking into account the growing Islamic presence in the continent, a certain anxiety in the European society cannot but exist, concerning the risk of conscious Islamic expansion. In this circumstances the question, whether this process is really taking place as well as which role the Society of the Muslim Brotherhood plays in it, came to the fore. This article tries to answer this question, analysing the different stages of the group's ideological transformation and its influence on the group's activity in Europe. The author comes to the conclusion, that being a movement, that has undergone substantial ideological transformation, the Society of the Muslim Brotherhood has followed a similar scenario in Europe. Since the organisation itself has made a long way from a militant organisation with anti-Western discourse to a moderate movement, claiming to be democratically oriented and tolerant to the West, their European branch has transformed from a small Islamist group in temporary exile in the enemy camp, to the organisation, considering itself a representative of the European Muslim community, as well as accepting Europe as a motherland.

Introduction. Morphological studies of ancient peoples are associated with traditions of physical anthropology classifying data of similarity and differences of appearance of humans in the past. The use of standard measurement techniques contributed to the accumulation of a data array that allows drawing conclusions about the origin and environment of paleopopulations even with a small number and preservation of skeletal material. Archaeological sites of the Jetyasar culture were investigated in the 80s of the 21st century by the Khwarism Expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the low basin of the Syr Darya river. The culture originated as a result of contacts of oasis agriculturists and steppe cattle-breeders in the northern part of the Great Silk Road. The majority of material is associated with the period from the first centuries AD till the 8th century, when local population left places due to increased aridity. According to archaeological data, during the 4 th – 7th centuries part of the inhabitants of the region had migrant origin and/or participated in the Great Migration to the west. The goal of the study is to evaluate the morphological diversity of the Jetyasar people during the mediaeval time.

Methods and Materials. The skeletal series from Altyn-Asar 4a-t, Tompakasar, Kosasar burial sites totally represents remains of 600 individuals of different chronology. Comparative data from Southern Siberia, Middle Asia, North Caucasus and Central Europe helps to study the differentiation of the mediaeval population by basic parameters of the skeletal constitution reflected in the size and linear body proportions (method of canonic analysis).

Results and Conclusions. The paper reveals some trends which might indicate genetic relations of some Jetyasar groups and their possible participation in migrations. Morphological similarity of groups from Kosasar-2 and Altyn-Asar 4v burial sites with inhabitants of Mongolia and Tuva of the Hun-Sarmatian time has been detected. The patterns of physical development of people from Altyn-Asar 4m necropolis confirm the hypothesis of archaeologists about their migrant origin. However, the majority of other early and later groups have morphological analogies among the earlier or synchronous population of Middle Asia (Altyn-Asar 4b, l, d, r, g, Tompakasar). Part of the population demonstrates peculiar morphological similarity with the Avars of Central Europe (Altyn-Asar 4k, t, o).

Resumen: Entre 1979 y 1981 arribaron 293 familias de refugiados de la Guerra Civil de Laos a Argentina en una estrategia organizada por las Naciones Unidas ante la crisis del Sudeste Asiático que derivó en migraciones insospechadas. El seguimiento de la diáspora laosiana fue opacado por el imponente imaginario del 'Vietnam' y por diferentes procesos que buscaron cuestionar el relato oficial de la historia y la memoria social posterior al Proceso de Reorganización Nacional. Esta reflexión propone una revisión de algunas imágenes laosianas a modo de imaginario-archivo para situar dicha migración como una presencia no advertida, pero persistente. Contribuye también para ampliar otras reflexiones sobre la Guerra Fría; entre Argentina y el Sudeste Asiático como alteridades extremas, por ejemplo. Un 'archivo nuevo', planteado sobre la huella de una comunidad sin aparente rastro, exige un ejercicio crítico frente a las formas de imaginar una organización para el vestigio de presencias encubiertas que no tuvieron mayor protagonismo en la Argentina de dictadura y la posterior.Palabras clave: Refugiados laosianos. Memoria argentina. Archivo-nuevo. Imagen –imaginario. Guerra Fría. FOOTPRINTS THAT PASS, IMAGES THAT WEIGH. THE IMAGINARY-ARCHIVE OF THE LAOTIAN DIASPORA IN ARGENTINA Abstract: Between 1979 and 1981, 293 families of refugees from the Laos Civil War arrived in Argentina in a strategy organized by the United Nations due to the crisis in Southeast Asia that led to unsuspected migrations. The monitoring of the Laotian diaspora was overshadowed by the imposing imagery of 'Vietnam' and by different processes of legitimation about official account of history and social memory after the National Reorganization Process in Argentina. This reflection proposes a revision about some Laotian images as an imaginary-archive to locate this migration as an unannounced, but persistent presence. It also contributes to broaden other reflections on the Cold War; between Argentina and Southeast Asia as extreme alterities, for example. A "new archive", raised on the footprint of a community with no apparent trace, requires a critical exercise against the ways of imagining an organization for the vestige of covert presences that did not play a major role in dictatorship Argentina and the subsequent one.Keywords: Laotian refugees. Social memory in Argentina. New-archive. Image and imaginary. Cold War

Stark zunehmende Migrationsbewegungen in den letzten Jahren in Richtung Europa und eine medial aufgeheizte Flüchtlingsdebatte beherrschen den öffentlichen und politischen Diskurs und säen Unsicherheit und Zwietracht in der Bevölkerung. Es wird immer wieder von einer gescheiterten Einwanderungspolitik gesprochen und der damit eng verbundene und oftmals fälschlich interpretierte Begriff 'Integration' stellt Gesellschaft und Politik vor große Herausforderungen. Multiethnische Lebensentwürfe bieten unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen viele Chancen und führten in der Vergangenheit nicht selten zu kultureller und wirtschaftlicher Hochblüte.Thematisiert wird in dieser wissenschaftlichen Arbeit, inwieweit der Sport integrative Prozesse fördern kann. Im theoretischen Teil soll zunächst ein Überblick über die in der Wissenschaft kontrovers diskutierten Begriffe 'Migration' und 'Integration' gegeben werden. Anschließend folgt eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit einigen bedeutenden Integrationsmodellen, um das Integrationsverständnis im Sinne dieser Arbeit zu verdeutlichen, ehe aktuelle Zahlen und Daten der demographischen Entwicklung in Österreich das Bild der Zuwanderung offenlegen. Abschließend wird der momentane Forschungsstand über die Zusammenhänge von Integration und Sport erörtert. Im empirischen Teil der Arbeit wird eine qualitative Studie präsentiert, die Initiativen und Vereine in der Steiermark durchleuchtet, welche den Sport ganz bewusst als Medium einsetzen, um Migrantinnen und Migranten bei integrativen Prozessen zu unterstützen. Mit leitfadengestützten qualitativen Experteninterviews konnte eine innovative regionale Community sichtbar gemacht werden, welche Projekte erfolgreich umsetzt. Die Auswertung der Ergebnisse lässt darauf schließen, dass der Sport unter gewissen Bedingungen, die aufgezeigt werden, integratives Potential entwickeln kann. ; Increasing migration to Europe over the past few years and heated media-debates about refugees dominate the public and political discourse and cause insecurity and dissent in society. Even and anon, some speak about failed immigration policy, closely linking it to the concept of 'social integration, which is often wrongly interpreted and challenges society and politics. Under specific circumstances however, multi-ethnic drafts of life can provide a variety of opportunities and have often led to cultural and economic growth in the past.This scientific work focuses on the extent to which sports can foster integrative processes. The theoretical part gives an overview about the in science controversially discussed terms of 'immigration and 'social integration. Subsequently follows a critical discussion of important models of social integration to clarify the understanding of social integration in this dissertation, before statistics about the demographic development in Austria illustrate the current situation regarding immigration. The current state of research concludes on links between social integration and sports the theoretical part. The empirical part presents a qualitative study about initiatives and associations in Styria that deliberately use sports as medium to support migrants in processes of social integration. The guided interviews with experts have revealed a community that successfully implements projects on that very matter. The evaluation of the study results suggest that sports can develop an inclusive potential under certain circumstances. ; Arbeit an der Bibliothek noch nicht eingelangt - Daten nicht geprüft ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Dissertation, 2020 ; (VLID)5836646

The article is devoted to student letters "to the authorities" in 1918 – early 1920s, taken as a source for studying the student corporation during the Civil War. The research is limited to the Cossack regions of the Russian South – Don and Kuban, centers of the armed struggle against the Bolsheviks. Higher education institutions were founded there shortly before the revolution. As a result of a powerful intellectual migration from Petrograd and Moscow, new universities were founded in 1918–1919. Student letters used in the study were obtained from the archival funds of higher educational institutions, government and administrative bodies of the State Archive of Krasnodar region, the State Archive of Rostov region, and the Professional Education Department Main Collection of the State Archive of the Russian Federation. Recipients' and addressee' statuses, time, subject, and motivation for writing are taken as parameters and considered in the analysis of letters. Attention is given to notes, official inscriptions on the documents, as well as accompanying letters, official answers, autobiographies, questionnaires, etc. The content of letters is examined within the context of the higher education space formation, along with migration processes of the revolutionary years, and the situation of civil confrontation in the South of Russia. Later, the authors of some letters became known in various fields; the discovered texts help recreate the milestones of their early biographies, especially since many tried to conceal the fact of their life and schooling on non-Soviet territories. The research reveals specific themes and plots of student letters "to the authorities", their value as an authentic source of information. These themes are admission / transfer to another institution, student mobilization, ways of solving material problems, and the activities of student organizations. The author notes how the contradictions within the anti-Bolshevik camp (clearly pronounced on the Don and Kuban) influenced the content of the texts. This is especially true for collective messages "to the authorities" that defended the interests of particular groups or students as a whole. It is shown that the interpretation of certain events and processes was determined both by the real needs of the authors of the letters and by the current political situation. In general, letters "to authorities" are an important source for reconstructing students' daily life and the vital functions of higher education institutions in extreme conditions.